冲突与和解：美国对阿根廷的政策（1943-1955）
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摘要
本文主要利用美国的外交档案资料,采用历史研究的材料分析法,从美国政策层面对庇隆时期的美国对阿根廷政策进行研究。本文试图全面展现这一时期美国对阿根廷政策的多次转变和美阿双方在多次转变中的态度,探究在美国对阿根廷政策转变的原因、实质及其影响。研究庇隆时期的美国对阿根廷政策,有助于深入理解美国从区域政策走向冷战全球战略的转变,有助于深入理解实现进口替代工业化战略的边缘国家与内源性现代化的中心国家在民族经济发展道路上的对抗与冲突。
全文分为八个部分。
绪论部分主要介绍了研究目的和选题意义、国内外学术研究综述、研究方法和思路等。
第一章:美国与阿根廷关系溯源。美国和阿根廷的关系最早可以追溯到18世纪,双方都还处在英国或西班牙的殖民统治之下。本章回顾了从阿根廷争取独立以来美国与阿根廷的关系,认为美国与阿根廷之间的矛盾起源在于:美国在拉美地区进行扩张,而门罗宣言并没有给阿根廷带来实际的利益;随着双方出口经济的快速发展,美国拓展西半球市场与阿根廷的欧洲情结之间产生矛盾冲突;美国时常借助民主原则干涉甚至是压制阿根廷;市场是阿根廷初级产品出口经济的关键,因此,阿根廷不会因为美国的政治倾向而放弃任何市场。
第二章:阿根廷的中立态度与美国对阿根廷政策(1939-1943)。出于国内政治经济形势和传统反美情结,阿根廷决定在美国放弃中立之后坚守中立主张。美国尝试通过加强美洲国家与美国之间的经济合作、帮助阿根廷解决出口剩余问题以及进出口银行提供贷款等经济手段,来改变阿根廷的中立态度。也希望借此改善美阿关系,促进阿根廷国内政治向民主转型,但是由于阿根廷的国内复杂多变的政治形势,最终未能如愿。在美国看来,卡斯蒂略政权受法西斯主义影响在阿根廷实行独裁统治,对西半球的共同安全造成威胁,因此,美国对卡斯蒂略政权实行高压制裁,鼓励支持政府的反对派,控制武器等物资出口。
第三章:打压与制裁:1943-1946年美国对阿根廷政策。在美国高压制裁的影响下,1943年阿根廷发生军事政变,但是军政权并没有如美国所愿放弃中立,在获得武器援助和玻利维亚政变等问题上与美国多次发生摩擦,最终屈从于美国与轴心国断交,却引发了国内的又一次政治变革。庇隆曾为了后一任军政府的核心人物,倡导民族主义。美国恐怕阿根廷给西半球带来法西斯威胁,对法雷尔-庇隆政权进行打压和制裁。此后,虽然美阿关系经历短暂的春天,但是随着布莱敦的上任和《蓝皮书》的问世,美国与阿根廷的冲突逐渐达到顶峰。《蓝皮书》没能发挥阻碍庇隆成为阿根廷总统的作用,相反成就了庇隆成为民选总统。
第四章:恢复合作的努力:1946-1947年美国对阿根廷政策。战后初期,美国的区域政策逐渐转向美苏对抗的全球冷战战略。由于阿根廷在美国安全战略中的重要地位和阿根廷农牧产品对欧洲复兴的重要意义,美国对阿根廷政策改变了从前的高压政策,放弃了民主原则,试图与“独裁者”庇隆合作。在麦塞斯密斯等外交人员的曲折努力下,美国与阿根廷关系在1947年6月,恢复了正常关系。阿根廷签订了《美洲国家间互助条约》,美国将阿根廷纳入了西半球安全防卫体系,成功促成了阿根廷农牧产品用于重振英国。美国不赞同庇隆实行民族主义工业化和阿根廷第一个五年计划的发展方向,希望通过打击激进派扶植温和派等做法,控制阿根廷工业化发展的道路和方向。
第五章:强大经济攻势瓦解“第三种立场”:1947-1953年美国对阿根廷政策。庇隆的“政治主权、经济独立、社会正义”思想发展成为“第三种立场”。由于“第三种立场”表现出的投机性和不确定性,美国希望加强经济合作,将阿根廷牢牢所在美洲国家组织中。然而由于美国自由主义经济与阿根廷中央统制经济格格不入,因此,美国对第三种立场深恶痛绝,如鲠在喉,欲除之而后快。经济合作署对阿根廷的歧视政策,加深了由英镑不可兑换美元给阿根廷带来的“美元短缺”。为了解决美元短缺问题,以保证从美国获得工业设备,阿根廷付出种种努力均遭失败,最终求助于美国。美国希望借此瓦解第三种立场,但是朝鲜战争爆发后,庇隆重新回到了第三种立场上。对此,美国极为不满,对阿根廷实行“冷处理”的政策。
第六章:全面合作:1953-1955年美国对阿根廷的政策。出于国内的经济形势,庇隆向美国提出和解,由于庇隆的和解主张符合美国艾森豪威尔政府的拉美政策,收到了美国的积极回应。终于,在1953年,双方又一次实现了和解。庇隆希望美国私人资本能够进入阿根廷的重点建设领域,出于安全战略的考虑,美国国务院作出了积极反应。但是由于此前,阿根廷新宪法与私人公司的利益纠缠和进出口银行的不作为,私人资本没能顺利进入阿根廷电力、钢铁和石油领域。而庇隆的行为被阿根廷国内视为“投降主义”,为此,庇隆自己付出沉重的代价。
结语。这部分重在从美国外交政策的角度分析美国对阿根廷政策转变调整的原因,以及美国与阿根廷关系不断经历冲突并能够实现和解的原因和对双方造成的影响。
This dissertation consists of eight parts.
The Introduction indicates the purposes of the research, summarizes of literatures both home and abroad on this subject, as well as the research approaches and the ideas.
The first chapter traces of the Relations between U.S. and Argentina from the Independence of Argentina to Eve of World War II. This chapter reviews the U.S.-Argentina relations from the fight for freedom in Argentina and projects the four elements that made infection to the relations: the expansion of the U.S. and the Monroe Declaration, the economic conflicts, the democratic ideals, as well as the export-oriented economy of Argentina.
The second chapter: The Neutral Attitude of Argentina and the U.S. Foreign Policy towards Argentina (1939-1943). Proceeding from the domestic political and economic circumstances and the traditional anti-U.S. complex, Argentina decided to stick to the neutral stand when U.S. abandoned neutrality. The U.S. attempted to make changes to the neutral stand of Argentina by strengthening the economic cooperation with the American countries, helping Argentina to solve its export surpluses and to providing loan from the Export-Import Bank. The U.S. also intended to improve the relations with Argentina and accelerated the democratic proceeding of the Argentine politics by the above methods. Finally, it failed by the complex political situation in Argentina. It seems to the U.S. that Castillo's regime was leading a dictatorial rule under the influence of the Fascism and constituted a menace to the collective security of the western hemisphere. Therefore, the U.S. cracked down on the Castillo's regime, encouraged the opposition to the government and controlled the export of the armament.
The third chapter: The Beat and Punishment: the U.S. foreign policy to Argentina in 1943-1946. Under the punishment of the U.S., there's a military coupe happened in Argentina in 1943, but the military government didn't abandon the neutral stand as the U.S. wish, it conflicted with the U.S. several times on acquiring weapons and the Bolivian coup. At last it resigned to U.S. and broke off its relations with the Axis, but another reform broke out soon in Argentina. Peron, who advocated nationalism, became the new key-man of the new military government. Being afraid of the fascist threat to the western hemisphere, the U.S. beat up Farrell-Peron's regime. Henceforth, in spite that a substantial connection was constituted between the U.S and Argentina, the appointment of Braden and the Blue Book lead to the climax of the conflicts. The Blue Book didn't afford to serve the prevention of Peron to be the president but made him to achieve the post of a popular vote president.
The forth chapter: the Effort to Resume Cooperation: the U.S. Foreign Policy to Argentina in 1946-1947. The U.S region policy gradually transformed to the launching of the Cold War to USSR after World War II. Since Argentina's vital position in the U.S. security strategy and its agriculture and pasture products to the recovery of Europe. The U.S abandoned the democratic principal and attempted to cooperate with Peron, the "Dictator". With the twisting efforts by Messersmith and other diplomats, the U.S-Argentina relations resumed to normal in June, 1947. Argentina subscribed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and it was brought into the western hemisphere security defense system by the U.S. The U.S successfully promoted the Argentine agriculture and pasture products to revive the Great Britain. The U.S did not agree Peron to execute the nationalism industrial project and the developing direction of his first five-year plan, it intended to control the road and the direction of the Argentine industrial development by beating up the Radicals and fostering the Moderates.
The fifth chapter: Disintegrating "the Third Position" with Strong Economic Offense: the U.S Foreign Policy to Argentina in 1947-1953. Peron had developed his "Political Sovereignty", "Economic Independence" and "Social Justice" to "the Third Position". The U.S intended to strengthen to economic cooperation, in order that Argentina would be firmly fixed into the Organization of American States, since "the Third Position" seemed to be speculating and indeterminate. Nevertheless, the liberal economy in U.S. and the center-controlled economy in Argentina was against the grain, the U.S detested "the Third Position" like the bone in the throat and tried to remove it. The discrimination of ECA to Argentina deepened the "Dollar Shortage" in Argentina, because it was not able to exchange its GB pounds to U.S dollars. The Argentines devoted a lot to solve this problem in order to obtain the industrial equipments from the U.S, but it failed and turned to appeal the U.S. The U.S. had wished that will collapse "the Third Position", but Peron returned to his decision after the breaking out of the Korean War. The U.S was so discontent that it started the "cold correctness"policy to Argentina.
The sixth chapter: All-round Cooperation, the U.S Foreign Policy to Argentina, 1953-1955. Peron raised a conciliatory attitude to the U.S for the sake of Argentina's economic situation. He was responded actively, because his ideas were in accordance with Eisenhower's policy to Latin America. The two countries came to a compromise again in 1953. Peron hoped that the American private capital to enter into the construction of key project in Argentina. The Department of U.S. made an active response for its security strategy. Nevertheless, because of the entanglement between the New Argentine Constitution and the American private companies, as well as the omission of the EXIM Bank, the private capital wasn't able to enter the field of Argentina's electric power, steel industry and oil production successfully. Peron also paid dearly for his decision being considered as capitulationism in Argentina.
Epilogue: the Conflicts and Compromises between the U.S. and Argentina. This part mainly analyses the reason for the change in the U.S. foreign policy to Argentina from the angel of the U.S. It also analyses the reason why the two countries was able to reach compromises by experiencing several conflicts and how this was infected on each of them.
全文分为八个部分。
绪论部分主要介绍了研究目的和选题意义、国内外学术研究综述、研究方法和思路等。
第一章:美国与阿根廷关系溯源。美国和阿根廷的关系最早可以追溯到18世纪,双方都还处在英国或西班牙的殖民统治之下。本章回顾了从阿根廷争取独立以来美国与阿根廷的关系,认为美国与阿根廷之间的矛盾起源在于:美国在拉美地区进行扩张,而门罗宣言并没有给阿根廷带来实际的利益;随着双方出口经济的快速发展,美国拓展西半球市场与阿根廷的欧洲情结之间产生矛盾冲突;美国时常借助民主原则干涉甚至是压制阿根廷;市场是阿根廷初级产品出口经济的关键,因此,阿根廷不会因为美国的政治倾向而放弃任何市场。
第二章:阿根廷的中立态度与美国对阿根廷政策(1939-1943)。出于国内政治经济形势和传统反美情结,阿根廷决定在美国放弃中立之后坚守中立主张。美国尝试通过加强美洲国家与美国之间的经济合作、帮助阿根廷解决出口剩余问题以及进出口银行提供贷款等经济手段,来改变阿根廷的中立态度。也希望借此改善美阿关系,促进阿根廷国内政治向民主转型,但是由于阿根廷的国内复杂多变的政治形势,最终未能如愿。在美国看来,卡斯蒂略政权受法西斯主义影响在阿根廷实行独裁统治,对西半球的共同安全造成威胁,因此,美国对卡斯蒂略政权实行高压制裁,鼓励支持政府的反对派,控制武器等物资出口。
第三章:打压与制裁:1943-1946年美国对阿根廷政策。在美国高压制裁的影响下,1943年阿根廷发生军事政变,但是军政权并没有如美国所愿放弃中立,在获得武器援助和玻利维亚政变等问题上与美国多次发生摩擦,最终屈从于美国与轴心国断交,却引发了国内的又一次政治变革。庇隆曾为了后一任军政府的核心人物,倡导民族主义。美国恐怕阿根廷给西半球带来法西斯威胁,对法雷尔-庇隆政权进行打压和制裁。此后,虽然美阿关系经历短暂的春天,但是随着布莱敦的上任和《蓝皮书》的问世,美国与阿根廷的冲突逐渐达到顶峰。《蓝皮书》没能发挥阻碍庇隆成为阿根廷总统的作用,相反成就了庇隆成为民选总统。
第四章:恢复合作的努力:1946-1947年美国对阿根廷政策。战后初期,美国的区域政策逐渐转向美苏对抗的全球冷战战略。由于阿根廷在美国安全战略中的重要地位和阿根廷农牧产品对欧洲复兴的重要意义,美国对阿根廷政策改变了从前的高压政策,放弃了民主原则,试图与“独裁者”庇隆合作。在麦塞斯密斯等外交人员的曲折努力下,美国与阿根廷关系在1947年6月,恢复了正常关系。阿根廷签订了《美洲国家间互助条约》,美国将阿根廷纳入了西半球安全防卫体系,成功促成了阿根廷农牧产品用于重振英国。美国不赞同庇隆实行民族主义工业化和阿根廷第一个五年计划的发展方向,希望通过打击激进派扶植温和派等做法,控制阿根廷工业化发展的道路和方向。
第五章:强大经济攻势瓦解“第三种立场”:1947-1953年美国对阿根廷政策。庇隆的“政治主权、经济独立、社会正义”思想发展成为“第三种立场”。由于“第三种立场”表现出的投机性和不确定性,美国希望加强经济合作,将阿根廷牢牢所在美洲国家组织中。然而由于美国自由主义经济与阿根廷中央统制经济格格不入,因此,美国对第三种立场深恶痛绝,如鲠在喉,欲除之而后快。经济合作署对阿根廷的歧视政策,加深了由英镑不可兑换美元给阿根廷带来的“美元短缺”。为了解决美元短缺问题,以保证从美国获得工业设备,阿根廷付出种种努力均遭失败,最终求助于美国。美国希望借此瓦解第三种立场,但是朝鲜战争爆发后,庇隆重新回到了第三种立场上。对此,美国极为不满,对阿根廷实行“冷处理”的政策。
第六章:全面合作:1953-1955年美国对阿根廷的政策。出于国内的经济形势,庇隆向美国提出和解,由于庇隆的和解主张符合美国艾森豪威尔政府的拉美政策,收到了美国的积极回应。终于,在1953年,双方又一次实现了和解。庇隆希望美国私人资本能够进入阿根廷的重点建设领域,出于安全战略的考虑,美国国务院作出了积极反应。但是由于此前,阿根廷新宪法与私人公司的利益纠缠和进出口银行的不作为,私人资本没能顺利进入阿根廷电力、钢铁和石油领域。而庇隆的行为被阿根廷国内视为“投降主义”,为此,庇隆自己付出沉重的代价。
结语。这部分重在从美国外交政策的角度分析美国对阿根廷政策转变调整的原因,以及美国与阿根廷关系不断经历冲突并能够实现和解的原因和对双方造成的影响。
This dissertation consists of eight parts.
The Introduction indicates the purposes of the research, summarizes of literatures both home and abroad on this subject, as well as the research approaches and the ideas.
The first chapter traces of the Relations between U.S. and Argentina from the Independence of Argentina to Eve of World War II. This chapter reviews the U.S.-Argentina relations from the fight for freedom in Argentina and projects the four elements that made infection to the relations: the expansion of the U.S. and the Monroe Declaration, the economic conflicts, the democratic ideals, as well as the export-oriented economy of Argentina.
The second chapter: The Neutral Attitude of Argentina and the U.S. Foreign Policy towards Argentina (1939-1943). Proceeding from the domestic political and economic circumstances and the traditional anti-U.S. complex, Argentina decided to stick to the neutral stand when U.S. abandoned neutrality. The U.S. attempted to make changes to the neutral stand of Argentina by strengthening the economic cooperation with the American countries, helping Argentina to solve its export surpluses and to providing loan from the Export-Import Bank. The U.S. also intended to improve the relations with Argentina and accelerated the democratic proceeding of the Argentine politics by the above methods. Finally, it failed by the complex political situation in Argentina. It seems to the U.S. that Castillo's regime was leading a dictatorial rule under the influence of the Fascism and constituted a menace to the collective security of the western hemisphere. Therefore, the U.S. cracked down on the Castillo's regime, encouraged the opposition to the government and controlled the export of the armament.
The third chapter: The Beat and Punishment: the U.S. foreign policy to Argentina in 1943-1946. Under the punishment of the U.S., there's a military coupe happened in Argentina in 1943, but the military government didn't abandon the neutral stand as the U.S. wish, it conflicted with the U.S. several times on acquiring weapons and the Bolivian coup. At last it resigned to U.S. and broke off its relations with the Axis, but another reform broke out soon in Argentina. Peron, who advocated nationalism, became the new key-man of the new military government. Being afraid of the fascist threat to the western hemisphere, the U.S. beat up Farrell-Peron's regime. Henceforth, in spite that a substantial connection was constituted between the U.S and Argentina, the appointment of Braden and the Blue Book lead to the climax of the conflicts. The Blue Book didn't afford to serve the prevention of Peron to be the president but made him to achieve the post of a popular vote president.
