返回抑制中是否存在非线索化位置的易化
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摘要
紧随外周位置的事件之后在该位置上出现的其它刺激的加工会得到易化,它反应了对刺激的反射性的注意转移。当注意从外周位置移走后,对该位置随后出现的刺激的反应就会延迟,这种抑制效应被定义为“返回抑制(IOR)”。
自返回抑制发现以来,IOR效应的测量一直都是用线索化位置上靶子的反应时减去非线索化位置上靶子的反应时。鉴于这种测量方法混淆了线索化位置的抑制和非线索化位置的易化,本实验采用情绪性中央线索刺激,利用其对注意驻留时间的不同,分别在线索化位置和非线索化位置比较不同情绪中央线索下靶子反应时的差异,进一步确定IOR效应的主要来源,从而推论非线索化位置是否存在易化效应。预实验采用辨别任务和检测任务,分别验证正式实验所需时间参数下的IOR效应。实验一采用3×3×2的辨别任务,考察不同情绪中央线索下IOR效应的差异来源。结果表明,IOR效应中,非线索化位置的易化可能是不存在的,主要是线索化位置的抑制在起作用,并且注意在抑制的维持中起了关键的作用;实验二采用3×3×2的检测任务,结果辅证了基于注意的实验一的方法的可靠性,也就辅证了实验一的结果。
Immediately following an event at a peripheral location there is facilitation for the processing of other stimuli near that location. It reflects a reflexive shift of attention towards the source of stimulation. After attention is removed from such a peripheral location, there is then delayed responding to stimuli subsequently displayed there. This inhibitory aftereffect is labeled‘inhibition of return (IOR)’.
IOR is normally measured by subtracting RT to targets in uncued locations from RT to targets in cued locations since it is first described. Since this measure may compound inhibition at cued locations and facilitation at uncued locations. The present study compared RT to targets in different emotional fixation cues respectively at cued locations and at uncued locations using the character that differernt emotional fixation cues affect diverse attentional dwell time, then the sourse of IOR and wheather there is facilitation in uncued locations will be made sure. Preparatory experiments are made to validate IOR with the time parameters of the formal experiments’needs respectively in detection tasks and in discrimination tasks. The experiment one is designed within-subjects 3×3×2 in the discrimination tasks, which discusss the source of difference in IOR. The results suggest that there may be no facilitation at uncued locations and IOR owe to inhibition at cued locations with executive attention. The experiment two is designed within-subjects 3×3×2 in the detection tasks. The results prove out the measure of experiment one based on attention, and then supports secondary the results of the discrimination tasks.
自返回抑制发现以来,IOR效应的测量一直都是用线索化位置上靶子的反应时减去非线索化位置上靶子的反应时。鉴于这种测量方法混淆了线索化位置的抑制和非线索化位置的易化,本实验采用情绪性中央线索刺激,利用其对注意驻留时间的不同,分别在线索化位置和非线索化位置比较不同情绪中央线索下靶子反应时的差异,进一步确定IOR效应的主要来源,从而推论非线索化位置是否存在易化效应。预实验采用辨别任务和检测任务,分别验证正式实验所需时间参数下的IOR效应。实验一采用3×3×2的辨别任务,考察不同情绪中央线索下IOR效应的差异来源。结果表明,IOR效应中,非线索化位置的易化可能是不存在的,主要是线索化位置的抑制在起作用,并且注意在抑制的维持中起了关键的作用;实验二采用3×3×2的检测任务,结果辅证了基于注意的实验一的方法的可靠性,也就辅证了实验一的结果。
Immediately following an event at a peripheral location there is facilitation for the processing of other stimuli near that location. It reflects a reflexive shift of attention towards the source of stimulation. After attention is removed from such a peripheral location, there is then delayed responding to stimuli subsequently displayed there. This inhibitory aftereffect is labeled‘inhibition of return (IOR)’.
IOR is normally measured by subtracting RT to targets in uncued locations from RT to targets in cued locations since it is first described. Since this measure may compound inhibition at cued locations and facilitation at uncued locations. The present study compared RT to targets in different emotional fixation cues respectively at cued locations and at uncued locations using the character that differernt emotional fixation cues affect diverse attentional dwell time, then the sourse of IOR and wheather there is facilitation in uncued locations will be made sure. Preparatory experiments are made to validate IOR with the time parameters of the formal experiments’needs respectively in detection tasks and in discrimination tasks. The experiment one is designed within-subjects 3×3×2 in the discrimination tasks, which discusss the source of difference in IOR. The results suggest that there may be no facilitation at uncued locations and IOR owe to inhibition at cued locations with executive attention. The experiment two is designed within-subjects 3×3×2 in the detection tasks. The results prove out the measure of experiment one based on attention, and then supports secondary the results of the discrimination tasks.
引文
[1]Fox E, De Fockert JW. Inhibitory effects of repeating color and shape: inhibition of return or repetition blindness? Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2001,27(4),798-812.
