湖南柑橘种质资源评价及主要病害分子鉴定
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摘要
湖南地处南亚热带至温带过渡地带,是柑橘种质资源分布极为丰富的地区之一。在长期的自然演变和栽培驯化过程中,形成了极为丰富的柑橘属种群和变异类型。以往对湖南柑橘种质资源尚缺乏系统的研究。本文在前期研究的基础上,采用植物形态学与分子生物学相结合的方法,对湖南柑橘种质资源分布、种群特征;主要种质资源遗传多样性及主要柑橘病毒类病害的分子鉴定等方面进行了研究。以期为柑橘资源的合理利用和确立南岭山脉宽皮柑橘近缘野生种在柑橘起源和分类中的地位提供科学依据。
     主要研究结果如下:
     1、在长期的自然演化、天然杂交、自然突变、引种驯化过程中,湖南境内形成了极为丰富的柑橘属种群和变异类型。通过实地调查结合查阅资料、群众申报,对湖南地方柑橘资源进行了收集、整理和归类,按照施文格(Swingle)分类方法分为枳属(Poncirus)、金柑属(Fortunella)和柑橘属(Citrus),共11种。根据湖南省柑橘种质资源自然演化和区域分布特征将地方柑橘种质资源划分为三个柑橘种质资源区。即南岭山脉野生柑橘种质资源区,武陵山脉野生柑橘、天然杂交种种质资源区和雪峰山脉天然杂种、自然突变种质资源区。
     2、发掘、收集、选育了一批具有地方特色的柑橘种质资源,并对其潜在利用价值进行了初步评价。南岭山脉宽皮柑橘近缘野生资源类主要有莽山野橘、道县野橘、江永野橘;适宜作新品种培育的优良变异有红皮冰糖橙、大果冰糖橙、冰糖脐橙、红橙1号、浦市无核甜橙、溆浦长形少核甜橙、无核朱红桔、慈利绿肉柚、安江红心柚、安农2号少核蜜柚、金皮蜜柚、洪江冰糖柚、菠萝香柚、慈利杂柑;其中红皮冰糖橙、大果冰糖橙2006年经专家审定登记为新品种。适宜鲜食或加工用的地方品种有永顺蜜橘、安江香柚、大庸菊花心柚、慈利金香柚、早甜柚、浏阳金柑、蓝山金柑、大红甜橙、慈利香橙、黄皮酸橙;可供砧木选择的资源有永顺枳橙、山金柑、宜昌橙、桔红;适宜作育种材料的特异种质有洞口不苦枳、葫芦橘、湘慈33号。
     3、为丰富湖南柑橘种质资源,近年从中国柑橘研究所、华中农业大学引进25个国外柑橘优良新品种,集中定植在安化柑橘良繁场进行引种栽培试验,通过生物学特性、产量、品质和生态适应性评价,从中筛选适合本省栽培的品种有纽荷尔新系、红肉脐橙、福本、耐湿脐橙、日南一号、克里曼丁勃那特、天草、秋辉、诺瓦、HB柚、地中海橘、埃及糖橙,其中已有6个品种获湖南省农作物品种登记。
     4、采用AFLP技术,对湖南省南岭山脉宽皮橘近缘野生资源、莽山野橘、道县野橘、江永野橘及印度野橘、立花橘等23个材料进行AFLP多态性鉴定。从64对引物组合中,筛选了8对引物组合,共得到334个扩增位点、4612条带数据,其中多态性位点294个,多态性位点比率88%。采用DICE相似系数UPGMA方法聚类,进行亲缘关系分析,23个材料多态性带比率为0.729~0.850。相似系数为0.68~0.91。根据聚类结果,结合植物学性状、花粉形态分析,表明莽山尖叶和圆叶型野橘、道县粗皮小果型野橘、江永粗皮小果型野橘与印度野橘、立花橘亲缘关系较远,是完全不同的宽皮柑橘近缘野生种。道县野橘与江永野橘亲缘关系相对较近,应是同一种的不同地域类型。根据本研究结果,综合前人在形态学、化学成分分析及同工酶等方面的研究,参考历史、生物地理学资料,认为南岭山脉不仅具有真正柑橘亚属宽皮柑橘近缘野生种,而且柑橘近缘野生种具有丰富的遗传多样性。当地存在的不同宽皮橘类古老栽培品种,极有可能是起源于不同类型的宽皮柑橘类野生资源。南岭山脉一带是真正柑橘亚属的起源中心。
     5、利用AFLP分析鉴定了从湖南地方柑橘品种中选出的7个柑橘变异类型,从64对引物组合中筛选了8对引物组合,共得到334个扩增位点2099条带数据。7个变异类型与亲本品种之间多态性带为36至92条,变异类型的多态性带数与亲本品种总带数的比例为0.1721至0.4182。说明变异类型的遗传基础已经发生不同程度的改变。7个柑橘变异类型应是芽变,具备了新品种的遗传基础。研究同时表明,AFLP具有扩增谱带多,谱带清晰,扩增信息量大的特点。AFLP是柑橘新品种选育早期鉴定灵敏、可靠、有效的方法。