The forth chapter: the Effort to Resume Cooperation: the U.S. Foreign Policy to Argentina in 1946-1947. The U.S region policy gradually transformed to the launching of the Cold War to USSR after World War II. Since Argentina's vital position in the U.S. security strategy and its agriculture and pasture products to the recovery of Europe. The U.S abandoned the democratic principal and attempted to cooperate with Peron, the "Dictator". With the twisting efforts by Messersmith and other diplomats, the U.S-Argentina relations resumed to normal in June, 1947. Argentina subscribed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and it was brought into the western hemisphere security defense system by the U.S. The U.S successfully promoted the Argentine agriculture and pasture products to revive the Great Britain. The U.S did not agree Peron to execute the nationalism industrial project and the developing direction of his first five-year plan, it intended to control the road and the direction of the Argentine industrial development by beating up the Radicals and fostering the Moderates.
The fifth chapter: Disintegrating "the Third Position" with Strong Economic Offense: the U.S Foreign Policy to Argentina in 1947-1953. Peron had developed his "Political Sovereignty", "Economic Independence" and "Social Justice" to "the Third Position". The U.S intended to strengthen to economic cooperation, in order that Argentina would be firmly fixed into the Organization of American States, since "the Third Position" seemed to be speculating and indeterminate. Nevertheless, the liberal economy in U.S. and the center-controlled economy in Argentina was against the grain, the U.S detested "the Third Position" like the bone in the throat and tried to remove it. The discrimination of ECA to Argentina deepened the "Dollar Shortage" in Argentina, because it was not able to exchange its GB pounds to U.S dollars. The Argentines devoted a lot to solve this problem in order to obtain the industrial equipments from the U.S, but it failed and turned to appeal the U.S. The U.S. had wished that will collapse "the Third Position", but Peron returned to his decision after the breaking out of the Korean War. The U.S was so discontent that it started the "cold correctness"policy to Argentina.
The sixth chapter: All-round Cooperation, the U.S Foreign Policy to Argentina, 1953-1955. Peron raised a conciliatory attitude to the U.S for the sake of Argentina's economic situation. He was responded actively, because his ideas were in accordance with Eisenhower's policy to Latin America. The two countries came to a compromise again in 1953. Peron hoped that the American private capital to enter into the construction of key project in Argentina. The Department of U.S. made an active response for its security strategy. Nevertheless, because of the entanglement between the New Argentine Constitution and the American private companies, as well as the omission of the EXIM Bank, the private capital wasn't able to enter the field of Argentina's electric power, steel industry and oil production successfully. Peron also paid dearly for his decision being considered as capitulationism in Argentina.
Epilogue: the Conflicts and Compromises between the U.S. and Argentina. This part mainly analyses the reason for the change in the U.S. foreign policy to Argentina from the angel of the U.S. It also analyses the reason why the two countries was able to reach compromises by experiencing several conflicts and how this was infected on each of them.
引文
[1]Robert J.Alexander,The Peron Era,New York:Columbia University Press,1951.
[2]George I.Blanksten,Peron's Argentina,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953.
[3]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1954.该书部分章节被复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室选译,成书《庇隆与阿根廷》,由上海人民出版社于1974年出版。
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentina Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976.
[3]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,Albany:State University of New York Press,1964.
[4]Thomas Francis McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1957.
[1]中文本由任鸣皋等人根据苏联外国书籍出版局1959年俄文版转译,世界知识出版社出版:北京,1963年版。
[2]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966.
[3]Edward S.Milenky,Argentina's Foreign Policies,Boulder:Westview Press,1978.
[4]Michael J.Francis,The Limits of Hegemony:United States Relations with Argentina and Chile during World War Ⅱ,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1977.C.A.MacDonald:"The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946",in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.366,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502;Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt(eds),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[5]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford,1969,p.142;Marvin Goidwert,Democracy Militarism,and Nationalism in Argentina,1930-1966,Austin:the University of Texas Press,1972.
[1]Alberto Spektorowski,"The Ideological Origins of Right and Left Nationalism in Argentina,1930-1943",in Journal of Contemporary History,volume.29,Jan.1944,pp.155-184,be available from Jstor Database;Robert Alexander.J.Juan Domingo Peron:A History,Boulder:Westview Press,1979;Julie M.Taylor.Eva Peron:the Myths of A Woman,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1979;John Barnes,Evita,First Lady:a Biography of Eva Peron,New York:Grove Press,1978;Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro.Eva Peron,New York:W.W.Norton,1980.
[2]Mario Rapoport,"Foreign and Domestic Policy in Argentina during the Second World War:The Traditional Political Parties and the Military Regime,1943-1945",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,pp.77-101.
[3]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:The Regents Press of Kansas,1979.
[1]Carlos Escude,"US Political Destabilisation and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940s",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,pp.56-76.
[1]Carlos Escude,"US Political Destabilisation and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940s",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[2]Joseph S.Tulchin,The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States-Argentine Relations,1900-1940,in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[3]C.Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.1.
[1]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,pp.137-138;Gran Bretana Estados Unidos y la Declinacion Argentina,Buenos Aires,1984;持这种观点的还有Stephen G.Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1988;David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,the University of Georgia Press:Athens,2006,p.106.
[2]Tulchin,Argentina and the United States,1997;David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997;Claudio Gabriel Gonzalez Chiaramonte,Selling Americanism Abroad:United States Cultural Diplomay toward Argentina,1953-1963,Ph.D dissertation,State University of New York,2002.
[1]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A conflicted relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990.
[2]David M.K.Sheinin.Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens and London:the University of Georgia Press,2006.
[3]Deborah L.Norden and Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,Routledge:New York,2002.
[4]美拉关系研究报告包括《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》、《苏联集团在拉丁美洲的活动及其对美国外交政策的意义》、《影响彼此经济关系的美国和拉丁美洲政策》等七篇,均由北京编译社译出。
[1]博埃斯内尔,《拉丁美洲国际关系简史》,殷恒民译,商务印书馆,北京,1990年版。Samuel L.Bailey,The United states and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New York,1976;Cole Blasier,The Hovering Giant,U.S.Response to Revolutionary Changes in Latin America,1910-1985,Pittsburgh University Press,1976;R.Harrison Wagner.United States Policy toward Latin America:A Study in Domestic and International Politics,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1970.
[2]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,中国社会科学院拉美研究所译,当代世界出版社,1998年版。
[3]Gary W.Wynia,Argentina in the Postwar Era:Politics and Economic Policy Making in a Divided Society,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1978.
[4]H.S.Ferns,Britain and Argentina in the Nineteenth Century,Oxford:Clarendo Press,1960;Roger Gravil,The Anglo-Argentina Connection,Boulder:Westview,1985;Thomas Francis MeGann.Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1957;Francis,Michael J.The Limits of Hegemony:United States Relations with Argentina and chile during World War Ⅱ,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1977:Humphreys,R.A.,Latin America and the Second World War,Atlone Press Ltd.,1981.
[1]苏振兴编,《拉美国家现代化进程研究》,社会科学文献出版社,北京,2006年版。
[2]曾昭耀编,《现代化战略选择与国际关系:拉美经验研究》,社会科学文献出版社,北京,2000年版。
[3]李春晖、苏振兴、徐世澄著,《拉丁美洲史稿》第三卷,商务印书馆:北京,1993年版。
[4]徐世澄编,《美国和拉丁美洲关系史》,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版。
[5]洪育沂、徐世澄等著,《拉美关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版。
[6]洪国起、王晓德著,《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版。
[1]参见Mark A.Burkhoider & Lyman L.Johnson,Colonial Latin America,Now York:Oxford University Press,1998,pp.316-321.
[2]《玻利瓦尔文选》,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所译,中国社会科学出版社,1983年版,第72页。
[1]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routledge:London,2005,p.12.
[2]Rush to Rodney and Graham,July 18,1817,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States Concerning the Independence of the Latin-American Nations,New York:Oxford University Press,1925,vol.Ⅰ,p.43.
[1]Bland to John Quincy Adams,Nov.12,1818,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States concerning the independence of the Latin-American Nations,vol.Ⅰ,p.434.
[2]John Quincy Adams to George Campbell,June 3,1819,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States concerning the independence of the Latin-American Nations,New York:Oxford University Press,1925,vol.Ⅰ,p.107.
[1]坎宁建议的具体内容:希望和美国共同宣布:1.我们认为西班牙恢复其殖民地是没有希望的;2.我们认为承认这些殖民地为独立国家是时间和条件的问题;3.我们绝不愿意在这些殖民地和他们的宗主国之间的和平交涉的道路上制造任何障碍;4.我们自己并不企图占有他们之中的任何一部分;5.我们不能对这些殖民地中的任何一部分转移给其他国家坐视不理。参见:比米斯:《美国外交史》,商务印书馆,第一分册,第223—224页。坎宁的做法虽然是在联合美国,但也表示出这样的意愿即反对美国自己获得西属美洲的任何部分。
[1]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,pp.7-8;
Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,London:Routledge,2005,p.22.
[2]Clement Eaton,Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics,Boston,pp.58-59.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,pp.10-11;
David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.15.
[4]U.S.charge d'affaires in Buenos Aires(Edward Winsiow Ames) to Secretary of State(John Hay),May 5,1903,in FRUS,1903,pp.1-6.
[5]David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.16.
[1]Andrew Hurrell,"Regionalism in the Americas",in Abraham Lowenthal and Gregory Treverton,eds.Latin America in a New World,Westview Press,1994,p.168.
[2]Andres Cisneros & Carlos Escude,eds,Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la Republica Argentina,vol 8,Las relaciones exteriores de la Argentina consolidada,1881-1943,Buenos Aires:Grupo Editor Latinoamericano,1999,p.20.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,p.22.
[4]Thomas McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1957,p.75.
[5]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,p.14.
[1]张凡、吴洪英、韩琦译:《独立以来拉丁美洲的经济发展》,中国经济出版社,2000年版,第86页。
[2]Alejandro,C.Diaz,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.436.&.p.475.
[3]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,Plagrave Macmilan,New York,2001,p.55.
[4]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956,p.61.
[1]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,New York:Routledge,2002,p.11.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's Fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956,p.129.
[3]Joseph S.Tulehin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,p.3.
[4]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,p.12;
Thomas McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,p.85.
[5]参见James R.Scobie,Revolution on the Pampas,A social History of Argentine Wheat,1860-1910,Buenos Aires:University of Texas Press,1977,p.71.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's Fall and the New Regime,Atlantic Press,London,1956,p.128.
[2]转引自Thomas F.MeG-ann,Argentina,the United States and the Inter-American System,Cambridge:Harvard Unitversity Press,1957,p.61;
Peter H.Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press,1996,p.98.
[3]Peter H·Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press:,1996,p.99.
[1]Peter H.Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press,1996,p.98.
[2]Dario Canton,Elecciones y Partidos Politicos en la Argentina-Historia,Interpretacion y Balance:1910-1916,Buenos Aires:Siglo XXI,1973,p.20.
[3]Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,Austin:the University of Texas Press,1977,pp.21-22.
[1][秘鲁]欧亨尼奥·陈一罗德里格斯著,白凤森等译:《拉丁美洲的文明与文化》,北京,商务印书馆,1990年版,第143页。
[2]培尼亚改革选举法的目的,有几种不同的观点,一种观点认为改革选举法是为了扩大政治基础,对中产阶级作出的让步,以集中精力应付武装工人叛乱,确保政局稳定。参见David Rock,Poliacs in Argentina 1890-1930:the Rise and Fall of Rradicalism,pp.25-40;Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930.p.101.另一种观点认为强调培尼亚颁布新选举法的进步性,参见莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所组译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第五卷,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年版,第397页。另有一种观点,认为不应过分夸大培尼亚法赋予中产阶级的权力,因为中产阶级在选举中一直是少数派。参见Roy Hora The Landowners of the Argentine Pampas:A Social and Political History 1860-1945,Oxford University Pros,2001,pp.141-143.
[3]Richard J.Water,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,p.95.
[4]四组指标水平越高,制度化水平越高。适应性是环境的挑战和岁月的作用。复杂性是组织的结构分化。自立性是政治组织有生存和活动的独立领域,不受其他政治势力的干预。内聚性是成员在观念和行动上的一致性。[美]塞缪尔·P·亨廷顿著,张岱云等译:《变动社会的政治秩序》,上海译文出版社,1989,第14～26页。
[1]Ronald H.McDonald & J.Mark Ruhl,Party Politics and Elections in Latin America,p.149.
[2]Memoria del Ministerio del Interior,Presentada al Honorable Congreso de la Nacion,191l-1912,p.63.转引自Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,p.97.
[3]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》上卷,董果良译,商务印书馆,1988年版,第186页。
[4]袁东振、徐世澄:《拉丁美洲国家政治制度研究》,世界知识出版社,2004年版,第9页。
[1]Balestra to Saenz Pena,May 25,1910,cited in Miguel Angel Carcano,Saenz Pena:La Revolucion por los Comicios,Talleres Craficos Cepeda,1963,p.8,转引自 Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentsina Between the Great Power,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.36.
[1]张凡、吴洪英、韩琦译:《独立以来拉丁美洲的经济发展》,中国经济出版社,2000年版,第72页
[2]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,London:Routledge,2005,p.81.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,"The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States- Argentine Relations 1900-1940",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentina Between the Great Power:1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.39.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,Atlantic Press:London,1956,p.99.
[2]Joseph S.Tulchin,"The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States- Argentine Relations 1900-1940",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentina Between the Great Power,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.40-41.
[3]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,PhD dissertation,1977.
[4]Joseph S Tulchin,Decolonizing an Informal Empire:Argentina,Great Britain,and the United States,1930-1943,International Interactions,1974,pp.123-140.
[1]洪国起、王晓德著:《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版,第2页。
[1]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministe of the American Republics,The American Journal of International Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.8-12.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412
[2]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics,The American Journal of International Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.8-12.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412;Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay.Harvard University Press:Cambridge.1976.pp.376-377.
[3]参见洪育沂、徐世澄主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第124页。
[4]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics,The American Journal of lnternational Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.6-8.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412
[5]洪育沂、徐世澄主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,第122页。
[1]The Ambassador in Panama(Dawson) to the Secretary of State,May 18,1940-4p.m.;The Secretary of State to the Mission in Costa Rica,Cuba,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,El Salvador,Guatemala,Haiti Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama and Venezuela,May 18,1940-8p.m.,in FRUS,1940,volume I,General,p.742.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The UnitedStates and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p377.
[3]Argentine Proposal That the American Republics Declare They Cease to be Neutrals and Announce They Have Become Nonbelligerents,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour)to the Secretary of State,April 19,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume I General,p.743.
[1]Mario Rapoport,Aliados o Neutrales:La Argentina frente la Segunda Guerra Mundia,Buenos Aires:Editorial Universitarian de Buenos Aires,1988,p.16.
[2]Argentine Proposal That the American Republics Declare They Cease to be Neutrals and Announce They Have Become Nonbelligerents,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,April 19,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume I General,pp.743-744;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Under Secretary of State (Welles),April 22,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume I.General,pp.745-748.
[3]Memorandum of Conversation,by the Under Secretary of State(Welles),April 22,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume I.General,pp.745-748.;Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,ed.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.58.
[1]Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.59.
[2]S.E.Hilton,"Argentine Neutrality,September 1939-June 1940:a Re-examination",in The Americas,January 1966.
[3]《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年版,第238页。
[4]徐世澄等著:《美国和拉丁美洲关系史》,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版,第132页。
[5]《国际条约集》(1934—1944年),世界知识出版社,1961年版,第271页。
[6]Second Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the American Republics Held at Havana,July21-30,1940,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 20,1940-1p.m.(recoived at July 21,1940-1:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1940,volume V,The American Republics,pp.236-237.
[1]参见《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年版,第261—265页,1940年12月29日的“炉边讲话”。
[1]Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull,London,1948,vol.2,p.1145.
[2]Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull,vol.2,p.1149.
[3]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:the Regents Press of Kansas,1979,pp.32-42.
[4]Bryce Wood,The Dismantling of the Good Neighbor Policy,Austin:University of Texas Press,1985,p.2.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p.377.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p.378.
[1]J.C.de Wilde and Bryce Wood,"U.S.Trade Ties with Argentina," in Foreign Relation Reports,X,1941,p.224
[2]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 14,1940,in FR US,1 940,volume V.The American Republics,p.460.
[3]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 17,1940-11 a.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.464.
[1]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 17,1940-11 am.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.464.
[2]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Sectary of State,Buenos Aires,June 14,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,pp.460-463;The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.467.
[3]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-5p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,pp.466-467;The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-6p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.,The American Republics,pp.467-468.
[1]Welles to Armour,June 23,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1969,p.142.;C.A.MacDonald:The Polities of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.366,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502
[3]American Republic Affairs Memorandum,November 15,1940,DS 835.51/1423,Department of State Records,National Archives.
[4]Joseph S.Tulehin,"The Argentine Proposal for Non-Belligerency,April 1940",in Journal of lnter American Studies,XI(Oct.1969),p.602;C.A.MaeDonaid:"The Polities of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946",in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.367,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502
[1]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,pp.174-175.
[2]Hadow to Perowne,March 12,1943,A3015/11/2,FO371/33511,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office,Kew,London.
[3]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,p.166.
[4]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.113.
[4]Ronald Newton,"Disorderly Succession:Great Britain,the United States and the 'Nazi Menace' in Argentina,1938-1947,in Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,eds.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,pp.120-121.
[1]Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds,p.59.
[2]杨楚克:《美国在拉丁美洲的政策(1939-1945)》,莫斯科1975年版,第186页,转引自洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第159页。
[3]C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.367.
[1]Michael J.Francis,The Limits of Hegemony:United Slates Relations with Argentina and Chile during World War Ⅱ,University of Notre Dame Press:Notre Dame,1977,p.160.