[2] Posner MI, Cohen Y. Components of visual orienting. In: Bouma H, Bouwhuis DG(eds). Attention and performance X: control of language processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum;1984,531-556
[3]Klein RM, Macinnes JW. Inhibition of return is a foraging facilitator in visual search. Psychological Science,1999, 10(4),346-352.
[4]金志成,陈骐,空间选择性注意研究的新进展——返回抑制的研究[J].心理科学,2000,23(6),710-714.
[5] Stewart Shipp. The brain circuitry of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (5), 223-230
[6]李晓轩,王甦,多个非线索化位置易化的一项实验研究,心理科学,1998,21(5),394-397
[7]Giovanni Berlucchi. Inhibition of return: A phenomenon in search of a mechanism and a better name. Cognitive Neuropsychology,2006,23(7),1065-1074
[8]Rafal, R.D. saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance ,1989,15(4),673-685
[9]Taylor, T. L., Klein, R.M. On the causes and effects of inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,1998,5(4),625-643
[10]Tassinari,G., Biscaldi,M., Marzi,C.A., & Berlucchi,G. Ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral facilitation of simple reaction time to non-foveal visual targets from non-informative visual cues. Acta Psychologica,1989,70,267-291
[11]Bennett,P.J., &Pratt,J. The spatial distribution of inhibition of return. Psychological Science,2001,12,76-80
[12] Machado,L., & Rafal,R. Inhibition of return generated by voluntary saccades is independent of attentional momentum. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology,2004,57(5),789-796
[13]Sumner,P. Inhibition versus attentional momentum in cortical and collicular mechanisms of IOR. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2006,23(7),1035-1048
[14] Bell,A.H., Fecteau, J.H. ,&Munoz,D.P. Using Auditory and Visual Stimuli to Investigate the Behavioral and Neuronal Consequences of Re?exive Covert Orienting.Journal of Neurophysiology,2004,91,2172-2184.
[15]Reuter-Lorenz PA, Jha AP, Rosenquist JN. What is inhibited in inhibition of return?[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.1996,22,367-378.
[16]Tassinari G, Campara D, Benedetti C, Berlucchi G. The contribution of general and specific motor inhibitory sets to the so-called auditory inhibition of return. Experimental BrainResearch,2002.146(4),523-530.
[17] Pratt, J., Spalek, T.M., Bradshaw, F. The time to detect targets at inhibited and noninhibited locations: Preliminary evidence for attentional momentum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1999,25 (3), 730-746
[18]Fuentes LJ,Vivas AB, Humphreys GW. inhibitory tagging of stimulus properties in inhibition of return: effects in semantic priming and flanker interference. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A,1999,52(1),149-164.
[19]Hunt AR, Kingstone A.Inhibition of return:Dissociating attentional and oculomotorcomponents. Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2003.29(5),1068-1074.
[20]Ivanoff J, Klein RM. Inhibition of return: sensitivity and criterion as a function of response time.Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2006.32(4), 908-919.
[21]Taylor TL,Klein RM. Visual and motor effects in inhibition of return. Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2000.26(5),1639-1656.
[22]Jay Pratt, Richard A Abrams.Inhibition of Return in Discrimination Tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25(1):229-242.
[23]Klein Raymond M. Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2000,(4)4:138-147.
[24] Prime, D.J., Visser, T.A.W., Ward, L.M.Reorienting attention and inhibition of return,Perception and Psychophysics,2006,68(8),1310-1323
[25] Klein R M, Taylor T L.Calegories of Cognitive inhibition with reference to attention[C].In: Dagenbach C T H,edu.Inhibition mechanism in attention, memory and language.San Diego: Academic Press,1994,113-150.
[26]陈彩琦,金志成,靶子的潜在位置数对辨别任务中返回抑制的影响。心理科学,2003,26(1):90-93
[27]Lupianez,J. Does IOR occur indiscrimination tasks? Yes, it does, but later. Perception & Psychophysics,1997,59(8);1241-1254
[28]王玉改,王甦任务难度对基于位置返回抑制时间进程的影响心理科学,1999,22(3):205-208
[29]Oatley,K.,&Jenkins,J.M.Understandingemotion.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell Publishers.
[30]Ohman,A., Flykt,A., Lundqvist, D. Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives. psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms, Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion,2000,296-327
[31] Ohman, A., Flykt, A., Esteves, F.Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General ,2001(a),130 (3),466-478
[32] Ohman, A., Lundqvist, D., Esteves, F. The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001(b),80 (3),381-396
[33] Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., Dutton, K. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?2001,130(4),681-700
[34] Fox, E., Russo, R., Dutton, K. Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement fromemotional faces, 2002,16(3),355-379
[35]Posner,M.L.,Rafal,R.D., Inhibition of return: Neural basis and function. Cognitive Neuropsychology,2,211-228
[36]Taylor,T.L., Therrien,M.E., Inhibition of return for the discrimination of faces,2008,70(2),279-290
[37]Danziger, S., Kingstone, A. Unmasking the inhibition of return phenomenon,Perception and Psychophysics,1999, 61 (6), 1024-1037
[2] Posner MI, Cohen Y. Components of visual orienting. In: Bouma H, Bouwhuis DG(eds). Attention and performance X: control of language processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum;1984,531-556
[3]Klein RM, Macinnes JW. Inhibition of return is a foraging facilitator in visual search. Psychological Science,1999, 10(4),346-352.