     6、根据国内外柑橘病毒病蔓延的趋势,为加强资源的保护利用,对四种主要柑橘病毒类病害进行了分子鉴定。全省22个柑橘主产区48个样品进行黄龙病分子检测表明,湘南主产区资兴、宜章、临武、永州、道县、祁阳等地以及湘北桃源、华容、岳阳等县市的个别产地已感染黄龙病,PCR带谱大小为563 bp,与阳性对照相同。通过测序和序列分析,检测出的柑橘黄龙病与Genbank中基因序号为(AY342001.1)亚洲黄龙病序列同源性为99.8%,属柑橘黄龙病亚洲种中的一员。与20世纪80年代黄龙病调查结果相比,发现湖南省柑橘黄龙病分布范围有所扩大,以往认为柚类不易感病,本次检测结果表明,椪柑、温州蜜柑、脐橙、琯溪蜜柚等柑橘品种均能感染黄龙病。湘北地区是首次发现黄龙病,但在当地未发现木虱,且同一果园未相互感染,可能从黄龙病疫区滥引种苗所致。
     用CTV p25基因特异引物对不同品种、不同地域果园柑橘衰退病进行RT-PCR检测,85个检测样品有72个样品感染了衰退病,感染率为84.7%。说明绝大部分柑橘品种都能感染CTV,通过P25/HinfⅠRFLP分析,发现大部分感染品种的CTV株系既有单一组群又有混合组群,单一组群为1或3组群为主,混合组群以1,3混合为主,存在复杂的株系分化和混合感染。
     利用一步法RT-PCR技术对湖南柑橘资源的6大类15个柑橘品种54株候选植株感染CEVd和CTLV的情况进行了鉴定。结果表明只有一个样品感染了裂皮病,其余柑橘品种的53个柑橘材料均呈阴性反应,不带CEVd。且所有检测样品均不带CTLV。
     根据以上检测结果,作者提出了以建立柑橘无性系保护和构建无病毒柑橘良种繁育体系为重点的防御对策。
Hunan located at transitional region between south subtropical and temperate, which exist abundant citrus native citrus resources through long term evolution and cultivation. Collection, conservation, identification, evaluation and utilization on citrus native citrus resources in Hunan is very imperative and important. This project was supported by Hunan Scientific and technological Tepartment and Hunan Agricultural Department and focus on the distribution trait, classification ,genetic diversity and major diseases on citrus native citrus resources in Hunan by means of molecular biological methods. It aimed to provide more convincing evidences for origin and taxonomy of citrus plants and supply theoretical basis for foundation of reasonable position in citrus classification system for wild citrus originated from Nanling mountain and for their conservation and utilization as well as technological foundation for cultivar registration, identification and protection in future.The main results are as follows:
     1.Through long term natural evolution,hybridization, mutation,selection there are abundant native citrus germplasm resources in hunan,which are classified into Poncirus, Fortunella, Citrus genus with 11 species and distribute in Nanling mountains, Wuling mountains and Xuefeng mountains.