[2]Reed to Hull,September 1942,DS 835.00/1280;Memorandum by Perowne,March 31,1943,A3068/4/2FO371/33507,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office
[3]US State Department,Documents on German Foreign Policy,pp.157-158,转引自 Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,ed.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,1990,p.60.
[4]Hadow to Perowne,March 12,1943,A3015/11/2FO371/33511,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office.
[5]美国战略情报局是二战期间成立的美国情报部门,也译为战略服务办公室,美国中央情报局的前身。
[6]Memorandum by J.Edgar Hoover,March 17,1942,DS935.00/1170,National Archives.
[7]OSS Report,May 1942,Military Records Group 226,1693,National Archives
[8]Department of State,Consultation among the American Republics with Regard to the Argentine Situation,ashington DC,1946,p.8.
[1]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,1953,p.293.
[2]Welles to Armour,June 23,1943,in FRUS 1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.420-424.
[3]Anti-Isolationists Opposed Castillo:Argentina's Neutrality Stand at Rio de Janeiro Meeting Ushered in Discontent,in New York times,June 5,1943,ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times(1851-2005),pg.2.
[4]OSS Report,May 29,1942,Military Records Group 226,16931.
[5]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,p.289.
[1]Reed to Hull,August 1942,DS 835.00/1247.
[2]Armour to Hull,December 30,1942,DS 835.00/1328.
[3]Castiilo Insists Neutrality Stays:Argentine President Asserts Patron Costas,if Successor,Would Hold to Policy Doubts Foes Will Unite Declares Socialists,Radicals and Communists Have Too Many Conflicting Ideas,in New York Tmes,February 21,1943,pg.7.
[4]State Department Memorandum,March 11,1943,835.00/1371,National Archives.
[1]Ravndal to Callado,March 10,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,p.409.
[2]Granger to Cabot,October 4,1945,Records of the US Embassy in BA,Record Group 84,File 124.5,National Archives.
[3]美国对巴西的军事援助详见Frank D.MeCann,TheBrazilian-American Alliance,1937-1945,Princeton,1973,pp.259-269.
[1]Memorandum by Duggan,January 26,1942,in FRUS,1942,vol.V,The American Republics,p.373.
[2]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第158页。
[3]战争生产委员会成立于1942年,该委员会负责调控汽油、民用燃油、金属、橡胶和塑料等材料和燃料的生产与分派。
[1]Memorandum by the Executive Secretary,Board of Economic Operations(Collado),Washington,September 10,1942,Critical Materials Supply of Argentina,in FRUS,1942,volume V,The American Republics,pp.365-367.
[1]Memorandum by the Secretary of State for President Roosevelt,Proposal of the Treasury Department to the Board of Economic Warfare that Argentine Funds in the United States be Frozen,Washington undated,in FRUS,1942,volume.V,The American Republics,pp.471-474.
[1]ARA Memorandum,February 18,1943,835.00/1367,Nationa Archives.
[2]Concern of the United States at the Failure of Argentina to Sever Political Relations with the AXIs Powers,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,Februry 18,1943-11a.m.(received 1:07p.m.)in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,p.415.
[1]Wickard Diary,June 9,1943,The Claude Wickard Papers,Personal Diaries 1943,FDRL,转引自C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.374.
[2]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,p.297.
[3]Armour to Hull,June 9,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.374-375.
[4]FBI Memorandum,June 10,1943,DS 835.00/1618.
[1]OSS Memorandum,July 27,1943,R&A Reports,982.
[2]The Under Secretary of State(Welles) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 28,1943,in FRUS,1943,Vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 18,1943-10p.m.in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.417-418.
[4]The Under Secretary of State(Welles) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 28,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[5]The Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs(Storni) to the Secretary of State,(Translation),Buenos Aires,August 5,1943,in FRUS,1943,volume.V.The American Republics,pp.447-451.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs(Stomi),Washingtong,August 30,1943,in FRUS,1943,volume V.The American Republics,pp.454-460.
[2]Shepardson to Gorden,August 30,1943,862.20235/1291,National Achives.
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) Washington,October 24,1943-8p.m.,in FRUS,1943,volume.V.The American Republics,pp.495-496.
[2]Travis B.Jaeobs and Beatrice Berle(eds.),Navigating the Rapids:From the Papers of Adolf Berle,New York,1973,pp.449-450.
[1]Joseph Tulchin,Arentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne,1990,p.85.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,p.231.
[1]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry,4.Wallace 1942-1946,Boston,1973,p.307.
[2]Armour to Hull,Feb.25,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.252-253.
[3]Statement by Stettinius,March 4,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.259-260.
[4]转引自 Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.130.
[1]Argentina Refuses To Exclude Asylum,in New York Times,September 2,1943,pg.4.
[2]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry A.Wallace,1942-1946,p.294.
[3]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry A.Wallace,1942-1946,p.294.
[4]Morgenthan to FDR,May 10,1944,"Morgenthan Diary," Book 730,p.149,FDRL,转引自 C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.377.
[5]Whitaker,Inter American Affairs,1944,pp.15-21.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Reed) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,December 16,1944-1.p.m.in FRUS,1944,voI.,The American Republics,pp.371-377.
[2]Coronel Juan Peron,Elpueblo quiere saber de que se trata,Buenos Aires,1944,pp.71-80.
[3]La Prensa,June 11,1944,转引自 David Rock,Authoritarian Argentina:The Nationalist Movement,its History and its Impact,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,p.144.
[4]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第67页。
[1]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,translated by John J.Kennedy,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966,p.125.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom(Winant) June 30,1944-midnight,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.332-334;President Roosevelt to the British Prime Minister(Churchill)Washington,November 18,1944,p.365;The British Prime Minister(Churchill) to President Roosevelt,London,November 26,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.365-367.
[2]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第164页。
[1]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.32.
[2]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第69页。
[1]Problems Arising in Connection with the Recognition of the Farrell Government Followed by the Deterioration of Relations with That Government,Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,January 2,1945,in FRUS,1945,voi.IX,The American Republics,pp.366-367.
[2]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.130.
[1]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:The Regents Press of Kansas,1979,pp.131-133.
[1]David Green,The Containment of Latin America,Chicago,1971,pp.216-217.
[2]《杜鲁门回忆录》,三联书店,1974年版,第1卷,第202页。
[1]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,1952,pp.307-308.
[2]Braden to Secretary of State,June 30,1945,p.6,PSF Subject File,Telegrams-Buenos Aires-Peron,Papers of Harry S.Truman,The Harry S.Truman Library;The Ambassador in Argentina(Braden) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 1,1945-7p.m.(Received June 2-6:20 a.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.381-385.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Braden) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 11,1945—6p.m.(Received July 12-1:19 a.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.392-393.
[4]Joseph R.Barager,Peron and the Argentine Democratic Parties,1943-1946,New York:Buffalo,1972,p.12.
[1]Felix Luna,El 45:Cronica de un ano decisivo,Editorial Jorge Alvarez,1969,p.101
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina Braden to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 17,1945-5p.m.in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.404.
[3]Department of State Bulletin,August 26,1945,p.291.
[4]David Green,The Containment of Latin America,p.251.
[5]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.39.
[6]David Green,"The Cold War Comes to Latin America," in Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration,Barton J Bernstein,ed.,Chicago,1970,pp.169-170.
[1]Rita Aria Giaealone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.40.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford,1969,pp.269-282.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,October 19,1945—8 p.m.(received 9:54 p.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.423-424.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,7he American Republics,pp.426-433.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.432.
[3]J.Edgar Hoover Echoed that Certainty to Gen.Harry Vanghan,Jan 9,1946,Subject File,FBI-Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library;The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.430.
[4]The Secrtary of State to Certain Diplomatic Representatives in Europe,Washington,January 18,1946-10a.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.186.
[5]Peron Says We Aid Arms Smuggling:Presidential Candidate Links U.S.Embassy with Running of Guns into Argentina,in New York Times,Jan 31,1946,pg.1.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,January 31,1946-3p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.104-105.
[2]We Prod Argentina for Stand on Peron:Curt U.S.Note Insists Buenos Aires Endorse or Repudiate Arms Smuggling Charge,in New York Times,Feb.2,1946,pg.1;The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary,Buenos Aires,Feb.4,1946,(received February 7-4:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.199-200.
[3]The Secretary of State to the United States Political Adviser for Germany(Murphy),Washington,November 29,1945,in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.490-491;Spruille Braden,Diplomats and Demagogues,New York,1971,pp.356-357.
[4]Drafts of Memoranda on German Military Espionage in Argentina,in FRUS,1942,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.218-224.
[5]The Ambassador in Uruguay(Dawson) to the Secretary of State,Montevideo,Jan,22,1943-6p.m.(received 9:22 p.m.).in FRUS,1943,volume V,The American Republics,p.8
[1]Callum A.MacDonald,"The Braden Campaign and Anglo-American Relations in Argentina,1945-1946,"in Argentina between the Great Powers,1933-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds.Pittsburgh:Univerisity of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.150.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot) Washington,December,1945-7p.m.in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.492-503.
[3]The Charge in AmericanArgentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February 8,1946-8p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.201-202;The Secretary of State to Diplomatic Representatives in All the American Republics Except Argentina and Haiti,Washington,Feb.9,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.204-205.
[4]Department of State,Consultation among the American Republics with Respect to the Argentine Situation,1946,pp.54-55.
[1]Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto,La Republica Argentina ante el Libra Azul,Buenos Aires,1946.
[2]Cabot to Bymes,Feb.21,1946,835.00/2-2146,National Archives.
[3]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azul y Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946.
[1]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azuly Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946,p.3.
[2]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azul y Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946,p.127.
[3]Tamborini Admits Victory Hopes Dim:Argentine Opponent of Peron Virtually Concedes Defeat-Half of Votes Tallied Peron- U.S.Entente Now Feared Seating of Congress Defferd,in New York Times,Mar.16,1946,pg.6.
[1]Peter H.Smith," Social Mobilization,Political Participation,and the Rise of Juan Peron," in Political Science Quarterly,1969,March vol.84,pp.30-49;Peter H.Smith," The Social Base of Peronism",in Hispanic American Historical Review,1972,Feb,vol.52,pp.55-73;Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile,and Uruguay,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976,p.215.
[2]Acheson to Truman,July 12,1946,PSF,Foreign Affairs,"A",Argentina Folder 2,Box 148,Harry S.Truman Presidential Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]Messersmith to Senator Austen,Sept.3,1946,Papers of the US Embassy in Buenos Aires,Record Group 84,Buenos Aires 1946,File 800,Box 529,Washington National Records Center.
[1]刘绪贻、杨生茂编:《战后美国史:1945-1986》,人民出版社:北京,1989年版,第26页。
[1]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,世界知识出版社,1961年版,第44页。
[2]李春辉、苏振兴等主编《拉丁美洲史稿》下卷,商务印书馆,2001年版,第87页。
[1]李春辉、苏振兴等主编《拉丁美洲史稿》,下卷,商务印书馆,2001年版,第85页。
[2]Joseph Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne,1990,p.102;Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America,A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routlege:London,2005,pp.100-101.另参见1946-1974年美国对拉美国家的经济和军事援助表,Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America.1945-1975,NewYork:New ViewPionts,1976,p.74.
[3]洪国起、王晓德著,《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版,第201页。
[1]Henry Raymont,Trouble Neighbors:The Story of US-Latin American Relations from FDR to the Present,Westview,2005,p.71.
[2]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America,A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routlege:London,2005,p.111.
[1]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari.translated by John J.Kennedy.Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966,p.138.
[1]莱斯利·贝瑟尔:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所译,当代世界出版社,第74页。
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 7,1946-8 p.m.(received 11:50p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.229-232.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 7,1946-8 p.m.(received 11:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1946,XI,The American Republics,p.230
[4]Mann to Braden,Mar.21,1946,835.50/3-2146,National Archives.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,April 16,1946-7p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,pp.246-247.
[2]Rita Ana Giacalone:From bad neighbors to reluctant partner:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950p.72.
[3]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,北京:世界知识出版社,1961年版,第65页。
[4]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,April 16,1946-7p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,pp.246-247.
[1]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,北京:世界知识出版社,1961年版,第65页。
[2]Messersmith Seen in Argentine Post:Shit of Career Diplomat From MeXIco Expected- Pawley Held Likely for Brazil,in New York Times,April 3,1946,pg.9;Ambassador to Argentina,in New York Times,April 11,1946,pg.24.
[3]Sumner Welles,Where are we heading? New York:Harper,1946,p.223.
[4]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 26,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.285-286.
[1]Messersmith to Truman,August 16,835.00/8-1646;Messersmith to Byrnes,Oct.12,PSF,Paper of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messcrsmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,pp.255-258,美国外交文件集(FRUS)收录的文件中关于Messersmith与庇隆接触的部分被隐去,但是在美国国家档案中可以看到这部分内容,见Messersmith to Byrnes,Acheson,and Braden,May 29,1946,711.35/5-2946,Record Group 59,Department of the State General Records,National Archives.
[3]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,pp.255-258,FRUS收录的文件中关于麦塞斯密斯对庇隆相对友好的看法被隐去,可以在麦塞斯密斯文件集中看到这部分内容,见Messersmith to Byrnes,June 15,1946,No.1781,George S.Messersmith Papers,University of Delaware Library,Newark,Delware.
[4]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,p.256.
[1]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.257.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.257.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1954.
[1]U.S.Likely to Free Argentina's Fund,in New York Times,June 20,1946,p.32.
[2]U.S.Likely to Free Argentina's Fund,in New York Times,June 20,1946,p.32;U.S.to Free Funds of Argentina;Act Held Step to Over-All Accord,in New York Times,June 26,1946,p.1.
[1]Office of Strategic Services,Report 3717,Apr.11,1946,Research and Analysis Branch,National Archives.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.301.
[3]Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to President Truman,Washington,July 12,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.270-278;Acheson to Truman,July 12,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[1]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republic,p.270.
[2]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.272.
[1]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.272-273.
[2]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.273-274.
[3]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.270-271.
[4]Memorandum by President Truman to the Under Secretary of State(Acheson),Washington,July 22,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.282.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946,(Received August 26),in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.297-302..
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.297-302.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.300.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.299.
[3]Messersmith to Acheson,August 16,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library;Messersmith to Bymes,August 16,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library.
[4]The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith),Washington,August 29,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.309-310.
[5]Truman to Messersmith,September 6,1946,PSF,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library.
[1]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesions de la Camara de Senadores,1946,volume I,pp.727-742.
[2]David Rock,Authoritarian Argentina:The Nationalist Movement,Its History and its Impact,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,p.165.
[1]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1946,vol.III,p.602.
[2]Messersmith to Secretary of State,Sept.15,1946,Record Group 84,Buenos Aires,1946,File 800B,Box 529,Washington National Records Center.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Acting Sectary of State,Buenos Aires,October 2,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.321-322.
[1]"Career Man's Mission",in Time,1946,December,pp.22-24.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,November 19,1946,in FRUS,1946,pp.333-335.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February 7,1947- 4p.m.in FRUS,1947,vol.VIII,pp.173-176.
[4]Acheson Memorandum of Conversation with Ivanissevich,March 31,1947,711.35/3-3147,Record Group 59,U.S.Department of State General Records,National Archives,Washington,D.C.
[1]Spruille Braden,Diplomats andDemagogues:The Memoirs ofSpruille Braden,New Rochelle,Arlington House:New York,1971,p.369.
[2]R.B.Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Relation Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor":The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Regents Press of Kansas:Lawrence,1979,p.207.
[3]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,New York,1964,pp.457-458.
[1]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第186页。
[2]《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第86页。
[1]"Boss of the GOU",in Time,Monday,Nov.27,1944,be available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796883,00.html
[2]关于Extremists和Moderates的论述参见Robert R Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,1945-1962,Londo,1980,pp.54-72.
[3]C.A.MacDonald:"The United States,Britain and Argentina in the Years immediately after the Second World War",in The Political Economy of Argentina 1880-1946,edited by Guido di Tella and D.C.M.Piatt,Macmillan:Houndmills,p.183.
[1]Memorandum by the Assistant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Attwood) to the Director of the Americans Republic Affairs(Danieis).Washington.May 19.1949.in FRUS.1949.vol.Ⅱ,pp.499-500.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The UnitedStates andArgentina,Harvard University Pros,Cambridge,1954,p.179:《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第79页。
[3]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Oxford:Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,1990,p.32.
[1]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Bevin,24~(th) Sept,1946,AS 6228/22/2,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,James Dunkerley(eds.) Bethesda,Md.:University Publications of America,2000,p.370.
[1]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Bevin,24th Sept,1946,AS 6228/22/2,British Documents on Foreign Affairs,Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,p.370.
[2]C.A.Macdonald,"The United States,Britain and Argentina in the Years Immediately atter the Second World War",in Guido di Tella and D.C.M.Platt(eds.),The Political Economy of Argentina 1880-1946,p.186.
[3]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Attlee,12~(th) December,1946,AS 7961/235/2 Position of Anglo-Argentina Relation,Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,p.399.
[4]Richard Gardner,Sterling- Dollar Diplomacy,NewYork,1969,pp.248-253.
[5]Nicholas Bowen:"The End of British Economic Hegemony in Argentina:Messersmith and the Eady-Miranda Agreement",in Inter-American Economic Affairs,vol.28,Spring 1975,No.4,p.15.
[1]The Review of the River Plate,vol.101,No 2857,September 13,1946,p.12.
