人工马尾松和杉木林目标树经营理论与实践
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摘要
我国人工林面积世界第一，在全球森林生态系统中占据了重要的地位。针对我国森林质量较为低下，并有较大潜力提升的现状，探讨一种改进森林经营的方法，对实现森林可持续经营具有重要的意义。本研究旨在通过对广西凭祥中国林科院热带林业实验中心主要森林类型马尾松林和杉木林目标树的经营理论进行分析和试验研究，初步构建人工林目标树经营体系框架，为实现森林可持续经营提供理论依据、技术支持和经典案例。
1）研究了杉木目标树在26年生杉木人工林中的价值。研究得知，每公顷最有价值占总林分10%株数的林木，其断面积、材积和立木价值分别占总林分的26.8%、31.3%和50.1%。如果仅对目标树展开重点经营，只需要用10%的精力和时间就能获得50%的价值。对林分内目标树、平均木和被压木分别抽样进行树干解析。利用多总体平均向量差异性检验这3个总体的生长过程，发现存在显著差异。并将两两进行配对样本T检验，结果表明，目标树与平均木和被压木的生长过程存在显著差异，属于3个不同的总体。杉木目标树的胸径、树高和材积连年生长量出现最高峰的时间（9a、9a、34a）与平均木不一致（9a、8a、25a）。从目标树生长过程的特异性论证了目标树经营所需要的参数依据是目标树，而不是传统森林经营上的林分平均参数。
2）研究采用标准差、变动系数、偏度、库兹涅茨指数、洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数和洛伦茨不对称系数等7种方法对林分林木大小差异进行测度，评述了这7种方法的优缺点和适用性。以不间伐为对照，探讨了不同间伐方式（干扰树间伐、下层疏伐、上层疏伐、机械疏伐）对马尾松林分和杉木林分林木大小不一致性的影响。结果表明，洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数和洛伦茨不对称系数能较好的测度林木大小不一致性对间伐前后的动态响应，具有生物学意义。探讨了林分平均竞争强度间伐前后的变动性和林分平均竞争强度与林木材积不一致性及林木材积连年生长量不一致性的关系。结果表明，干扰树间伐降低了林分平均竞争强度，加大了林木材积的不一致性和林木材积连年生长量的不一致性。
3）通过探讨林木分类标准，设计目标树和干扰树判断流程和方法，改进冠幅模拟算法，开发插件式目标树作业辅助系统（TMSS），建立了基于近自然森林经营思想的目标树单株经营作业法。结果表明，作业法提高了目标树经营的可行性，降低了目标树经营作业的难度，采用GIS技术有助于改善单株水平的目标树作业。TMSS是目标树经营的有效工具。
4）研究了干扰树间伐对马尾松、杉木两种人工林单株林木生长的影响。结果表明，无论干扰树间伐前后，目标树的生长都明显快于非目标树的生长。干扰树间伐后目标树的胸径生长和材积生长显著高于对照林分的目标树，树高生长则差异不大。随着目标树自由生长方向数（FTG）的增加，目标树的胸径、冠幅直径、材积生长增加，FTG与树高生长和枝下高生长关系不大。目标树并非一直能保持树冠层次的优势，这与目标树的判断准确性与间伐措施是否得当有关。
5）从林分层面探讨了目标树经营对林分特征的影响。结果表明，与对照林分相比，林分密度由大变小，直径分布由左偏变为右偏，更接近于正态分布，林下套种树苗时直径分布则呈现2个顶峰的山状曲线；胸径生长量、蓄积生长率和林地生产力明显大于对照林分；天然更新的乔木树种、灌木层和草本层物种明显增加；林下木本植物和草本植物物种丰富度、Marglaef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均显著提高，均匀度指数略有下降；土壤养分没有显著流失，土壤pH值有不同程度的提高，土壤肥力大致呈现出改善趋势；林下套种的阔叶树种中大叶栎表现最好。通过干扰树间伐，异龄混交阔叶树种改善了林分的结构和生长，提高了林分的稳定性。
China is the world's fastest rate of plantation forest area ranks first in the world,occupying an important role in the global forest ecosystems. According to the fact that forestquality is relatively low and there is a greater potential to enhance, I explore an improved forestmanagement method that has important significance to achieve sustainable forest management.This thesis was designed to carry out theoretical research and experiment study of target treesmanagement in major forest types Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata at theExperimental Centre of Tropical forestry, Chinese Academy of forestry in China in order topreliminarily construction in theoretical framework of plantation target trees management.