     2. 38 native citrus germplasm resources have been collected, conserved and evaluated. Mangshanyeju, Daoxianyeju, Jiangyongyeju are relatives of Eucitrus for study of citrus classification; Bingtangchen with red rind, lager Bingtangchen , Bingtangchen with navel, seedless Zhuhongju, Cili- pumelo with green flesh, Cili- pumelo with red flesh, Annong-pumelo are bud mutants and hybids newly selected in the research;Yongshunmiju, Anjiangxiangyou, Dayongjuhuaxinyou, Cilijingxianyou, Hongjiangbi ngtangyou, Poluoxiangyou, Zaotianyou, Nanshangjingan, Cilixianchen are native cultivars with high-quality and special flavor. Yongshunzhichen, Shangjingan, Ichangenes, Juhong are suitable roostocks and resources for hybridization, Dongkoubukuzhi, Xiangci-33 are very unique germplasm resources.
     3. More than 20 patented varieties are recently introduced. New Newhall, CaraCara, Fukumoto, Nova, Fallglo,HB pumelo, behave characteristics of vigorous growth habit, fair productivity and ability to bear fruit at a young age, rich ahd sweet flavor. The study analyzed and evaluated citrus quality of different varieties and made suggestion out for improving citrus structure and citrus quality regionalization in hunan and provide scientific results for construction of dominated citrus production regions.
     4. AFLP technique was used to determine DNA polymorphism of the wild Mangshanyeju、Daoxianyeju、Jiangyongyeju、Citus indica and Citrus tachibana and eighteen cultivated germplasm resources of Citrus. Eight AFLP primer pairs was selected out of 64 and 334 PCR bands were obtained. Among which 294 (88%) were polymorphic. The Dice' coefficient of the samples was 0.68-0.91. the results showed Mangshanyeju、Daoxianyeju、Jiangyongyeju are different wild species of Eucitrus in comparison with Citrus indica and Citrus tachibana. Mangshanyeju is more primitive wild species than Daoxianyeju、Jiangyongyeju. The pointed leaf form and round leaf type are found in Mangshan wild mandarins. The small fruit with rough rind and large fruit with smooth rind type are found in Daoxianyeju and Jiangyongyeju. In addition to the existence and the wild distribution of wild Citrus species in Nanling Mountains plus the DNA polymorphic data, pollen morphology and taxonomic characteristics obtained in this study supported that Nanling Mountains is one of the native centers of the subgenus Eucitrus.
     5. AFLP technique was used to determine DNA polymorphism of citrus mutants originated from 2different parent cultivars in Hunan province. Eight was selected out among 64 pairs of prime combinations and 2099 polymorphism bands were amplified. There are 36 to 92 polymorphism bands between mutants and parent cultivars. Ratio of polymorphism bands of every mutant to total bands of parent cultivars is 0.1721 to 0.4182. The results show that 7different type of citrus mutants are bud mutant, have got genetic basis to be selected as new variety. AFLP is characterized with abundant, clear polymorphism bands and is very effectively analysis method for identification of citrus mutants.
     6. Through PCR detection, we have collected information of citrus Huanglongbing in Hunan Province. 48 samples were collecting from 22 production districts to detect Citrus huanglongbing, Citrus Huanglongbing have been detected from16 samples. The results showed that trees from eight places were infected. The places lie in Xiangnan Citrus producing district. Comparing with the condition that occurred in 1980's, it shows the tendency to spread to the north. Some orchards have citrus psyllas, which may be the major carrying medium. This research has detected citrus Huanglongbing in some orchards in Yueyang and Changde for the first time. The infected variety is only Guanximiyou pommelo. Others are not infected. There are no psyllas in Xiangbei district. The pathogen in Xiangbei may come from young trees from other provinces, where citrus trees are severely infected by Huanglongbing. Test has successfully cloned a sequence of Citrus Huanglongbing pathogen, cloned DNA was 99.8% homogous to the GenBank(AY342001.1) of Asian citrus candidates Liberibacter asiaticus, a member of L.asiaticum pathogen. CTV, CEV, CTLV have been detected simultaneously,results show 82% citrus trees were infected by CTV RFLP was used to examine the cost protein gene of CTV, and it was found that CP/Hinfl RFLP group 1,3,6 were dominant in Hunan. The results btained by RFLP analysis revealed that mixture of CTV strains often ocoured in field trees. Huanglongbing and CTV are going up as dominating Virus and viruslike diseases in Hunan. Procedure, timeline and virus-free propagation system for the introduction and propagation of new varieties should be found to support citrus industry.2
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