[2]Messersmith to Clayton,Sept.25,1946,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]关于麦塞斯密斯—庇隆会谈的情况,史学界是有争议的。争议主要集中在几个问题上,首先麦塞斯密斯是不是应英国邀请进行干涉的;其次会谈的时间安排和内容。从目前的资料来看,在麦塞斯密斯给克莱顿的信中提到,会谈是自己提议的,并不是英国政府或是大使请求他做的。而在他的回忆录中,他提到利珀认为要想打破僵局只有一个办法,就是他(指麦塞斯密斯)同庇隆会谈。在时间上,麦塞斯密斯自己提到是9月3日,但是根据他在回忆录上记录的会见方式来判断,会见的时间可能会在9月2日、3日或是4日。会谈的内容至今还没有见到完整的记录。麦塞斯密斯自述在9月3日、5日和19日给克莱顿的信中报告了他的行动。这三封信在麦塞斯密斯给Dean Acheson的信中被提到,但是在FRUS中没有单独成文公布。参见 ALetter from Messersmith to Dean Acheson,Acting Secretary of State,October 2,1946,in FRUS,1946,voi.XI,The American Republics,pp.321-322.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.179.
[1]Messersmith to Clayton,Oct.21,1946,835.50/10-2146,National Archives.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,vol.XI,pp.255-258.
[3]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodrigucz Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,Oxford,1990,p.32.
[1]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,Oxford,1990,p.33
[2]Frank L.Kluckhohn,I.T.& T.Subsidiary Sold to Argentina:Peron and Behn Negotiate Deal for Nationalization of Big Telephone,in New York Times,Sep.4,1946,pg.37.
[3]David Green," The Cold War Comes to Latin America" in B.Bernstein(ed) Politics and policies of the Truman administration,Chicago,1970,pp.172-173.
[1]Documents on European Recovery and Defens:March 1947-April 1949,Royal Institute of lnternational Affairs,London,1949,pp.8-10.
[1]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.210-211.
[1]参见"Foreign Trade Reconstruction:The Americas"International Conciliation,419,New York,1946.
[2]C.A.MacDonald," The US,the Cold War and Peron",in Latin America,Economic Imperialism and the State:The Political Economy of the External Connection from Independence to the Present,Christopher Abel and Collin M.Lewis(eds.),London:the Athlone Press,1985,
[1]高级进口替代战略和出口替代战略是初级出口替代发展的高一级阶段。所谓高级进口替代,是指生产耐用消费品、资本货物减少进口此类产品对外汇的占用;所谓出口替代战略是指出口工业品取代农产品作为出口的主要产品。参见韩琦等主编:《发展中国家经济发展的理论与实践》,山东大学出版社,1996年版,第183-186页。
[2]Gary Wynia,Argentina in the Postwar Era,University of New Mexico Press:Albuquerque,1978,pp.51-52.
[3]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.195-200;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,p.479.
[1]U.S.Argentine Rift is All But Healed,in New York Times,Dec.7,1947.
[2]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.280;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 3,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.288-289.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 3,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.288-290.
[2]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.279.
[3]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.280.
[1]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.279.
[2]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1 948,vol Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere pp.281-283.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 8,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.
[4]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.281-282.
[1]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.282-283.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.284-288.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.284-288.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.285.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.286.
[3]Policy Statement Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,October 26,1951,in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱpp.1112-1133.
[1]Two British Missions Going to Argentina,in New York Times,June 15,1946,pg.6.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 29,1947-2p.m.in FRUS,1947,vol.Ⅷ,pp.308-309.
[3]Idea of Dollar Loan For Argentine Raised,in New York Times,Mar.22,1948,p.3.
[1]Seymour Harris,The European Recovery Program,Cambridge,1948,p.175 &.p.213.
[2]European Recovery and American Aid:A Report by the President's Committee on Foreign Aid,Washington:Nov.7,1947,p.124.
[1]Milton Drackers,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,pg.41.
[2]Argentina's Hopes For ERP Sales Rise:Pinned on Direct Appeal to Harriman in Paris by the Foreign Minister,in New Fork Times,Oct.30,1948,pg.5;Milton Drackers,Argentina Seems to favor Dewey:At Least Bramuglia Does,but Nation would Lose Strong Friend in U.S.Envoy,in New Fork Times,Oct.31,1948,pg.39.
[3]Argentina Economic and Financial Policy:Policy of Senor Miranda and its effect on the National Economy,AS608/1107/2,in British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.261.
[4]Milton Drackers,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,pg.41.;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,p.476;
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argenina,Washington,August 29,1947-noon,in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,p.306;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 4,1947-11.a.m,in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,pp.306-307;The Secretary of Stoic to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,September 12 1947-7p.m.in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,p.307;Argentine Explains View on U.S.Imports in New York Times,Nov.16,1947,pg.23.;Milton Bracket,U.S.Argentine Rift is All But Healed,in New York Times,Dec.7,1947,pg.28.
[2]Bruce to Truman,Feb.4,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]Argentina Economic and Financial Policy:Policy of Senor Miranda and its effect on the National Economy,AS608/1107/2,in British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.260.
[4]Tough ECA Policy on Peron Hinted:Hoffman Indicates Course as Senate Group Threatens to Curb Argentine Dealings,in New York Times,May 26,1948,pg.12.
[1]Bruce to Truman,Feb.4,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman;Milton Brackets,Argentina Agrees On Aid Food Price,in New Fork Times,June 13,1948,pg.7.
[2]Argentine Goods Off 1948 ECA List:No Buying From Peron in View,Says Marshall Plan Official-Loss of Market Threatened,in New Fork Times,June 19,1948.
[3]Milton Bracket,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,p.41.
[4]Argentine Goods Off 1948 ECA List,in New Fork Times,June 19,1948,p.2.;Argentina's Hopes For ERP Sales Rise:Pinned on Direct Appeal to Harriman in Pads by the Foreign Minister in New Fork Times,Oct.30.1948,p.5.
[1]Dead lock Delays Global Aid Funds:Bridges Says Conferences Are Still Apart on Major Issues After Four-Hour Talk,in New York Times,June 18,1948.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 14,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol Ⅸ,p.325.
[3]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.192
[1]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.193.
[2]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,vol.Ⅵ,Sept.30,1948,pp.5151-5152.
[3]Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,October 11,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.294.
[4]Milton Braekers,Argentines Look to Bruce's Return:U.S.Envoy Expected to Bring Fresh Facts on Possible Purchases by the ECA,in New York Times,Oct.11,1948,p.4.
[1]Memorandum of Conversation,by the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Danieis),Washington,December 9,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.pp.300-304.;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,December 9,1948 in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.p.305;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,December 9,1948 in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.p.307
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,February 25,1949-6p.m,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.482.
[3]The Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Tewksbury) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce),in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,p.479.
[4]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States,1810-1960,State University of New York,1964,p.476.
[5]Memorandum by Bruce,in Bruce to Truman,Nov.11,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman.Truman Library.Independence,Missouri.
[6]Milton Brackets,Argentines Look to Bruce's Return:U.S.Envoy Expected to Bring Fresh Facts on Possible Purchases by the ECA,in New York Times,Oct.11,1948,p4.
[1]Harold F.Pecterson,Argentina and the United States,1810-1960,p.476.
[2]The Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Tcwksbury) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce),in FRUS,1949,voi.Ⅱ,pp.478-480.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 13,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.290-292.
[1]Bruce to Truman,Nov.11,1947,PSF,Foreign Affairs "A",File Argentina,Folder 3,Box 148,Truman Library.Independence,Missouri.
[2]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,p.33:The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.473-478;
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Sept.12,1948,in FRUS,1948,volume Ⅸ,pp.290-302.
[4]Bruce to Truman,Nov.17,1948,PSF,Foreign Affairs "A",File Argentina,Folder 3,Box 148,Truman Library.
[1]Norma Dela Gonzalez,U.S.-Argentine Relations in 1950,Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Massachusetts,1992,p.58,reproduced from PQDT.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,voi.Ⅱ,p.473.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,p.474.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February,24,1949-6 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume,Ⅱ,pp.481-482.
[3]Memorandum by the Assistant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Atwood) to the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Daniels),Washington,May 19,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.499-500.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Atgentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.178.译文参考《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第77页。
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 9,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ.,pp.485-486.
[3]根据负责普拉塔河事务的图克斯伯里(Tewksbury)的备忘录,3月11日阿根廷外交部长派自己的外甥,Sohar R.del Campo带着给马歇尔和Pawlev的私人信件到美国,明显是为了寻求得到美国的帮助来解决阿根廷目前的经济问题。Memorandum by the Assitant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Atwood) to the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Daniels),Washington,May 19,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.500;Memorandum by Mr Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,May 23,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.502;The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 16,1949—1 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.
[4]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 16,1949—1 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 23,1949-4 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.490-491.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 28,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume.Ⅱ,pp.491-493.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,April 15,1949—7 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.495-497.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 29,1949-3.p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume.Ⅱ,pp.459-490.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary,of State,Buenos Aires,September 13,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.290-292.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,April 15,1949-7 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.495-499.
[4]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1949,vol.Ⅰ,p.27.
[5]British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.261.
[1]The Secretary of Commerce(Sawyer) to the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,June 7,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.504-505;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 10,1949-6 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.506-507.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 10,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.506-507.
[3]"Economic Review of Argentina 1949",Department of Commerce,Office of International Trade,International Reference Service,vol.2,April 1950,p.11.
[1]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,Palgrave Maemillian,2001,p.106.
[1]Woodward to Connelly,April 13,1950,OF 366,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Aibert F.Nufer of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs,Washington,December 6,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.517-517;The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,December 21,1949-7p.m.in FR US,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.517-518.
[3]Department of State Bulletin,ⅩⅩⅡ,Jan.2,1950,p.31.
[1]Papers of Harry W.Frantz,Box 10,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Griffis) to the Department of State,Buenos Aires,March 1,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume.Ⅱ,pp.696-701.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Griffis) to the President,Buenos Aires,March 1,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume.Ⅱ,pp.701-704.
[4]国务院与进出囗银行的争论见 Memorandum of Conversation,by the Economic and Finance Adviser of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs(White) in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.691-692.;Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Jack C.Corbett of the Office of Financial and Development Policy in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.711-713.;The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.714-715.;Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Jack C.Corbett of the Office of Financial and Development Policy,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.715-716.;Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.717-724.
[1]Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.717-724.
[2]Department of State Memorandum,June 5 1950,DS 835.10/6-550,National Archives.
[3]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,p.138.
[4]Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,p.721.
[5]David Green,"The Cold War Comes to Latin America" in B.Bernstein(ed.) Politics and policies of the Truman administration,Chicago,1970,p.179.
[1]Memerandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Miller) to the Regional Planning Adviser(Halle),in FRUS,1950,vol.Ⅱ,pp.625-628;Draft Paper by the Regional Planning Advisor of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs(Halle),Washington,November 9,1950 in FRUS,1950,pp.628-637;Stephen G Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,pp.21-22.
[1]Edward G.Miller,Jr.,"Economic Aspects of Inter American Relations," Department of State Bulletin,vol.13,Dec,1950,p.1013.
[2]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,University of Notre Dame Press:Notre Dame,1966,pp.170-171.
[3]Miller to Griffis,April 23,1951,Papers of Edward G Miller Jnr,Box 2,Truman Library.
[4]The Charge in Argentina(Mallory) to the Department of State,Buenos Aires,February 13,1951,in FRUS,1951,volume Ⅱ,pp.1079-1085.
[1]Policy Statement Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,October 26,1951.in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱ,p.1112
[1]Mallory to Secretary of State,March 6,1951,in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱ,p.1085.
[2]Memorandum by the Ambassador in Argentina(Bunker),Buenos Aires,March 11,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.400-406.
[3]Memorandum of Conversation,by Henry Dearborn of the Office of South American Affairs,Washington,June 23,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.419-421.
[1]National Intelligence Estimate,NIE-66 Probable Developments in Argentina,Washington,June 13,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.409-418.
[2]The Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Miller) to the Charge in Argentina(Mallory),Washington,July 15,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.421-423.
[1]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,p.109.
[1]Mario Rapoport and Claudio Spiguel,Estados Unidos y ElPeronismo:La politica norteamericana en la Argentina:1949-1955,Buenos Aires:Grupo Editor Latinoamericano,p.225.
[2]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,pp.137-138;Carlos Escude,Gran Bretana Estados Unidos y la Declinacion Argentina,Buenos Aires,1984;持这种观点的还有 Stephen G Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,Chapel Hill:the University of North Carolina Press,1988;David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United Stated:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.106.
[1]Tulchin,,Argentina and the United States,1997;David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997;Ciaudio Gabriel Gonzalez Chiaramonte,Selling Americanism Abroad:United States Cultural Diplomay toward Argentina,1953-1963,Ph.D dissertation,State University of New York,2002.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,February 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,The American Repubics,pp.427-436.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.436.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.436-437.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.437.
[4]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.437.
[5]Nufer to Dulles,Subject:Memorandum of Conversation with Peron attached,611.35/2-553,Record Group 59,Department of State,National Archives:The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,February 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.427-436.
[6]杜勒斯提出,“阿根廷的法西斯机构”加上拉美国家的有组织的共产党运动,构成了反美的基础,企图破坏北方巨人在中美和南美的影响。Congressional Records,Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,Nomination of John Foster Dulles,pp.30-31.
[1]Department of State Bulletin,February 2 1953,pp.214-215.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.436-437.
[3]Enclosure I to Dispatch by Nufer with memo of Conversation March 13,p.2 611.35/3-353,Record Group 59,Department of State,National Archives.
[4]Smith to Eisenhower,Current Status of U.S.Argentina Relations,March 5,1953,Argentina file,Box 1,International Series,AWF,Eisenhower Library,Abilene,Kansas;Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Smith) to the President,Subject:Current Status of U.S.-Argentine Relations,Washington,March 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume IV,pp.437-440.
[5]参见Editorial Note,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.439.
[1]Andres Cisneros and Carlos Escude,Historia general de los relaciones exteriors de la Repulica Argentina Nuevohacer:Buenos Aires:,1998,vol.13,pp.97-104.
[2]Stephen G.Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,pp.66-67;Milton Eisenhower,The Wine Is Bitter:The United States and Latin America,Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday,1963,pp.187-195.
[3]Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the President,Subject:Inclusion of Argentina in Visit of Dr.Milton Eisenhower to South America,Washington,June 18,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.440-441.
[4]Memorandum by the President to the Secretary of State,Nov.6,1953,White House Memoranda Series,John F.Dulles Papers,Dwight D.Eisenhower Library,Abilene,Kansas.
[1]Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State(Smith) to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council(Lay),in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.26-27.
[2]Thanks for Eisenhower,in New York Times,July 30,1953;Peron's Blandishments in New York Times,August 20,1953.
[3]Edward A.Morrow,U.S.Loan Aid Plan For Peron Denied:Dr.Eisenhower's Mission Says Is it Not Making Offer,Has a Coridial Visit,in New York Times,20 July 1953.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,September 4,1953,in FR US,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.441-446.;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,University Publisher:New York,1964,pp.487-489.
[2]John L.Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy,pp.134-135.
[1]Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New ViewPionts:New York,1976,p.68.
[2]David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United Stated:An Alliance Contained,the University of Georgia Press,Athens,2006,p.106.
[3]Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New ViewPionts:New York,1976,p.68.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library.
[2]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library;U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America outlined.Miscellaneous.National Security Council.Issue Date:Mar 18,1953.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Unsanitized.Incomplete.10 page(s).reproduced in Declassified Docoments Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005.
[2]Milton S.Eisenhower,TheWine Is Bitter,New York,1965,pp.72-76.
[1]Memorandum of Conversation,by James F.O'Connor,Jr.of the Office of South American Affairs,Washington,September 23,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.446-447.
[2]参见 Editorial Note,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pA39.
[3]Congreso National Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1953,Ⅱ,pp.1010-1044.
[4]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1953,1,pp.671-675
[5]ArthurWhitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.201:莱斯利·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998,第90页。
[1]Historial de las negociaciones comerciales argentine-sovieticas,1952-1954,AMREC,URSS,cited in Mario Rapoport,“Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955”,in The Hispanic American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,p.275.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见 Mario Rapoport,“Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955”,in The Hispanic American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,pp.276-277.
[1]The New York Herald Tribute,Feb.15,1953,cited in Congresstional Record,vol.99,Jan.3-Aug.3.1953,pp.A677-678,"Extension of Remarks of Hon.Frank E.Smith of Mississippi";Mario Rapoport,"Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955",in The Hispanic,American Historical Review,voi.66,May,1986,p.277.
[2]Leopoldo Bravo to Foreign Ministry,Mar.9 1954,Expediente 12/1954,AMREC,URSS,cited in Mario Rapoport,"Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955",in The Hispanic,American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,p.279.
[3]Memorandum by the President to the Secretary of State,Washington,November 6,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.449-450.;Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the President,Washington,November 19,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.450-451.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California Press:Berkeley,1985,p.298.
[1]Fortune,Feb.1962,pp.101-103.
[2]David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997,p.145.
[1]Pedro Castineiras,Esto lo hicieron los Argentinos,Buenos Aires,1972,pp.69-70.
[2]Randall,An Economic History,p.140.
[3]Joe Walstrom to Henry Dearborn,June 11,1954,835.2614/6-1154;W.E.Kox to Halland,June 17,1954,835.2614/6-1754;Memorandum of Department of State,June 24 1954,835.2614/6-2454.
[1]W.S.Robertson to Hawthorne Arey,May 17,1954,835.2614/5-1854;Memorandum of Department of State,June 24 1954,835.2614/6-2454.Record Group 59,Department of the State General Records,National Archives
[2]Memorandum of Conversation,by Henry Dearborn of the Office of South American Affairs,September 29,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.447-449.
[1]National Intelligence Estimate,NIE-91-54,Probable Development in Argentina,Washington,March 9,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume IV,pp.454-466.
[2]Minutes of Meeting,Held in the Office of the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-Amercan Affairs(Holland),May 10,1954,in FR US,1952-1954,voi.Ⅳ,pp.1102-1113;The Acting Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Offices in the American Republics,in FR US,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.1149-1151;Notes of a Meeting of the Guatemalan Group,Held at the Department of State,June 16,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.1170-1172;Stephen G Pabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Coramunism,p.53.
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Offices in the American Republics,May 29,1954-6.p.m.in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.1159-1162.