1） Target tress value in26yr Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation were assessed.Cumulative basal area stocking, merchantable volume, and value for the most10%valuabletrees/ha account for26.8%,31.3%and50.1%of the stand. It only cost10%of the time andenergy to get50%of the stand value if only target trees are managed. The target trees, meantrees and suppressed trees were sampled and stem analyzed. Growth process of the3population were tested to find whether there are significant differences among them using theoverall average vector difference test and pairwise T-test for paired samples methods. Theresults showed there are significant differences of growth process among target trees, meantrees and suppressed trees and they should be classified into different population. The peaktime of diameter at breast height, tree height and volume annual increment of the target trees(9a,9a,34a) is inconsistent with the mean trees (9a,8a,25a). With the specific demonstrationof the different process from the target treed growth, our results emphasized the forestmanagement parameters of target trees management should be according to target trees notmean trees that adopted by traditional forest management.
2) Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, the Kuznets ratio, Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry coefficient of were referenced to measure the size difference on the individual trees in a stand, and the advantages, disadvantages andapplicability of the7methods were discussed. The different thinning methods (interferencetrees thinning, thinning from low, thinning from top, mechanical thinning) were designed toapply on the same Masson pine plantation and Chinese fie plantation to assess the influences ofsize inequality with no thinning as the control. This suggested Lorenz curve, Gini coefficientand Lorenz asymmetry coefficient can be used to measure size inequality dynamic responsebefore and after thinning and have the biological significance. The changes of the standaverage competition intensity before and after7thinning methods were compared, and therelationship between average competition intensity and individuals’ volume inequality, andvolume annual increment inequality also were discussed. The results suggested averagecompetition intensity decreased, increased individuals’ volume inequality, and volume annualincrement inequality through interference trees thinning at the same time.
3) A target tree management individual operation method based on close-to-naturesivlculture were established by exploring the forest classification criteria, designing judgmentprocesses and methods of target trees and interference trees, improving crown simulationalgorithm, developing plug-in Target tree management supporting system (TMSS). Theresults showed that the operation method improved the feasibility and reduced the difficulty ofthe target tree management with GIS technology to help improve the operations on theindividual tree level. It was proved that TMSS was an effective tool for target treemanagement.
4) The individual trees initial growth influences of interference trees thinning in themasson pine, Chinese fir plantation were both investigated. The results showed that the growthincrements of the target trees are significantly faster than the growth increments of non-targettrees before and after the interference trees thinning. There are significantly higher growth withdiameter and volume growth in thinning plots than in the control plots, while height growthdifferences little. With the increasing of FTG of the target tree, diameter at breast height, crowndiameter, volume growth increased. There is no significant relation between FTG and clear bole height. Target tree couldn’t keep crown top level depends on the accuracy of target treeselection and adequacy of thinning measures.
5) The influences of the target tree management on stand characteristics were investigated.The results showed that stand density decreased, diameter distribution skewed from left partialto the right, closer to normal distribution comparing with the control stand, there are two peaksof the mountain-shaped diameter distribution curve including the seedlings. The DBHincrement, volume increment and forest productivity is significantly greater than the controlstand. There also existed that species number of tree species, shrub layer and herb layer speciesincreased significantly, understory woody plants and herbaceous species richness, Marglaefindex, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index were significantly increased with a slight declinein evenness index. The soil nutrients have no significant loss and the soil pH values haveimproved in treatment plots. It suggested that soil fertility showed a trend towards animprovement generally. The Quercusgriffithii grew fastest of the6species in the broad-leavedcultivated under Pinus massoniana plantation. Our results suggested that the structure, growthand stability of the stand were improved through thinning and mixed hardwood species.