[4]金志成,陈骐,空间选择性注意研究的新进展——返回抑制的研究[J].心理科学,2000,23(6),710-714.
[5] Stewart Shipp. The brain circuitry of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (5), 223-230
[6]李晓轩,王甦,多个非线索化位置易化的一项实验研究,心理科学,1998,21(5),394-397
[7]Giovanni Berlucchi. Inhibition of return: A phenomenon in search of a mechanism and a better name. Cognitive Neuropsychology,2006,23(7),1065-1074
[8]Rafal, R.D. saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance ,1989,15(4),673-685
[9]Taylor, T. L., Klein, R.M. On the causes and effects of inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,1998,5(4),625-643
[10]Tassinari,G., Biscaldi,M., Marzi,C.A., & Berlucchi,G. Ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral facilitation of simple reaction time to non-foveal visual targets from non-informative visual cues. Acta Psychologica,1989,70,267-291
[11]Bennett,P.J., &Pratt,J. The spatial distribution of inhibition of return. Psychological Science,2001,12,76-80
[12] Machado,L., & Rafal,R. Inhibition of return generated by voluntary saccades is independent of attentional momentum. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology,2004,57(5),789-796
[13]Sumner,P. Inhibition versus attentional momentum in cortical and collicular mechanisms of IOR. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2006,23(7),1035-1048
[14] Bell,A.H., Fecteau, J.H. ,&Munoz,D.P. Using Auditory and Visual Stimuli to Investigate the Behavioral and Neuronal Consequences of Re?exive Covert Orienting.Journal of Neurophysiology,2004,91,2172-2184.
[15]Reuter-Lorenz PA, Jha AP, Rosenquist JN. What is inhibited in inhibition of return?[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.1996,22,367-378.
[16]Tassinari G, Campara D, Benedetti C, Berlucchi G. The contribution of general and specific motor inhibitory sets to the so-called auditory inhibition of return. Experimental BrainResearch,2002.146(4),523-530.
[17] Pratt, J., Spalek, T.M., Bradshaw, F. The time to detect targets at inhibited and noninhibited locations: Preliminary evidence for attentional momentum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1999,25 (3), 730-746
[18]Fuentes LJ,Vivas AB, Humphreys GW. inhibitory tagging of stimulus properties in inhibition of return: effects in semantic priming and flanker interference. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A,1999,52(1),149-164.
[19]Hunt AR, Kingstone A.Inhibition of return:Dissociating attentional and oculomotorcomponents. Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2003.29(5),1068-1074.
[20]Ivanoff J, Klein RM. Inhibition of return: sensitivity and criterion as a function of response time.Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2006.32(4), 908-919.
[21]Taylor TL,Klein RM. Visual and motor effects in inhibition of return. Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2000.26(5),1639-1656.
[22]Jay Pratt, Richard A Abrams.Inhibition of Return in Discrimination Tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1999,25(1):229-242.
[23]Klein Raymond M. Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2000,(4)4:138-147.
[24] Prime, D.J., Visser, T.A.W., Ward, L.M.Reorienting attention and inhibition of return,Perception and Psychophysics,2006,68(8),1310-1323
[25] Klein R M, Taylor T L.Calegories of Cognitive inhibition with reference to attention[C].In: Dagenbach C T H,edu.Inhibition mechanism in attention, memory and language.San Diego: Academic Press,1994,113-150.
[26]陈彩琦,金志成,靶子的潜在位置数对辨别任务中返回抑制的影响。心理科学,2003,26(1):90-93
[27]Lupianez,J. Does IOR occur indiscrimination tasks? Yes, it does, but later. Perception & Psychophysics,1997,59(8);1241-1254
[28]王玉改,王甦任务难度对基于位置返回抑制时间进程的影响心理科学,1999,22(3):205-208
[29]Oatley,K.,&Jenkins,J.M.Understandingemotion.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell Publishers.
[30]Ohman,A., Flykt,A., Lundqvist, D. Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives. psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms, Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion,2000,296-327
[31] Ohman, A., Flykt, A., Esteves, F.Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General ,2001(a),130 (3),466-478
[32] Ohman, A., Lundqvist, D., Esteves, F. The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001(b),80 (3),381-396
[33] Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., Dutton, K. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?2001,130(4),681-700
[34] Fox, E., Russo, R., Dutton, K. Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement fromemotional faces, 2002,16(3),355-379
[35]Posner,M.L.,Rafal,R.D., Inhibition of return: Neural basis and function. Cognitive Neuropsychology,2,211-228
[36]Taylor,T.L., Therrien,M.E., Inhibition of return for the discrimination of faces,2008,70(2),279-290
[37]Danziger, S., Kingstone, A. Unmasking the inhibition of return phenomenon,Perception and Psychophysics,1999, 61 (6), 1024-1037