[2]Memorandum on U.S.-Argentina Relations by Dearborn,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.250-255.
[3]David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997,p.151.
[1]Burton Kaufrnan,Trade and Aid:Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy,1953-1961,Johns Hopkins University Press,1982,pp.30-32.
[2]援外事务管理署和财政部的态度参见 Memorandum of Disscussion at the 212~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Thursday,September 2,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.68-80;国防部和中央情报局的态度参见 Memorandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Holland) to the Under Secretary of State(Hoover),Washington,November 10,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.342-344.
[3]Minutes of the 214~(th) Meeting of NAC,September 22,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.250-255.
[4]Memorandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Holland) to the Under Secretary of State(Hoover),Washington,November 10,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.342-344.
[5]Memorandum of Disscussion at the 212~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Thursday,September 2,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.68-80.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Spec.Asst.for Nat.Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library;U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America outlined.Issue Date:Mar 18,1953.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005.
[2]Summary of Recommendations,Eisenhower trip to South America,Milton file,box 25,subject Series,Confidential File,WHCF,Eisenhower Library.
[3]Milton Eisenhower to DDE,January 14,1954,Box 12,AWF,Eisenhower Library.
[4]U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America summarized.Issue Date:Sep 3,1954.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005;Progress report on NSC 5432/1 on Latin America,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-1961,White House Office,Eisenhower Library,
[1]Memorandum of Disscussion at the 224~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Monday,November 15,1954 in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.344-352.
[2]Memoranda of Conversations with Peron,19 Sep.1954,and 6 Dec.1954,Folder:Argentina 1954-1956,Box 1,Holland's Records,Eisenhower Library.
[3]U.N.Economic Commission for Latin America,Economic Survey of Latin America,1953,U.N.Publishers:New York,1955;Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis,the Alliance that Lost its way:A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress,Quadrangle Books:Chicago,1970,pp.38-41.
[1]Editorial Note,in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,p.350.
[2]Minutes of the 225th Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,March 1,1955,in morandum of a Meeting of Certain Members of the United States Delegation,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,pp.353-355.
[1]Carl Soiberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina,Stanford University Press:Stanford,1979,pp.162-164.
[2]George Philip,Oil and Politics in Latin America,Cambridge University Press:Cambridge,1982 pp.405-406.
[3]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina,p.165.
[4]莱斯利·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第92页。
[1]Horacio Maeeyra,"La Segunda Presidencia de Peron" in Presidencias y Golpes Militares,ed.Centro Editor de America Latina,Buenos Aires,1986 转引自莱斯得·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第92页。
[1]George Philip,Oil and Politics in Latin America,p.408.
[1]Editorial Note in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,p.359.
[1]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina p.165.
[2]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina p.160.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California press,Berkeley,1985,pp.312-314.
[2]U.S.Aides Predict Peron's Removal,in New York Times,June 22,1955.
[3]Holland with Matthews,Aug.18 1955,Folder:Argentina 1955,Box 1,Holland's Records,Eisenhower Library.
[4]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California press,Berkeley,1985,p.317.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,Berkeley:University of California Press,1985,p.310;Laura Randall,An Economic History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century,New York:Columbia University Press,1978,pp.80-102.
[1]民主和平论(Democratic peace theory)的主要观点,所有自由民主制国家不会或极少与另一个民主国家发生战争。这一理论认为,“民主国家是不会发生战争的”,这主要是由“民主”政治制度的约束机制决定的:转型中的“民主国家”发生战争的可能性较大;而“非民主国家”则频繁地发生战争。“民主国家”不能回避与“非民主国家”的战争,“民主国家”在继续维护世界民主和平的同时,要帮助那些“非民主国家”重建民主,通过民主的建立,在“非民主国家”实现和平。
[2]Samuel L.Bailey,The United states and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New York,1976,p.62.译文参考洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第164页。
[1]Roger R.Trask:"Spruille Braden versus George Messersmith:World War Ⅱ,the Cold War,and Argentine Policy,1945-1947" in Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs,vol.26,No.1.
[2]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.210-211.
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[2].Declassified Document Reference System(DDRS),Farmington Hills,Mich:Gale Group,2006
[3].National Archives
[4].杜鲁门总统图书馆和艾森豪威尔总统图书馆搜集到的相关文件。
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[5]刘笑盈:“关于民族主义与现代化的理论思考”,《史学月刊》,1992年4月。
[6]吕芳:“‘断裂状'社会的形成及其影响——对阿根廷1930～1955年间的政治分析”,《拉丁美洲研究》,2003年第4期。
[7]求索:“对战后拉美政治发展进程几个问题的思考”,《拉丁美洲研究》,1987年1月。
[8]王春良:“简论阿根廷庇隆政府的改革”,《山东师大学报》,1990年4月。
[9]王佳:“论拉丁美洲民主化进程”,《拉丁美洲研究》,1986年6月。
[10]王仕英:“从美洲倡议看冷战后美国对拉美政策的变化”,《山东师范大学学报》2006年第1期
[11]王晓德:“试论务实传统对美国外交的影响”,《历史研究》,1998年第4期。
[12]夏立安:“论拉美独裁主义兴起的原因”,《湖北大学学报》,1990年6月。
[13 徐煜:“20世纪20年代美国对拉美地区的经济扩张”,《湖北师范学院学报》(哲学社 会科学版)第26卷第3期。
[14]杨白冰:“关于战后拉美政治发展进程的主流问题”,《拉丁美洲研究》,1987年1月。
[15]岳澎:“二战前美国对拉美政策的历史演变及实质”,《运城学院学报》2004年第6期
[16]赵长华:“拉丁美洲现代化进程中的经验与教训”,《社会科学》,1987年9月。
[17]祝文驰:“浅谈拉丁美洲国家的政体”,《拉丁美洲研究》,1986年5月。
[2]George I.Blanksten,Peron's Argentina,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953.
[3]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1954.该书部分章节被复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室选译,成书《庇隆与阿根廷》,由上海人民出版社于1974年出版。
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentina Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976.
[3]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,Albany:State University of New York Press,1964.
[4]Thomas Francis McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1957.
[1]中文本由任鸣皋等人根据苏联外国书籍出版局1959年俄文版转译,世界知识出版社出版:北京,1963年版。
[2]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966.
[3]Edward S.Milenky,Argentina's Foreign Policies,Boulder:Westview Press,1978.
[4]Michael J.Francis,The Limits of Hegemony:United States Relations with Argentina and Chile during World War Ⅱ,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1977.C.A.MacDonald:"The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946",in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.366,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502;Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt(eds),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[5]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford,1969,p.142;Marvin Goidwert,Democracy Militarism,and Nationalism in Argentina,1930-1966,Austin:the University of Texas Press,1972.
[1]Alberto Spektorowski,"The Ideological Origins of Right and Left Nationalism in Argentina,1930-1943",in Journal of Contemporary History,volume.29,Jan.1944,pp.155-184,be available from Jstor Database;Robert Alexander.J.Juan Domingo Peron:A History,Boulder:Westview Press,1979;Julie M.Taylor.Eva Peron:the Myths of A Woman,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1979;John Barnes,Evita,First Lady:a Biography of Eva Peron,New York:Grove Press,1978;Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro.Eva Peron,New York:W.W.Norton,1980.
[2]Mario Rapoport,"Foreign and Domestic Policy in Argentina during the Second World War:The Traditional Political Parties and the Military Regime,1943-1945",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,pp.77-101.
[3]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:The Regents Press of Kansas,1979.
[1]Carlos Escude,"US Political Destabilisation and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940s",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,pp.56-76.
[1]Carlos Escude,"US Political Destabilisation and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940s",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[2]Joseph S.Tulchin,The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States-Argentine Relations,1900-1940,in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,(eds.),Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[3]C.Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.1.
[1]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,pp.137-138;Gran Bretana Estados Unidos y la Declinacion Argentina,Buenos Aires,1984;持这种观点的还有Stephen G.Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1988;David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,the University of Georgia Press:Athens,2006,p.106.
[2]Tulchin,Argentina and the United States,1997;David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997;Claudio Gabriel Gonzalez Chiaramonte,Selling Americanism Abroad:United States Cultural Diplomay toward Argentina,1953-1963,Ph.D dissertation,State University of New York,2002.
[1]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A conflicted relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990.
[2]David M.K.Sheinin.Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens and London:the University of Georgia Press,2006.
[3]Deborah L.Norden and Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,Routledge:New York,2002.
[4]美拉关系研究报告包括《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》、《苏联集团在拉丁美洲的活动及其对美国外交政策的意义》、《影响彼此经济关系的美国和拉丁美洲政策》等七篇,均由北京编译社译出。
[1]博埃斯内尔,《拉丁美洲国际关系简史》,殷恒民译,商务印书馆,北京,1990年版。Samuel L.Bailey,The United states and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New York,1976;Cole Blasier,The Hovering Giant,U.S.Response to Revolutionary Changes in Latin America,1910-1985,Pittsburgh University Press,1976;R.Harrison Wagner.United States Policy toward Latin America:A Study in Domestic and International Politics,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1970.
[2]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,中国社会科学院拉美研究所译,当代世界出版社,1998年版。
[3]Gary W.Wynia,Argentina in the Postwar Era:Politics and Economic Policy Making in a Divided Society,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1978.
[4]H.S.Ferns,Britain and Argentina in the Nineteenth Century,Oxford:Clarendo Press,1960;Roger Gravil,The Anglo-Argentina Connection,Boulder:Westview,1985;Thomas Francis MeGann.Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1957;Francis,Michael J.The Limits of Hegemony:United States Relations with Argentina and chile during World War Ⅱ,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1977:Humphreys,R.A.,Latin America and the Second World War,Atlone Press Ltd.,1981.
[1]苏振兴编,《拉美国家现代化进程研究》,社会科学文献出版社,北京,2006年版。
[2]曾昭耀编,《现代化战略选择与国际关系:拉美经验研究》,社会科学文献出版社,北京,2000年版。
[3]李春晖、苏振兴、徐世澄著,《拉丁美洲史稿》第三卷,商务印书馆:北京,1993年版。
[4]徐世澄编,《美国和拉丁美洲关系史》,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版。
[5]洪育沂、徐世澄等著,《拉美关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版。
[6]洪国起、王晓德著,《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版。
[1]参见Mark A.Burkhoider & Lyman L.Johnson,Colonial Latin America,Now York:Oxford University Press,1998,pp.316-321.
[2]《玻利瓦尔文选》,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所译,中国社会科学出版社,1983年版,第72页。
[1]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routledge:London,2005,p.12.
[2]Rush to Rodney and Graham,July 18,1817,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States Concerning the Independence of the Latin-American Nations,New York:Oxford University Press,1925,vol.Ⅰ,p.43.
[1]Bland to John Quincy Adams,Nov.12,1818,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States concerning the independence of the Latin-American Nations,vol.Ⅰ,p.434.
[2]John Quincy Adams to George Campbell,June 3,1819,in William R.Manning,Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States concerning the independence of the Latin-American Nations,New York:Oxford University Press,1925,vol.Ⅰ,p.107.
[1]坎宁建议的具体内容:希望和美国共同宣布:1.我们认为西班牙恢复其殖民地是没有希望的;2.我们认为承认这些殖民地为独立国家是时间和条件的问题;3.我们绝不愿意在这些殖民地和他们的宗主国之间的和平交涉的道路上制造任何障碍;4.我们自己并不企图占有他们之中的任何一部分;5.我们不能对这些殖民地中的任何一部分转移给其他国家坐视不理。参见:比米斯:《美国外交史》,商务印书馆,第一分册,第223—224页。坎宁的做法虽然是在联合美国,但也表示出这样的意愿即反对美国自己获得西属美洲的任何部分。
[1]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,pp.7-8;
Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,London:Routledge,2005,p.22.
[2]Clement Eaton,Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics,Boston,pp.58-59.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,pp.10-11;
David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.15.
[4]U.S.charge d'affaires in Buenos Aires(Edward Winsiow Ames) to Secretary of State(John Hay),May 5,1903,in FRUS,1903,pp.1-6.
[5]David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United States:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.16.
[1]Andrew Hurrell,"Regionalism in the Americas",in Abraham Lowenthal and Gregory Treverton,eds.Latin America in a New World,Westview Press,1994,p.168.
[2]Andres Cisneros & Carlos Escude,eds,Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la Republica Argentina,vol 8,Las relaciones exteriores de la Argentina consolidada,1881-1943,Buenos Aires:Grupo Editor Latinoamericano,1999,p.20.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,p.22.
[4]Thomas McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1957,p.75.
[5]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,p.14.
[1]张凡、吴洪英、韩琦译:《独立以来拉丁美洲的经济发展》,中国经济出版社,2000年版,第86页。
[2]Alejandro,C.Diaz,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.436.&.p.475.
[3]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,Plagrave Macmilan,New York,2001,p.55.
[4]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956,p.61.
[1]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,New York:Routledge,2002,p.11.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's Fall and the New Regime,London:Atlantic Press,1956,p.129.
[3]Joseph S.Tulehin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990,p.3.
[4]Deborah L.Norden & Roberto Russell,The United States and Argentina:Changing Relations in a Changing World,p.12;
Thomas McGann,Argentina,the United States,and the Inter-American System,1880-1914,p.85.
[5]参见James R.Scobie,Revolution on the Pampas,A social History of Argentine Wheat,1860-1910,Buenos Aires:University of Texas Press,1977,p.71.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's Fall and the New Regime,Atlantic Press,London,1956,p.128.
[2]转引自Thomas F.MeG-ann,Argentina,the United States and the Inter-American System,Cambridge:Harvard Unitversity Press,1957,p.61;
Peter H.Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press,1996,p.98.
[3]Peter H·Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press:,1996,p.99.
[1]Peter H.Smith,Talons of the Eagle:Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations,New York:Oxford University Press,1996,p.98.
[2]Dario Canton,Elecciones y Partidos Politicos en la Argentina-Historia,Interpretacion y Balance:1910-1916,Buenos Aires:Siglo XXI,1973,p.20.
[3]Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,Austin:the University of Texas Press,1977,pp.21-22.
[1][秘鲁]欧亨尼奥·陈一罗德里格斯著,白凤森等译:《拉丁美洲的文明与文化》,北京,商务印书馆,1990年版,第143页。
[2]培尼亚改革选举法的目的,有几种不同的观点,一种观点认为改革选举法是为了扩大政治基础,对中产阶级作出的让步,以集中精力应付武装工人叛乱,确保政局稳定。参见David Rock,Poliacs in Argentina 1890-1930:the Rise and Fall of Rradicalism,pp.25-40;Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930.p.101.另一种观点认为强调培尼亚颁布新选举法的进步性,参见莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所组译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第五卷,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年版,第397页。另有一种观点,认为不应过分夸大培尼亚法赋予中产阶级的权力,因为中产阶级在选举中一直是少数派。参见Roy Hora The Landowners of the Argentine Pampas:A Social and Political History 1860-1945,Oxford University Pros,2001,pp.141-143.
[3]Richard J.Water,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,p.95.
[4]四组指标水平越高,制度化水平越高。适应性是环境的挑战和岁月的作用。复杂性是组织的结构分化。自立性是政治组织有生存和活动的独立领域,不受其他政治势力的干预。内聚性是成员在观念和行动上的一致性。[美]塞缪尔·P·亨廷顿著,张岱云等译:《变动社会的政治秩序》,上海译文出版社,1989,第14～26页。
[1]Ronald H.McDonald & J.Mark Ruhl,Party Politics and Elections in Latin America,p.149.
[2]Memoria del Ministerio del Interior,Presentada al Honorable Congreso de la Nacion,191l-1912,p.63.转引自Richard J.Walter,The Socialist Party of Argentina 1890-1930,p.97.
[3]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》上卷,董果良译,商务印书馆,1988年版,第186页。
[4]袁东振、徐世澄:《拉丁美洲国家政治制度研究》,世界知识出版社,2004年版,第9页。
[1]Balestra to Saenz Pena,May 25,1910,cited in Miguel Angel Carcano,Saenz Pena:La Revolucion por los Comicios,Talleres Craficos Cepeda,1963,p.8,转引自 Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentsina Between the Great Power,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.36.
[1]张凡、吴洪英、韩琦译:《独立以来拉丁美洲的经济发展》,中国经济出版社,2000年版,第72页
[2]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America:A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,London:Routledge,2005,p.81.
[3]Joseph S.Tulchin,"The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States- Argentine Relations 1900-1940",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentina Between the Great Power:1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.39.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentine Upheaval:Peron's fall and the New Regime,Atlantic Press:London,1956,p.99.
[2]Joseph S.Tulchin,"The Origins of Misunderstanding:United States- Argentine Relations 1900-1940",in Guido di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Argentina Between the Great Power,1939-1946,University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.40-41.
[3]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,PhD dissertation,1977.
[4]Joseph S Tulchin,Decolonizing an Informal Empire:Argentina,Great Britain,and the United States,1930-1943,International Interactions,1974,pp.123-140.
[1]洪国起、王晓德著:《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版,第2页。
[1]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministe of the American Republics,The American Journal of International Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.8-12.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412
[2]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics,The American Journal of International Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.8-12.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412;Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay.Harvard University Press:Cambridge.1976.pp.376-377.
[3]参见洪育沂、徐世澄主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第124页。
[4]Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics,The American Journal of lnternational Law,vol.34,No.1,Supplement:Official Documents(Jan.,1940),pp.6-8.,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2213412
[5]洪育沂、徐世澄主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,第122页。
[1]The Ambassador in Panama(Dawson) to the Secretary of State,May 18,1940-4p.m.;The Secretary of State to the Mission in Costa Rica,Cuba,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,El Salvador,Guatemala,Haiti Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama and Venezuela,May 18,1940-8p.m.,in FRUS,1940,volume I,General,p.742.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The UnitedStates and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p377.