1）研究了杉木目标树在26年生杉木人工林中的价值。研究得知，每公顷最有价值占总林分10%株数的林木，其断面积、材积和立木价值分别占总林分的26.8%、31.3%和50.1%。如果仅对目标树展开重点经营，只需要用10%的精力和时间就能获得50%的价值。对林分内目标树、平均木和被压木分别抽样进行树干解析。利用多总体平均向量差异性检验这3个总体的生长过程，发现存在显著差异。并将两两进行配对样本T检验，结果表明，目标树与平均木和被压木的生长过程存在显著差异，属于3个不同的总体。杉木目标树的胸径、树高和材积连年生长量出现最高峰的时间（9a、9a、34a）与平均木不一致（9a、8a、25a）。从目标树生长过程的特异性论证了目标树经营所需要的参数依据是目标树，而不是传统森林经营上的林分平均参数。
2）研究采用标准差、变动系数、偏度、库兹涅茨指数、洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数和洛伦茨不对称系数等7种方法对林分林木大小差异进行测度，评述了这7种方法的优缺点和适用性。以不间伐为对照，探讨了不同间伐方式（干扰树间伐、下层疏伐、上层疏伐、机械疏伐）对马尾松林分和杉木林分林木大小不一致性的影响。结果表明，洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数和洛伦茨不对称系数能较好的测度林木大小不一致性对间伐前后的动态响应，具有生物学意义。探讨了林分平均竞争强度间伐前后的变动性和林分平均竞争强度与林木材积不一致性及林木材积连年生长量不一致性的关系。结果表明，干扰树间伐降低了林分平均竞争强度，加大了林木材积的不一致性和林木材积连年生长量的不一致性。
3）通过探讨林木分类标准，设计目标树和干扰树判断流程和方法，改进冠幅模拟算法，开发插件式目标树作业辅助系统（TMSS），建立了基于近自然森林经营思想的目标树单株经营作业法。结果表明，作业法提高了目标树经营的可行性，降低了目标树经营作业的难度，采用GIS技术有助于改善单株水平的目标树作业。TMSS是目标树经营的有效工具。
4）研究了干扰树间伐对马尾松、杉木两种人工林单株林木生长的影响。结果表明，无论干扰树间伐前后，目标树的生长都明显快于非目标树的生长。干扰树间伐后目标树的胸径生长和材积生长显著高于对照林分的目标树，树高生长则差异不大。随着目标树自由生长方向数（FTG）的增加，目标树的胸径、冠幅直径、材积生长增加，FTG与树高生长和枝下高生长关系不大。目标树并非一直能保持树冠层次的优势，这与目标树的判断准确性与间伐措施是否得当有关。
5）从林分层面探讨了目标树经营对林分特征的影响。结果表明，与对照林分相比，林分密度由大变小，直径分布由左偏变为右偏，更接近于正态分布，林下套种树苗时直径分布则呈现2个顶峰的山状曲线；胸径生长量、蓄积生长率和林地生产力明显大于对照林分；天然更新的乔木树种、灌木层和草本层物种明显增加；林下木本植物和草本植物物种丰富度、Marglaef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均显著提高，均匀度指数略有下降；土壤养分没有显著流失，土壤pH值有不同程度的提高，土壤肥力大致呈现出改善趋势；林下套种的阔叶树种中大叶栎表现最好。通过干扰树间伐，异龄混交阔叶树种改善了林分的结构和生长，提高了林分的稳定性。
China is the world's fastest rate of plantation forest area ranks first in the world,occupying an important role in the global forest ecosystems. According to the fact that forestquality is relatively low and there is a greater potential to enhance, I explore an improved forestmanagement method that has important significance to achieve sustainable forest management.This thesis was designed to carry out theoretical research and experiment study of target treesmanagement in major forest types Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata at theExperimental Centre of Tropical forestry, Chinese Academy of forestry in China in order topreliminarily construction in theoretical framework of plantation target trees management.