[3]Argentine Proposal That the American Republics Declare They Cease to be Neutrals and Announce They Have Become Nonbelligerents,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour)to the Secretary of State,April 19,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume I General,p.743.
[1]Mario Rapoport,Aliados o Neutrales:La Argentina frente la Segunda Guerra Mundia,Buenos Aires:Editorial Universitarian de Buenos Aires,1988,p.16.
[2]Argentine Proposal That the American Republics Declare They Cease to be Neutrals and Announce They Have Become Nonbelligerents,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,April 19,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume I General,pp.743-744;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Under Secretary of State (Welles),April 22,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume I.General,pp.745-748.
[3]Memorandum of Conversation,by the Under Secretary of State(Welles),April 22,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume I.General,pp.745-748.;Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,ed.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.58.
[1]Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.59.
[2]S.E.Hilton,"Argentine Neutrality,September 1939-June 1940:a Re-examination",in The Americas,January 1966.
[3]《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年版,第238页。
[4]徐世澄等著:《美国和拉丁美洲关系史》,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版,第132页。
[5]《国际条约集》(1934—1944年),世界知识出版社,1961年版,第271页。
[6]Second Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the American Republics Held at Havana,July21-30,1940,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 20,1940-1p.m.(recoived at July 21,1940-1:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1940,volume V,The American Republics,pp.236-237.
[1]参见《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年版,第261—265页,1940年12月29日的“炉边讲话”。
[1]Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull,London,1948,vol.2,p.1145.
[2]Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull,vol.2,p.1149.
[3]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:the Regents Press of Kansas,1979,pp.32-42.
[4]Bryce Wood,The Dismantling of the Good Neighbor Policy,Austin:University of Texas Press,1985,p.2.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p.377.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,Harvard University Press:Cambridge,1976,p.378.
[1]J.C.de Wilde and Bryce Wood,"U.S.Trade Ties with Argentina," in Foreign Relation Reports,X,1941,p.224
[2]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 14,1940,in FR US,1 940,volume V.The American Republics,p.460.
[3]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 17,1940-11 a.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.464.
[1]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 17,1940-11 am.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.464.
[2]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Ambassador in Argentina (Armour) to the Sectary of State,Buenos Aires,June 14,1940,in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,pp.460-463;The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-6 p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,p.467.
[3]Negotiations Respecting Financial Assistance by the United States to Argentina,The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-5p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.The American Republics,pp.466-467;The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 22,1940-6p.m.in FRUS,1940,volume V.,The American Republics,pp.467-468.
[1]Welles to Armour,June 23,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1969,p.142.;C.A.MacDonald:The Polities of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.366,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502
[3]American Republic Affairs Memorandum,November 15,1940,DS 835.51/1423,Department of State Records,National Archives.
[4]Joseph S.Tulehin,"The Argentine Proposal for Non-Belligerency,April 1940",in Journal of lnter American Studies,XI(Oct.1969),p.602;C.A.MaeDonaid:"The Polities of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946",in Journal of Latin American Studies,vol.12,No.2,p.367,be available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/156502
[1]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,pp.174-175.
[2]Hadow to Perowne,March 12,1943,A3015/11/2,FO371/33511,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office,Kew,London.
[3]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,p.166.
[4]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.113.
[4]Ronald Newton,"Disorderly Succession:Great Britain,the United States and the 'Nazi Menace' in Argentina,1938-1947,in Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946,eds.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,pp.120-121.
[1]Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds,p.59.
[2]杨楚克:《美国在拉丁美洲的政策(1939-1945)》,莫斯科1975年版,第186页,转引自洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第159页。
[3]C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.367.
[1]Michael J.Francis,The Limits of Hegemony:United Slates Relations with Argentina and Chile during World War Ⅱ,University of Notre Dame Press:Notre Dame,1977,p.160.
[2]Reed to Hull,September 1942,DS 835.00/1280;Memorandum by Perowne,March 31,1943,A3068/4/2FO371/33507,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office
[3]US State Department,Documents on German Foreign Policy,pp.157-158,转引自 Carlos Escude,"U.S.Political Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina during the 1940's",in Argentina between the Great Power,1939-1946,ed.Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,1990,p.60.
[4]Hadow to Perowne,March 12,1943,A3015/11/2FO371/33511,Foreign Office Archives,Public Record Office.
[5]美国战略情报局是二战期间成立的美国情报部门,也译为战略服务办公室,美国中央情报局的前身。
[6]Memorandum by J.Edgar Hoover,March 17,1942,DS935.00/1170,National Archives.
[7]OSS Report,May 1942,Military Records Group 226,1693,National Archives
[8]Department of State,Consultation among the American Republics with Regard to the Argentine Situation,ashington DC,1946,p.8.
[1]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,1953,p.293.
[2]Welles to Armour,June 23,1943,in FRUS 1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.420-424.
[3]Anti-Isolationists Opposed Castillo:Argentina's Neutrality Stand at Rio de Janeiro Meeting Ushered in Discontent,in New York times,June 5,1943,ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times(1851-2005),pg.2.
[4]OSS Report,May 29,1942,Military Records Group 226,16931.
[5]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,p.289.
[1]Reed to Hull,August 1942,DS 835.00/1247.
[2]Armour to Hull,December 30,1942,DS 835.00/1328.
[3]Castiilo Insists Neutrality Stays:Argentine President Asserts Patron Costas,if Successor,Would Hold to Policy Doubts Foes Will Unite Declares Socialists,Radicals and Communists Have Too Many Conflicting Ideas,in New York Tmes,February 21,1943,pg.7.
[4]State Department Memorandum,March 11,1943,835.00/1371,National Archives.
[1]Ravndal to Callado,March 10,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,p.409.
[2]Granger to Cabot,October 4,1945,Records of the US Embassy in BA,Record Group 84,File 124.5,National Archives.
[3]美国对巴西的军事援助详见Frank D.MeCann,TheBrazilian-American Alliance,1937-1945,Princeton,1973,pp.259-269.
[1]Memorandum by Duggan,January 26,1942,in FRUS,1942,vol.V,The American Republics,p.373.
[2]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第158页。
[3]战争生产委员会成立于1942年,该委员会负责调控汽油、民用燃油、金属、橡胶和塑料等材料和燃料的生产与分派。
[1]Memorandum by the Executive Secretary,Board of Economic Operations(Collado),Washington,September 10,1942,Critical Materials Supply of Argentina,in FRUS,1942,volume V,The American Republics,pp.365-367.
[1]Memorandum by the Secretary of State for President Roosevelt,Proposal of the Treasury Department to the Board of Economic Warfare that Argentine Funds in the United States be Frozen,Washington undated,in FRUS,1942,volume.V,The American Republics,pp.471-474.
[1]ARA Memorandum,February 18,1943,835.00/1367,Nationa Archives.
[2]Concern of the United States at the Failure of Argentina to Sever Political Relations with the AXIs Powers,The Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,Februry 18,1943-11a.m.(received 1:07p.m.)in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,p.415.
[1]Wickard Diary,June 9,1943,The Claude Wickard Papers,Personal Diaries 1943,FDRL,转引自C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.374.
[2]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,p.297.
[3]Armour to Hull,June 9,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.374-375.
[4]FBI Memorandum,June 10,1943,DS 835.00/1618.
[1]OSS Memorandum,July 27,1943,R&A Reports,982.
[2]The Under Secretary of State(Welles) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 28,1943,in FRUS,1943,Vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 18,1943-10p.m.in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.417-418.
[4]The Under Secretary of State(Welles) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour),Washington,June 28,1943,in FRUS,1943,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.419-425.
[5]The Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs(Storni) to the Secretary of State,(Translation),Buenos Aires,August 5,1943,in FRUS,1943,volume.V.The American Republics,pp.447-451.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs(Stomi),Washingtong,August 30,1943,in FRUS,1943,volume V.The American Republics,pp.454-460.
[2]Shepardson to Gorden,August 30,1943,862.20235/1291,National Achives.
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Armour) Washington,October 24,1943-8p.m.,in FRUS,1943,volume.V.The American Republics,pp.495-496.
[2]Travis B.Jaeobs and Beatrice Berle(eds.),Navigating the Rapids:From the Papers of Adolf Berle,New York,1973,pp.449-450.
[1]Joseph Tulchin,Arentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne,1990,p.85.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,p.231.
[1]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry,4.Wallace 1942-1946,Boston,1973,p.307.
[2]Armour to Hull,Feb.25,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.252-253.
[3]Statement by Stettinius,March 4,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.259-260.
[4]转引自 Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.130.
[1]Argentina Refuses To Exclude Asylum,in New York Times,September 2,1943,pg.4.
[2]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry A.Wallace,1942-1946,p.294.
[3]John M.Blum(ed.),The Price of Vision:the Diaries of Henry A.Wallace,1942-1946,p.294.
[4]Morgenthan to FDR,May 10,1944,"Morgenthan Diary," Book 730,p.149,FDRL,转引自 C.A.MacDonald:The Politics of Intervention:The United States and Argentina,1941-1946,p.377.
[5]Whitaker,Inter American Affairs,1944,pp.15-21.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Reed) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,December 16,1944-1.p.m.in FRUS,1944,voI.,The American Republics,pp.371-377.
[2]Coronel Juan Peron,Elpueblo quiere saber de que se trata,Buenos Aires,1944,pp.71-80.
[3]La Prensa,June 11,1944,转引自 David Rock,Authoritarian Argentina:The Nationalist Movement,its History and its Impact,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,p.144.
[4]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第67页。
[1]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,translated by John J.Kennedy,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966,p.125.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom(Winant) June 30,1944-midnight,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.332-334;President Roosevelt to the British Prime Minister(Churchill)Washington,November 18,1944,p.365;The British Prime Minister(Churchill) to President Roosevelt,London,November 26,1944,in FRUS,1944,vol.,The American Republics,pp.365-367.
[2]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第164页。
[1]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.32.
[2]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第69页。
[1]Problems Arising in Connection with the Recognition of the Farrell Government Followed by the Deterioration of Relations with That Government,Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,January 2,1945,in FRUS,1945,voi.IX,The American Republics,pp.366-367.
[2]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.130.
[1]Randall Bennett Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor",The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Lawrence:The Regents Press of Kansas,1979,pp.131-133.
[1]David Green,The Containment of Latin America,Chicago,1971,pp.216-217.
[2]《杜鲁门回忆录》,三联书店,1974年版,第1卷,第202页。
[1]Sir David Kelly,The Ruling Few,London,1952,pp.307-308.
[2]Braden to Secretary of State,June 30,1945,p.6,PSF Subject File,Telegrams-Buenos Aires-Peron,Papers of Harry S.Truman,The Harry S.Truman Library;The Ambassador in Argentina(Braden) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 1,1945-7p.m.(Received June 2-6:20 a.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.381-385.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Braden) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 11,1945—6p.m.(Received July 12-1:19 a.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.392-393.
[4]Joseph R.Barager,Peron and the Argentine Democratic Parties,1943-1946,New York:Buffalo,1972,p.12.
[1]Felix Luna,El 45:Cronica de un ano decisivo,Editorial Jorge Alvarez,1969,p.101
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina Braden to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 17,1945-5p.m.in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.404.
[3]Department of State Bulletin,August 26,1945,p.291.
[4]David Green,The Containment of Latin America,p.251.
[5]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.39.
[6]David Green,"The Cold War Comes to Latin America," in Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration,Barton J Bernstein,ed.,Chicago,1970,pp.169-170.
[1]Rita Aria Giaealone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.40.
[2]Robert A.Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,Stanford,1969,pp.269-282.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,October 19,1945—8 p.m.(received 9:54 p.m.) in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.423-424.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,7he American Republics,pp.426-433.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.432.
[3]J.Edgar Hoover Echoed that Certainty to Gen.Harry Vanghan,Jan 9,1946,Subject File,FBI-Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library;The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Director,Office of American Republic Affairs(Briggs),Buenos Aires,November 17,1945 in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,p.430.
[4]The Secrtary of State to Certain Diplomatic Representatives in Europe,Washington,January 18,1946-10a.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.186.
[5]Peron Says We Aid Arms Smuggling:Presidential Candidate Links U.S.Embassy with Running of Guns into Argentina,in New York Times,Jan 31,1946,pg.1.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,January 31,1946-3p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.104-105.
[2]We Prod Argentina for Stand on Peron:Curt U.S.Note Insists Buenos Aires Endorse or Repudiate Arms Smuggling Charge,in New York Times,Feb.2,1946,pg.1;The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary,Buenos Aires,Feb.4,1946,(received February 7-4:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.199-200.
[3]The Secretary of State to the United States Political Adviser for Germany(Murphy),Washington,November 29,1945,in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.490-491;Spruille Braden,Diplomats and Demagogues,New York,1971,pp.356-357.
[4]Drafts of Memoranda on German Military Espionage in Argentina,in FRUS,1942,vol.V,The American Republics,pp.218-224.
[5]The Ambassador in Uruguay(Dawson) to the Secretary of State,Montevideo,Jan,22,1943-6p.m.(received 9:22 p.m.).in FRUS,1943,volume V,The American Republics,p.8
[1]Callum A.MacDonald,"The Braden Campaign and Anglo-American Relations in Argentina,1945-1946,"in Argentina between the Great Powers,1933-1946,Guido Di Tella and D.Cameron Watt,eds.Pittsburgh:Univerisity of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.150.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot) Washington,December,1945-7p.m.in FRUS,1945,vol.IX,The American Republics,pp.492-503.
[3]The Charge in AmericanArgentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February 8,1946-8p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.201-202;The Secretary of State to Diplomatic Representatives in All the American Republics Except Argentina and Haiti,Washington,Feb.9,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.204-205.
[4]Department of State,Consultation among the American Republics with Respect to the Argentine Situation,1946,pp.54-55.
[1]Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto,La Republica Argentina ante el Libra Azul,Buenos Aires,1946.
[2]Cabot to Bymes,Feb.21,1946,835.00/2-2146,National Archives.
[3]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azul y Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946.
[1]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azuly Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946,p.3.
[2]Juan Domingo Peron,Libro Azul y Blanco,Buenos Aires,1946,p.127.
[3]Tamborini Admits Victory Hopes Dim:Argentine Opponent of Peron Virtually Concedes Defeat-Half of Votes Tallied Peron- U.S.Entente Now Feared Seating of Congress Defferd,in New York Times,Mar.16,1946,pg.6.
[1]Peter H.Smith," Social Mobilization,Political Participation,and the Rise of Juan Peron," in Political Science Quarterly,1969,March vol.84,pp.30-49;Peter H.Smith," The Social Base of Peronism",in Hispanic American Historical Review,1972,Feb,vol.52,pp.55-73;Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and the Southern Cone:Argentina,Chile,and Uruguay,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976,p.215.
[2]Acheson to Truman,July 12,1946,PSF,Foreign Affairs,"A",Argentina Folder 2,Box 148,Harry S.Truman Presidential Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]Messersmith to Senator Austen,Sept.3,1946,Papers of the US Embassy in Buenos Aires,Record Group 84,Buenos Aires 1946,File 800,Box 529,Washington National Records Center.
[1]刘绪贻、杨生茂编:《战后美国史:1945-1986》,人民出版社:北京,1989年版,第26页。
[1]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,世界知识出版社,1961年版,第44页。
[2]李春辉、苏振兴等主编《拉丁美洲史稿》下卷,商务印书馆,2001年版,第87页。
[1]李春辉、苏振兴等主编《拉丁美洲史稿》,下卷,商务印书馆,2001年版,第85页。
[2]Joseph Tulchin,Argentina and the United States:A Conflicted Relationship,Boston:Twayne,1990,p.102;Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America,A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routlege:London,2005,pp.100-101.另参见1946-1974年美国对拉美国家的经济和军事援助表,Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America.1945-1975,NewYork:New ViewPionts,1976,p.74.
[3]洪国起、王晓德著,《冲突与合作——美国与拉丁美洲关系的历史考察》,山西高校联合出版社,1994年版,第201页。
[1]Henry Raymont,Trouble Neighbors:The Story of US-Latin American Relations from FDR to the Present,Westview,2005,p.71.
[2]Joseph Smith,The United States and Latin America,A History of American Diplomacy,1776-2000,Routlege:London,2005,p.111.
[1]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari.translated by John J.Kennedy.Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1966,p.138.
[1]莱斯利·贝瑟尔:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所译,当代世界出版社,第74页。
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 7,1946-8 p.m.(received 11:50p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.229-232.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 22,1946-4 p.m.(received 9p.m.) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.235-238.The Charge in Argentina(Cabot) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 7,1946-8 p.m.(received 11:50 p.m.) in FRUS,1946,XI,The American Republics,p.230
[4]Mann to Braden,Mar.21,1946,835.50/3-2146,National Archives.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,April 16,1946-7p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,pp.246-247.
[2]Rita Ana Giacalone:From bad neighbors to reluctant partner:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950p.72.
[3]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,北京:世界知识出版社,1961年版,第65页。
[4]The Secretary of State to the Charge in Argentina(Cabot),Washington,April 16,1946-7p.m.in FRUS,1946,volume XI,pp.246-247.
[1]《第二次世界大战后拉丁美洲的政治发展》,新墨西哥大学泛美事务学院研究报告,北京编译社译,北京:世界知识出版社,1961年版,第65页。
[2]Messersmith Seen in Argentine Post:Shit of Career Diplomat From MeXIco Expected- Pawley Held Likely for Brazil,in New York Times,April 3,1946,pg.9;Ambassador to Argentina,in New York Times,April 11,1946,pg.24.
[3]Sumner Welles,Where are we heading? New York:Harper,1946,p.223.
[4]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 26,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.285-286.
[1]Messersmith to Truman,August 16,835.00/8-1646;Messersmith to Byrnes,Oct.12,PSF,Paper of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messcrsmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,pp.255-258,美国外交文件集(FRUS)收录的文件中关于Messersmith与庇隆接触的部分被隐去,但是在美国国家档案中可以看到这部分内容,见Messersmith to Byrnes,Acheson,and Braden,May 29,1946,711.35/5-2946,Record Group 59,Department of the State General Records,National Archives.
[3]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,pp.255-258,FRUS收录的文件中关于麦塞斯密斯对庇隆相对友好的看法被隐去,可以在麦塞斯密斯文件集中看到这部分内容,见Messersmith to Byrnes,June 15,1946,No.1781,George S.Messersmith Papers,University of Delaware Library,Newark,Delware.
[4]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume Ⅺ,The American Republics,p.256.
[1]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.257.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.257.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1954.
[1]U.S.Likely to Free Argentina's Fund,in New York Times,June 20,1946,p.32.
[2]U.S.Likely to Free Argentina's Fund,in New York Times,June 20,1946,p.32;U.S.to Free Funds of Argentina;Act Held Step to Over-All Accord,in New York Times,June 26,1946,p.1.
[1]Office of Strategic Services,Report 3717,Apr.11,1946,Research and Analysis Branch,National Archives.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.301.
[3]Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to President Truman,Washington,July 12,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.270-278;Acheson to Truman,July 12,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[1]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republic,p.270.
[2]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.272.
[1]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.272-273.
[2]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.273-274.
[3]Memorandum on the Argentine Situation by the Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs (Braden),Summary of Conclusions,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.270-271.
[4]Memorandum by President Truman to the Under Secretary of State(Acheson),Washington,July 22,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.282.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946,(Received August 26),in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.297-302..
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.297-302.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.300.
[2]The Ambassdor in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,August 15,1946(received August 26) in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,p.299.
[3]Messersmith to Acheson,August 16,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library;Messersmith to Bymes,August 16,1946,President's Secretary's File,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library.
[4]The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith),Washington,August 29,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.309-310.
[5]Truman to Messersmith,September 6,1946,PSF,Subject Files,Box 148,Truman Library.
[1]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesions de la Camara de Senadores,1946,volume I,pp.727-742.
[2]David Rock,Authoritarian Argentina:The Nationalist Movement,Its History and its Impact,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,p.165.
[1]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1946,vol.III,p.602.
[2]Messersmith to Secretary of State,Sept.15,1946,Record Group 84,Buenos Aires,1946,File 800B,Box 529,Washington National Records Center.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Acting Sectary of State,Buenos Aires,October 2,1946,in FRUS,1946,volume XI,The American Republics,pp.321-322.
[1]"Career Man's Mission",in Time,1946,December,pp.22-24.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,November 19,1946,in FRUS,1946,pp.333-335.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February 7,1947- 4p.m.in FRUS,1947,vol.VIII,pp.173-176.
[4]Acheson Memorandum of Conversation with Ivanissevich,March 31,1947,711.35/3-3147,Record Group 59,U.S.Department of State General Records,National Archives,Washington,D.C.
[1]Spruille Braden,Diplomats andDemagogues:The Memoirs ofSpruille Braden,New Rochelle,Arlington House:New York,1971,p.369.
[2]R.B.Woods,The Roosevelt Foreign Relation Policy Establishment and the "Good Neighbor":The United States and Argentina 1941-1945,Regents Press of Kansas:Lawrence,1979,p.207.
[3]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,New York,1964,pp.457-458.
[1]洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第186页。
[2]《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第86页。
[1]"Boss of the GOU",in Time,Monday,Nov.27,1944,be available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796883,00.html
[2]关于Extremists和Moderates的论述参见Robert R Potash,The Army and Politics in Argentina,1945-1962,Londo,1980,pp.54-72.
[3]C.A.MacDonald:"The United States,Britain and Argentina in the Years immediately after the Second World War",in The Political Economy of Argentina 1880-1946,edited by Guido di Tella and D.C.M.Piatt,Macmillan:Houndmills,p.183.
[1]Memorandum by the Assistant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Attwood) to the Director of the Americans Republic Affairs(Danieis).Washington.May 19.1949.in FRUS.1949.vol.Ⅱ,pp.499-500.
[2]Arthur P.Whitaker,The UnitedStates andArgentina,Harvard University Pros,Cambridge,1954,p.179:《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第79页。
[3]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Oxford:Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,1990,p.32.
[1]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Bevin,24~(th) Sept,1946,AS 6228/22/2,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,James Dunkerley(eds.) Bethesda,Md.:University Publications of America,2000,p.370.
[1]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Bevin,24th Sept,1946,AS 6228/22/2,British Documents on Foreign Affairs,Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,p.370.
[2]C.A.Macdonald,"The United States,Britain and Argentina in the Years Immediately atter the Second World War",in Guido di Tella and D.C.M.Platt(eds.),The Political Economy of Argentina 1880-1946,p.186.
[3]Sir R.Leeper to Mr.Attlee,12~(th) December,1946,AS 7961/235/2 Position of Anglo-Argentina Relation,Part IV,from 1946 through 1950,Series D,Latin America,vol.2,p.399.
[4]Richard Gardner,Sterling- Dollar Diplomacy,NewYork,1969,pp.248-253.
[5]Nicholas Bowen:"The End of British Economic Hegemony in Argentina:Messersmith and the Eady-Miranda Agreement",in Inter-American Economic Affairs,vol.28,Spring 1975,No.4,p.15.
[1]The Review of the River Plate,vol.101,No 2857,September 13,1946,p.12.
[2]Messersmith to Clayton,Sept.25,1946,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]关于麦塞斯密斯—庇隆会谈的情况,史学界是有争议的。争议主要集中在几个问题上,首先麦塞斯密斯是不是应英国邀请进行干涉的;其次会谈的时间安排和内容。从目前的资料来看,在麦塞斯密斯给克莱顿的信中提到,会谈是自己提议的,并不是英国政府或是大使请求他做的。而在他的回忆录中,他提到利珀认为要想打破僵局只有一个办法,就是他(指麦塞斯密斯)同庇隆会谈。在时间上,麦塞斯密斯自己提到是9月3日,但是根据他在回忆录上记录的会见方式来判断,会见的时间可能会在9月2日、3日或是4日。会谈的内容至今还没有见到完整的记录。麦塞斯密斯自述在9月3日、5日和19日给克莱顿的信中报告了他的行动。这三封信在麦塞斯密斯给Dean Acheson的信中被提到,但是在FRUS中没有单独成文公布。参见 ALetter from Messersmith to Dean Acheson,Acting Secretary of State,October 2,1946,in FRUS,1946,voi.XI,The American Republics,pp.321-322.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.179.
[1]Messersmith to Clayton,Oct.21,1946,835.50/10-2146,National Archives.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Messersmith) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 15,1946,in FRUS,1946,vol.XI,pp.255-258.
[3]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodrigucz Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,Oxford,1990,p.32.
[1]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,Macmillan in association with St Antony's College,Oxford,1990,p.33
[2]Frank L.Kluckhohn,I.T.& T.Subsidiary Sold to Argentina:Peron and Behn Negotiate Deal for Nationalization of Big Telephone,in New York Times,Sep.4,1946,pg.37.
[3]David Green," The Cold War Comes to Latin America" in B.Bernstein(ed) Politics and policies of the Truman administration,Chicago,1970,pp.172-173.
[1]Documents on European Recovery and Defens:March 1947-April 1949,Royal Institute of lnternational Affairs,London,1949,pp.8-10.
[1]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.210-211.
[1]参见"Foreign Trade Reconstruction:The Americas"International Conciliation,419,New York,1946.
[2]C.A.MacDonald," The US,the Cold War and Peron",in Latin America,Economic Imperialism and the State:The Political Economy of the External Connection from Independence to the Present,Christopher Abel and Collin M.Lewis(eds.),London:the Athlone Press,1985,
[1]高级进口替代战略和出口替代战略是初级出口替代发展的高一级阶段。所谓高级进口替代,是指生产耐用消费品、资本货物减少进口此类产品对外汇的占用;所谓出口替代战略是指出口工业品取代农产品作为出口的主要产品。参见韩琦等主编:《发展中国家经济发展的理论与实践》,山东大学出版社,1996年版,第183-186页。
[2]Gary Wynia,Argentina in the Postwar Era,University of New Mexico Press:Albuquerque,1978,pp.51-52.
[3]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.195-200;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,p.479.
[1]U.S.Argentine Rift is All But Healed,in New York Times,Dec.7,1947.
[2]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.280;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 3,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.288-289.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 3,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.288-290.
[2]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.279.
[3]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.280.
[1]Political and Economic Relations of the United States and Argentina,Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,January 20,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.279.
[2]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1 948,vol Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere pp.281-283.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 8,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.
[4]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.281-282.
[1]The Counselor of Embassy in Argentina(Ray) to the Ambassador in Uruguay(Briggs),Buenos Aires,Februrary 20,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.282-283.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.284-288.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.284-288.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.285.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,April 28,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.286.
[3]Policy Statement Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,October 26,1951,in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱpp.1112-1133.
[1]Two British Missions Going to Argentina,in New York Times,June 15,1946,pg.6.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 29,1947-2p.m.in FRUS,1947,vol.Ⅷ,pp.308-309.
[3]Idea of Dollar Loan For Argentine Raised,in New York Times,Mar.22,1948,p.3.
[1]Seymour Harris,The European Recovery Program,Cambridge,1948,p.175 &.p.213.
[2]European Recovery and American Aid:A Report by the President's Committee on Foreign Aid,Washington:Nov.7,1947,p.124.
[1]Milton Drackers,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,pg.41.
[2]Argentina's Hopes For ERP Sales Rise:Pinned on Direct Appeal to Harriman in Paris by the Foreign Minister,in New Fork Times,Oct.30,1948,pg.5;Milton Drackers,Argentina Seems to favor Dewey:At Least Bramuglia Does,but Nation would Lose Strong Friend in U.S.Envoy,in New Fork Times,Oct.31,1948,pg.39.
[3]Argentina Economic and Financial Policy:Policy of Senor Miranda and its effect on the National Economy,AS608/1107/2,in British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.261.
[4]Milton Drackers,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,pg.41.;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,p.476;
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argenina,Washington,August 29,1947-noon,in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,p.306;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 4,1947-11.a.m,in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,pp.306-307;The Secretary of Stoic to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,September 12 1947-7p.m.in FRUS,1947,Ⅷ,p.307;Argentine Explains View on U.S.Imports in New York Times,Nov.16,1947,pg.23.;Milton Bracket,U.S.Argentine Rift is All But Healed,in New York Times,Dec.7,1947,pg.28.
[2]Bruce to Truman,Feb.4,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[3]Argentina Economic and Financial Policy:Policy of Senor Miranda and its effect on the National Economy,AS608/1107/2,in British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.260.
[4]Tough ECA Policy on Peron Hinted:Hoffman Indicates Course as Senate Group Threatens to Curb Argentine Dealings,in New York Times,May 26,1948,pg.12.
[1]Bruce to Truman,Feb.4,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman;Milton Brackets,Argentina Agrees On Aid Food Price,in New Fork Times,June 13,1948,pg.7.
[2]Argentine Goods Off 1948 ECA List:No Buying From Peron in View,Says Marshall Plan Official-Loss of Market Threatened,in New Fork Times,June 19,1948.
[3]Milton Bracket,U.S.Spending Stand Vexes Argentines:Loss of Long-Expected Dollar Influx From Aid Plans May Cause Tensions,in New Fork Times,June 20,1948,p.41.
[4]Argentine Goods Off 1948 ECA List,in New Fork Times,June 19,1948,p.2.;Argentina's Hopes For ERP Sales Rise:Pinned on Direct Appeal to Harriman in Pads by the Foreign Minister in New Fork Times,Oct.30.1948,p.5.
[1]Dead lock Delays Global Aid Funds:Bridges Says Conferences Are Still Apart on Major Issues After Four-Hour Talk,in New York Times,June 18,1948.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,July 14,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol Ⅸ,p.325.
[3]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.192
[1]Rita Ana Giacalone:From Bad Neighbor to Reluctant Partners:Argentina and the United States,1946-1950,p.193.
[2]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,vol.Ⅵ,Sept.30,1948,pp.5151-5152.
[3]Memorandum by Mr.Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,October 11,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,p.294.
[4]Milton Braekers,Argentines Look to Bruce's Return:U.S.Envoy Expected to Bring Fresh Facts on Possible Purchases by the ECA,in New York Times,Oct.11,1948,p.4.
[1]Memorandum of Conversation,by the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Danieis),Washington,December 9,1948.in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.pp.300-304.;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,December 9,1948 in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.p.305;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,December 9,1948 in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere.p.307
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,February 25,1949-6p.m,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.482.
[3]The Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Tewksbury) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce),in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,p.479.
[4]Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States,1810-1960,State University of New York,1964,p.476.
[5]Memorandum by Bruce,in Bruce to Truman,Nov.11,1948,PSF,Subject File,Argentina,Papers of Harry S.Truman.Truman Library.Independence,Missouri.
[6]Milton Brackets,Argentines Look to Bruce's Return:U.S.Envoy Expected to Bring Fresh Facts on Possible Purchases by the ECA,in New York Times,Oct.11,1948,p4.
[1]Harold F.Pecterson,Argentina and the United States,1810-1960,p.476.
[2]The Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Tcwksbury) to the Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce),in FRUS,1949,voi.Ⅱ,pp.478-480.
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,September 13,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.290-292.
[1]Bruce to Truman,Nov.11,1947,PSF,Foreign Affairs "A",File Argentina,Folder 3,Box 148,Truman Library.Independence,Missouri.
[2]Guido di Tella & Carlos Rodriguez Braun,Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,p.33:The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.473-478;
[3]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Sept.12,1948,in FRUS,1948,volume Ⅸ,pp.290-302.
[4]Bruce to Truman,Nov.17,1948,PSF,Foreign Affairs "A",File Argentina,Folder 3,Box 148,Truman Library.
[1]Norma Dela Gonzalez,U.S.-Argentine Relations in 1950,Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Massachusetts,1992,p.58,reproduced from PQDT.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,voi.Ⅱ,p.473.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Brace) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,January 4,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,p.474.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,February,24,1949-6 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume,Ⅱ,pp.481-482.
[3]Memorandum by the Assistant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Atwood) to the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Daniels),Washington,May 19,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.499-500.
[1]Arthur P.Whitaker,The United States and Atgentina,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,1954,p.178.译文参考《庇隆与阿根廷》,复旦大学历史系拉丁美洲研究室编译,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第77页。
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 9,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ.,pp.485-486.
[3]根据负责普拉塔河事务的图克斯伯里(Tewksbury)的备忘录,3月11日阿根廷外交部长派自己的外甥,Sohar R.del Campo带着给马歇尔和Pawlev的私人信件到美国,明显是为了寻求得到美国的帮助来解决阿根廷目前的经济问题。Memorandum by the Assitant Chief of the Division of River Plate Affairs(Atwood) to the Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs(Daniels),Washington,May 19,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.500;Memorandum by Mr Henry Dearborn of the Division of River Plate Affairs,Washington,May 23,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.502;The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 16,1949—1 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.
[4]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 16,1949—1 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,p.483.The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 23,1949-4 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.490-491.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 28,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume.Ⅱ,pp.491-493.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,April 15,1949—7 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.495-497.
[1]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,March 29,1949-3.p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume.Ⅱ,pp.459-490.
[2]The Charge in Argentina(Ray) to the Secretary,of State,Buenos Aires,September 13,1948,in FRUS,1948,vol.Ⅸ,The Western Hemisphere,pp.290-292.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,April 15,1949-7 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.495-499.
[4]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1949,vol.Ⅰ,p.27.
[5]British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,general editors,Paul Preston and Michael Partridge;editor,James Dunkerley,University Publications of America,2000,vol.2,p.261.
[1]The Secretary of Commerce(Sawyer) to the Acting Secretary of State,Washington,June 7,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.504-505;The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 10,1949-6 p.m.in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.506-507.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Bruce) to the Secretary of State,Buenos Aires,June 10,1949,in FRUS,1949,volume Ⅱ,pp.506-507.
[3]"Economic Review of Argentina 1949",Department of Commerce,Office of International Trade,International Reference Service,vol.2,April 1950,p.11.
[1]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,Palgrave Maemillian,2001,p.106.
[1]Woodward to Connelly,April 13,1950,OF 366,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Aibert F.Nufer of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs,Washington,December 6,1949,in FRUS,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.517-517;The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,December 21,1949-7p.m.in FR US,1949,vol.Ⅱ,pp.517-518.
[3]Department of State Bulletin,ⅩⅩⅡ,Jan.2,1950,p.31.
[1]Papers of Harry W.Frantz,Box 10,Truman Library,Independence,Missouri.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Griffis) to the Department of State,Buenos Aires,March 1,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume.Ⅱ,pp.696-701.
[3]The Ambassador in Argentina(Griffis) to the President,Buenos Aires,March 1,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume.Ⅱ,pp.701-704.
[4]国务院与进出囗银行的争论见 Memorandum of Conversation,by the Economic and Finance Adviser of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs(White) in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.691-692.;Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Jack C.Corbett of the Office of Financial and Development Policy in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.711-713.;The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.714-715.;Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Jack C.Corbett of the Office of Financial and Development Policy,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.715-716.;Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.717-724.
[1]Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,pp.717-724.
[2]Department of State Memorandum,June 5 1950,DS 835.10/6-550,National Archives.
[3]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,p.138.
[4]Minutes of the 156~(th) Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,May 16,1950,in FRUS,1950,volume Ⅱ,p.721.
[5]David Green,"The Cold War Comes to Latin America" in B.Bernstein(ed.) Politics and policies of the Truman administration,Chicago,1970,p.179.
[1]Memerandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Miller) to the Regional Planning Adviser(Halle),in FRUS,1950,vol.Ⅱ,pp.625-628;Draft Paper by the Regional Planning Advisor of the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs(Halle),Washington,November 9,1950 in FRUS,1950,pp.628-637;Stephen G Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,pp.21-22.