1） Target tress value in26yr Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation were assessed.Cumulative basal area stocking, merchantable volume, and value for the most10%valuabletrees/ha account for26.8%,31.3%and50.1%of the stand. It only cost10%of the time andenergy to get50%of the stand value if only target trees are managed. The target trees, meantrees and suppressed trees were sampled and stem analyzed. Growth process of the3population were tested to find whether there are significant differences among them using theoverall average vector difference test and pairwise T-test for paired samples methods. Theresults showed there are significant differences of growth process among target trees, meantrees and suppressed trees and they should be classified into different population. The peaktime of diameter at breast height, tree height and volume annual increment of the target trees(9a,9a,34a) is inconsistent with the mean trees (9a,8a,25a). With the specific demonstrationof the different process from the target treed growth, our results emphasized the forestmanagement parameters of target trees management should be according to target trees notmean trees that adopted by traditional forest management.
2) Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, the Kuznets ratio, Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry coefficient of were referenced to measure the size difference on the individual trees in a stand, and the advantages, disadvantages andapplicability of the7methods were discussed. The different thinning methods (interferencetrees thinning, thinning from low, thinning from top, mechanical thinning) were designed toapply on the same Masson pine plantation and Chinese fie plantation to assess the influences ofsize inequality with no thinning as the control. This suggested Lorenz curve, Gini coefficientand Lorenz asymmetry coefficient can be used to measure size inequality dynamic responsebefore and after thinning and have the biological significance. The changes of the standaverage competition intensity before and after7thinning methods were compared, and therelationship between average competition intensity and individuals’ volume inequality, andvolume annual increment inequality also were discussed. The results suggested averagecompetition intensity decreased, increased individuals’ volume inequality, and volume annualincrement inequality through interference trees thinning at the same time.
3) A target tree management individual operation method based on close-to-naturesivlculture were established by exploring the forest classification criteria, designing judgmentprocesses and methods of target trees and interference trees, improving crown simulationalgorithm, developing plug-in Target tree management supporting system (TMSS). Theresults showed that the operation method improved the feasibility and reduced the difficulty ofthe target tree management with GIS technology to help improve the operations on theindividual tree level. It was proved that TMSS was an effective tool for target treemanagement.
4) The individual trees initial growth influences of interference trees thinning in themasson pine, Chinese fir plantation were both investigated. The results showed that the growthincrements of the target trees are significantly faster than the growth increments of non-targettrees before and after the interference trees thinning. There are significantly higher growth withdiameter and volume growth in thinning plots than in the control plots, while height growthdifferences little. With the increasing of FTG of the target tree, diameter at breast height, crowndiameter, volume growth increased. There is no significant relation between FTG and clear bole height. Target tree couldn’t keep crown top level depends on the accuracy of target treeselection and adequacy of thinning measures.
5) The influences of the target tree management on stand characteristics were investigated.The results showed that stand density decreased, diameter distribution skewed from left partialto the right, closer to normal distribution comparing with the control stand, there are two peaksof the mountain-shaped diameter distribution curve including the seedlings. The DBHincrement, volume increment and forest productivity is significantly greater than the controlstand. There also existed that species number of tree species, shrub layer and herb layer speciesincreased significantly, understory woody plants and herbaceous species richness, Marglaefindex, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index were significantly increased with a slight declinein evenness index. The soil nutrients have no significant loss and the soil pH values haveimproved in treatment plots. It suggested that soil fertility showed a trend towards animprovement generally. The Quercusgriffithii grew fastest of the6species in the broad-leavedcultivated under Pinus massoniana plantation. Our results suggested that the structure, growthand stability of the stand were improved through thinning and mixed hardwood species.
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