[1]Edward G.Miller,Jr.,"Economic Aspects of Inter American Relations," Department of State Bulletin,vol.13,Dec,1950,p.1013.
[2]Alberto Conil Paz and Gustavo E.Ferrari,Argentina's Foreign Policy:1930-1962,University of Notre Dame Press:Notre Dame,1966,pp.170-171.
[3]Miller to Griffis,April 23,1951,Papers of Edward G Miller Jnr,Box 2,Truman Library.
[4]The Charge in Argentina(Mallory) to the Department of State,Buenos Aires,February 13,1951,in FRUS,1951,volume Ⅱ,pp.1079-1085.
[1]Policy Statement Prepared in the Department of State,Washington,October 26,1951.in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱ,p.1112
[1]Mallory to Secretary of State,March 6,1951,in FRUS,1951,vol.Ⅱ,p.1085.
[2]Memorandum by the Ambassador in Argentina(Bunker),Buenos Aires,March 11,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.400-406.
[3]Memorandum of Conversation,by Henry Dearborn of the Office of South American Affairs,Washington,June 23,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.419-421.
[1]National Intelligence Estimate,NIE-66 Probable Developments in Argentina,Washington,June 13,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.409-418.
[2]The Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Miller) to the Charge in Argentina(Mallory),Washington,July 15,1952,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.421-423.
[1]Daniel K.Lewis,The History of Argentina,p.109.
[1]Mario Rapoport and Claudio Spiguel,Estados Unidos y ElPeronismo:La politica norteamericana en la Argentina:1949-1955,Buenos Aires:Grupo Editor Latinoamericano,p.225.
[2]Carlos Escude,"Argentina:The Costs of Contradiction",in Lowenthal,Exporting Democracy,pp.137-138;Carlos Escude,Gran Bretana Estados Unidos y la Declinacion Argentina,Buenos Aires,1984;持这种观点的还有 Stephen G Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,Chapel Hill:the University of North Carolina Press,1988;David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United Stated:An Alliance Contained,Athens:the University of Georgia Press,2006,p.106.
[1]Tulchin,,Argentina and the United States,1997;David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997;Ciaudio Gabriel Gonzalez Chiaramonte,Selling Americanism Abroad:United States Cultural Diplomay toward Argentina,1953-1963,Ph.D dissertation,State University of New York,2002.
[2]The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,February 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,The American Repubics,pp.427-436.
[1]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.436.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.436-437.
[3]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.437.
[4]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.437.
[5]Nufer to Dulles,Subject:Memorandum of Conversation with Peron attached,611.35/2-553,Record Group 59,Department of State,National Archives:The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,February 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.427-436.
[6]杜勒斯提出,“阿根廷的法西斯机构”加上拉美国家的有组织的共产党运动,构成了反美的基础,企图破坏北方巨人在中美和南美的影响。Congressional Records,Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,Nomination of John Foster Dulles,pp.30-31.
[1]Department of State Bulletin,February 2 1953,pp.214-215.
[2]The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Argentina,Washington,March 3,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.436-437.
[3]Enclosure I to Dispatch by Nufer with memo of Conversation March 13,p.2 611.35/3-353,Record Group 59,Department of State,National Archives.
[4]Smith to Eisenhower,Current Status of U.S.Argentina Relations,March 5,1953,Argentina file,Box 1,International Series,AWF,Eisenhower Library,Abilene,Kansas;Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Smith) to the President,Subject:Current Status of U.S.-Argentine Relations,Washington,March 5,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume IV,pp.437-440.
[5]参见Editorial Note,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,p.439.
[1]Andres Cisneros and Carlos Escude,Historia general de los relaciones exteriors de la Repulica Argentina Nuevohacer:Buenos Aires:,1998,vol.13,pp.97-104.
[2]Stephen G.Rabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism,pp.66-67;Milton Eisenhower,The Wine Is Bitter:The United States and Latin America,Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday,1963,pp.187-195.
[3]Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the President,Subject:Inclusion of Argentina in Visit of Dr.Milton Eisenhower to South America,Washington,June 18,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.440-441.
[4]Memorandum by the President to the Secretary of State,Nov.6,1953,White House Memoranda Series,John F.Dulles Papers,Dwight D.Eisenhower Library,Abilene,Kansas.
[1]Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State(Smith) to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council(Lay),in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.26-27.
[2]Thanks for Eisenhower,in New York Times,July 30,1953;Peron's Blandishments in New York Times,August 20,1953.
[3]Edward A.Morrow,U.S.Loan Aid Plan For Peron Denied:Dr.Eisenhower's Mission Says Is it Not Making Offer,Has a Coridial Visit,in New York Times,20 July 1953.
[1]The Ambassador in Argentina(Nufer) to the Department of State,Subject:Conversation With President Peron,Buenos Aires,September 4,1953,in FR US,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.441-446.;Harold F.Peterson,Argentina and the United States:1810-1960,University Publisher:New York,1964,pp.487-489.
[2]John L.Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy,pp.134-135.
[1]Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New ViewPionts:New York,1976,p.68.
[2]David M.K.Sheinin,Argentina and the United Stated:An Alliance Contained,the University of Georgia Press,Athens,2006,p.106.
[3]Samuel L.Baily,The United States and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New ViewPionts:New York,1976,p.68.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library.
[2]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library;U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America outlined.Miscellaneous.National Security Council.Issue Date:Mar 18,1953.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Unsanitized.Incomplete.10 page(s).reproduced in Declassified Docoments Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005.
[2]Milton S.Eisenhower,TheWine Is Bitter,New York,1965,pp.72-76.
[1]Memorandum of Conversation,by James F.O'Connor,Jr.of the Office of South American Affairs,Washington,September 23,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.446-447.
[2]参见 Editorial Note,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pA39.
[3]Congreso National Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1953,Ⅱ,pp.1010-1044.
[4]Congreso Nacional Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados,1953,1,pp.671-675
[5]ArthurWhitaker,The United States and Argentina,p.201:莱斯利·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998,第90页。
[1]Historial de las negociaciones comerciales argentine-sovieticas,1952-1954,AMREC,URSS,cited in Mario Rapoport,“Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955”,in The Hispanic American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,p.275.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见 Mario Rapoport,“Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955”,in The Hispanic American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,pp.276-277.
[1]The New York Herald Tribute,Feb.15,1953,cited in Congresstional Record,vol.99,Jan.3-Aug.3.1953,pp.A677-678,"Extension of Remarks of Hon.Frank E.Smith of Mississippi";Mario Rapoport,"Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955",in The Hispanic,American Historical Review,voi.66,May,1986,p.277.
[2]Leopoldo Bravo to Foreign Ministry,Mar.9 1954,Expediente 12/1954,AMREC,URSS,cited in Mario Rapoport,"Argentina and the Soviet Union History of Political and Commercial Relations,1917-1955",in The Hispanic,American Historical Review,vol.66,May,1986,p.279.
[3]Memorandum by the President to the Secretary of State,Washington,November 6,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.449-450.;Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the President,Washington,November 19,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.450-451.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California Press:Berkeley,1985,p.298.
[1]Fortune,Feb.1962,pp.101-103.
[2]David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997,p.145.
[1]Pedro Castineiras,Esto lo hicieron los Argentinos,Buenos Aires,1972,pp.69-70.
[2]Randall,An Economic History,p.140.
[3]Joe Walstrom to Henry Dearborn,June 11,1954,835.2614/6-1154;W.E.Kox to Halland,June 17,1954,835.2614/6-1754;Memorandum of Department of State,June 24 1954,835.2614/6-2454.
[1]W.S.Robertson to Hawthorne Arey,May 17,1954,835.2614/5-1854;Memorandum of Department of State,June 24 1954,835.2614/6-2454.Record Group 59,Department of the State General Records,National Archives
[2]Memorandum of Conversation,by Henry Dearborn of the Office of South American Affairs,September 29,1953,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.447-449.
[1]National Intelligence Estimate,NIE-91-54,Probable Development in Argentina,Washington,March 9,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume IV,pp.454-466.
[2]Minutes of Meeting,Held in the Office of the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-Amercan Affairs(Holland),May 10,1954,in FR US,1952-1954,voi.Ⅳ,pp.1102-1113;The Acting Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Offices in the American Republics,in FR US,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.1149-1151;Notes of a Meeting of the Guatemalan Group,Held at the Department of State,June 16,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.1170-1172;Stephen G Pabe,Eisenhower and Latin America:the Foreign Policy of Anti-Coramunism,p.53.
[1]The Acting Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Offices in the American Republics,May 29,1954-6.p.m.in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.1159-1162.
[2]Memorandum on U.S.-Argentina Relations by Dearborn,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.250-255.
[3]David Hirman Fado,The Struggle with Liberal Democracy and United State Leadership in India,British West Africa,and Argentina:The Eisenhower Administration in Pursuit of Internationalism,Ph.D dissertation,the University of Texas at Austin,1997,p.151.
[1]Burton Kaufrnan,Trade and Aid:Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy,1953-1961,Johns Hopkins University Press,1982,pp.30-32.
[2]援外事务管理署和财政部的态度参见 Memorandum of Disscussion at the 212~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Thursday,September 2,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.68-80;国防部和中央情报局的态度参见 Memorandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Holland) to the Under Secretary of State(Hoover),Washington,November 10,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.342-344.
[3]Minutes of the 214~(th) Meeting of NAC,September 22,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,volume Ⅳ,pp.250-255.
[4]Memorandum by the Assitant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs(Holland) to the Under Secretary of State(Hoover),Washington,November 10,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.342-344.
[5]Memorandum of Disscussion at the 212~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Thursday,September 2,1954,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.68-80.
[1]NSC 144,Latin America(1).Report.National Security Council,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Spec.Asst.for Nat.Security Affairs,1952-61,White House Office,Eisenhower Library;U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America outlined.Issue Date:Mar 18,1953.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005.
[2]Summary of Recommendations,Eisenhower trip to South America,Milton file,box 25,subject Series,Confidential File,WHCF,Eisenhower Library.
[3]Milton Eisenhower to DDE,January 14,1954,Box 12,AWF,Eisenhower Library.
[4]U.S.objectives and courses of action with respect to Latin America summarized.Issue Date:Sep 3,1954.Date Declassified:Mar 20,1992.Reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS) Farmington Hills,Mich.:Gale Group.2005;Progress report on NSC 5432/1 on Latin America,Policy Papers Subseries,Box 4,NSC Series,Office of the Special Assitant for National Security Affairs,1952-1961,White House Office,Eisenhower Library,
[1]Memorandum of Disscussion at the 224~(th) Meeting of the National Security Council on Monday,November 15,1954 in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,pp.344-352.
[2]Memoranda of Conversations with Peron,19 Sep.1954,and 6 Dec.1954,Folder:Argentina 1954-1956,Box 1,Holland's Records,Eisenhower Library.
[3]U.N.Economic Commission for Latin America,Economic Survey of Latin America,1953,U.N.Publishers:New York,1955;Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis,the Alliance that Lost its way:A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress,Quadrangle Books:Chicago,1970,pp.38-41.
[1]Editorial Note,in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,p.350.
[2]Minutes of the 225th Meeting of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems,Washington,March 1,1955,in morandum of a Meeting of Certain Members of the United States Delegation,in FRUS,1952-1954,vol.Ⅳ,in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,pp.353-355.
[1]Carl Soiberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina,Stanford University Press:Stanford,1979,pp.162-164.
[2]George Philip,Oil and Politics in Latin America,Cambridge University Press:Cambridge,1982 pp.405-406.
[3]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina,p.165.
[4]莱斯利·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第92页。
[1]Horacio Maeeyra,"La Segunda Presidencia de Peron" in Presidencias y Golpes Militares,ed.Centro Editor de America Latina,Buenos Aires,1986 转引自莱斯得·贝瑟尔,《剑桥拉丁美洲史》,第八卷,当代世界出版社,1998年版,第92页。
[1]George Philip,Oil and Politics in Latin America,p.408.
[1]Editorial Note in FRUS,1955-1957,vol.Ⅶ,American Republics:Central and South America,p.359.
[1]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina p.165.
[2]Carl Solberg,Oil and Nationalism in Argentina p.160.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California press,Berkeley,1985,pp.312-314.
[2]U.S.Aides Predict Peron's Removal,in New York Times,June 22,1955.
[3]Holland with Matthews,Aug.18 1955,Folder:Argentina 1955,Box 1,Holland's Records,Eisenhower Library.
[4]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,University of California press,Berkeley,1985,p.317.
[1]David Rock,Argentina,1516-1982,Berkeley:University of California Press,1985,p.310;Laura Randall,An Economic History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century,New York:Columbia University Press,1978,pp.80-102.
[1]民主和平论(Democratic peace theory)的主要观点,所有自由民主制国家不会或极少与另一个民主国家发生战争。这一理论认为,“民主国家是不会发生战争的”,这主要是由“民主”政治制度的约束机制决定的:转型中的“民主国家”发生战争的可能性较大;而“非民主国家”则频繁地发生战争。“民主国家”不能回避与“非民主国家”的战争,“民主国家”在继续维护世界民主和平的同时,要帮助那些“非民主国家”重建民主,通过民主的建立,在“非民主国家”实现和平。
[2]Samuel L.Bailey,The United states and the Development of South America,1945-1975,New York,1976,p.62.译文参考洪育沂主编:《拉美国际关系史纲》,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年版,第164页。
[1]Roger R.Trask:"Spruille Braden versus George Messersmith:World War Ⅱ,the Cold War,and Argentine Policy,1945-1947" in Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs,vol.26,No.1.
[2]Arthur Whitaker,The United States and Argentina,pp.210-211.
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FRUS,1955-1957,volume Ⅶ,American republics:Central and South America.
[2].Declassified Document Reference System(DDRS),Farmington Hills,Mich:Gale Group,2006
[3].National Archives
[4].杜鲁门总统图书馆和艾森豪威尔总统图书馆搜集到的相关文件。
[5].Department of State,Consultation among the American Republics with Respect to the Argentine Situation,1946
[6].New York Times 《纽约时报》
[7].Times 《时代》周刊
[8].British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print.Part Ⅳ,From 1946 through 1950.Series D,Latin America,James Dunkerley,ed,University Publications of America,2000
[9].Congreso National Argentino,Diario de Sesiones de la Camara de Diputados(阿根廷众议院日志)
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[11].Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto,La Republica Argentina ante el Libro Azul,Buenos Aires,1946.
[12]Peron,Juan Domingo,Libro Azul y Blanco,Buenos Aires:1946.
[13].Hull,Cordell The Memories of Cordell Hull,London,1948.
[14].8.Spruille Braden.Diplomats and Demagogues,New Rochelle,N.Y.:Arlington House,1971.
[15].Robert,H.Holden and Eric Zolov.Latin America and the United States:A Documentary History,Oxford University Press,2000.
[16].Di Tella,Guido and Carlos Rodriguez Braun.Argentina,1946-83:The Economic Ministers Speak,the Macmillan Press Ltd.,1990.
[1]Alejandro,C.Diaz.Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic.New Haven:Yale University Press,1970.
[2]Alexander,Robert J.Juan Domingo Peron:A History.Boulder:Westview Press,1979.
[3]Alexander,Robert J.The Peron Era.New York:Columbia University Press,1951.
[4]Bailey,Samuel L.The United states and the Development of South America,1945-1975.New York,1976.
[5]Barager,Joseph R.Per6n and the Argentine Democratic parties,1943-1946.New York:Buffalo,1972.
[6]Barnes,John.Evita,First Lady:a Biography of Eva Peron.New York:Grove Press,1978.Fraser,Nicholas and Marysa Navarro.Eva Peron.New York:W.W.Norton,1980.
[7]Bemis,S.F.The Latin American Policy of the United States:An Historical Interpretation.New York:Harcourt Brace and Co.,1943.
[8]Blanksten,George I.Peron's Argentina.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953.
[9]Blasier,Cole.The Hovering Giant,U.S.Response to Revolutionary Changes in Latin America,1910-1985.Pittsburgh University Press,1976.
[10]Blum,John M.(ed.).The Price of Vision:the Diary of Henry A.Wallace 1942-1946.Boston,1973.
[11]Braden,Spruille.Diplomats and Demagogues:The Memoirs of Spruille Braden.New Rochelle,Arlington House:New York,1971,p.369.
[12]Burkholder,Mark A.& Lyman L.Johnson.Colonial Latin America.Oxford University Press:Now York,1998.
[13]Canton,Dario.Elecciones y Partidos Politicos en la Argentina—Historia,Interpretacion y Balance:1910-1916.Buenos Aires:Siglo ⅩⅪ,1973.
[14]Castineiras,Pedro.Esto lo hicieron los Argentinos.Buenos Aires,1972.
[15]Cisneros,Andres & Carlos Escude,eds,Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la Republica Argentina.vol 8,Las relaciones exteriores de la Argentina consolidada,1881-1943,Grupo Editor Latinoamericano:Buenos Aires,1999.
[16]Cisneros,Andres and Carlos Escude.Historia general de los relaciones exteriors de la Repulica Argentina.Nuevohacer:Buenos Aires,1998,vol.13.
[17]Connell,Smith G The United States and Latin America,An Historical Analysis of Inter-American Relations.London,1974.
[18]Davis,H.E.,J.J.Finan and ET.Peck.Latin American Diplomatic History,An Introduction.Louisana State University,1977.
[19]Department of State.Consultation among the American Republics with Regard to the Argentine Situation.Washington DC,1946.
[20]Di Tella,Guido and D.Cameron Watt(eds).Argentina Between the Great Powers,1939-1946.University of Pittsburgh Press,1990.
[21]Di Tella,Guido and Rudiger Dornbusch(eds).The Political Economy of Argentina,1946-1983.the Macmillan Press Ltd.,1989.
[22]Dozer,D.M.Are we Good Neighbors? Florida University Press,1959.
[23]Eaton,Clement.Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics,Boston.
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