1965年以来美国的外来移民及其经济影响
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摘要
自20世纪60年代以来,特别是在1965年《移民与国籍法修正案》颁布之后,美国的外来移民潮发生了显著变化,移民的教育程度与技能水平等均呈现出了新的特征与趋势。与此同时,美国也经历着一次前所未有的经济重构,即由工业经济向服务业经济的转型。在这种历史背景下,围绕着外来移民的经济影响问题,美国社会再次爆发了空前的激烈争论。许多美国人认为当代移民已不适应美国经济发展的需要,因而对美国经济产生了不利影响。对此,本文利用大量的美国政府原始文献、各类研究机构报告以及学者的相关著述,运用历史学的研究视角,综合其他学科的研究方法,对美国的当代移民及其经济影响问题做一历史考察。
全文由绪论、五章正文、结语三部分构成。绪论部分介绍了本研究的选题缘由、研究目标与意义、研究的创新与不足,同时也对中外学者关于这一课题的相关研究做了一个概要的评述;
第一章回顾了1965年以来的移民潮,着重探讨了1965年《移民与国籍法修正案》形成的历史背景、内容与影响,分析1965年以来入境移民的不同类别,并对移民潮形成的原因加以探讨;
第二章考察了当代移民的人口、教育程度、职业类别以及居住分布等方面的特征,对他们呈现出来的一些新的特点与趋势作了详细分析;
第三章从美国经济重构的视角探讨了当代美国经济对外来移民的需求,同时也考察了当代移民在美国就业市场中的经济同化。它表明,当代移民的到来仍是满足美国经济需求的一个直接结果,并且随着时间的发展,移民也将在美国逐步实现经济同化;第四章针对美国人关于移民的经济影响的争论,对移民的就业市场影响与福利影响作以历史的考察,表明当代移民并未对美国经济产生消极影响,相反,从一个长远的角度来看却产生了较为积极的经济影响;
第五章探讨了当代移民对于美国经济发展所作出的贡献,分别从移民与劳动力供应以及高、低技术移民与美国经济发展的关系的层面,并结合以个案分析,来说明当代移民对于美国经济的重要意义;
结语部分对当代移民的经济影响问题作以简要总结,认为当代移民仍对美国经济产生了积极的影响,是一笔巨大的财富而并非是妨碍经济发展的包袱。同时,笔者也提出了探讨移民经济影响需要注意的几个问题:(1)移民的经济性影响与非经济性影响;(2)移民的宏观经济影响与微观经济影响;(3)移民的长期经济影响与短期经济影响;(4)移民的显性经济影响与隐性经济影响。
The new immigration has shown some new characteristics since 1960s, especially after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was put into practice. At the same time, the United States was also experiencing an unprecedented economic restructuring, that is, from an industrial economy to a service economy. In this historical context, a fierce debate about immigration broke out again. Many Americans believe that immigrants no longer meet the need of contemporary American economy and thus adversely affected the U.S. economy. By utilizing a lot of original documents, various reports of research institutions, and scholars’writings and papers, this dissertation makes a historical investigation about contemporary immigrants and their economic implication on American economy.
This dissertation is composed of the introduction, five chapters of main body and the conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the reason of choosing such topic, the research objectives and innovations and shortcomings of this dissertation, and then makes an overview of the previous research works by foreign and Chinese scholars.
Chapter one reviews the waves of immigration since 1965. It focuses on the historical background, content and impact of the Immigration Act of 1965, and then analyses the different types of new immigrants as well as the motivating force of immigration.
Chapter two explores the demographic, educational, occupational and distributional characteristics of immigrants who entered America after 1965. It shows that contemporary immigrants had taken on some new characteristics and trends.
Chapter three describes the demand for foreign immigrants of the U.S. economy and explores the process of immigrants’economic assimilation in the U.S. labor market from a perspective of economic restructuring. It indicates that contemporary immigrants meet the need of the U.S. economy as a direct result of economic reconfiguration, and that Immigrants will assimilate into the labor market of U.S. ultimately.
Chapter four reviews the debate on immigration’s economic impaction in American history, and expounds immigrants’impact on the labor market and welfare system. It concludes that contemporary immigrants exert not a negative but a positive impact on American economy in the long run.
Chapter five discusses the contribution that immigrant have made to American economy, and explores the significance of contemporary immigrants to American economy by analyzing the relationship between immigration and labor supply, between the high, low-skilled immigrants and the development of the U.S. economy respectively, combined with some case studies.
The section of conclusion makes a brief summary about the economic impact of contemporary immigration on America. It insists that contemporary immigration still have a positive impact on the U.S. economy, and it also shows that contemporary immigration is a great asset rather than a burden to economic development. At the same time, in order to explore the economic impact of migration more easily, this dissertation also proposes to pay attention to several relations followed: (1) the economic and non-economic impact of immigrants; (2) the macroeconomic and microeconomic impact of immigrants; (3) the long-term and short-term economic impact of immigrants; (4) the implicit and explicit economic impact of immigrants.
全文由绪论、五章正文、结语三部分构成。绪论部分介绍了本研究的选题缘由、研究目标与意义、研究的创新与不足,同时也对中外学者关于这一课题的相关研究做了一个概要的评述;
第一章回顾了1965年以来的移民潮,着重探讨了1965年《移民与国籍法修正案》形成的历史背景、内容与影响,分析1965年以来入境移民的不同类别,并对移民潮形成的原因加以探讨;
第二章考察了当代移民的人口、教育程度、职业类别以及居住分布等方面的特征,对他们呈现出来的一些新的特点与趋势作了详细分析;
第三章从美国经济重构的视角探讨了当代美国经济对外来移民的需求,同时也考察了当代移民在美国就业市场中的经济同化。它表明,当代移民的到来仍是满足美国经济需求的一个直接结果,并且随着时间的发展,移民也将在美国逐步实现经济同化;第四章针对美国人关于移民的经济影响的争论,对移民的就业市场影响与福利影响作以历史的考察,表明当代移民并未对美国经济产生消极影响,相反,从一个长远的角度来看却产生了较为积极的经济影响;
第五章探讨了当代移民对于美国经济发展所作出的贡献,分别从移民与劳动力供应以及高、低技术移民与美国经济发展的关系的层面,并结合以个案分析,来说明当代移民对于美国经济的重要意义;
结语部分对当代移民的经济影响问题作以简要总结,认为当代移民仍对美国经济产生了积极的影响,是一笔巨大的财富而并非是妨碍经济发展的包袱。同时,笔者也提出了探讨移民经济影响需要注意的几个问题:(1)移民的经济性影响与非经济性影响;(2)移民的宏观经济影响与微观经济影响;(3)移民的长期经济影响与短期经济影响;(4)移民的显性经济影响与隐性经济影响。
The new immigration has shown some new characteristics since 1960s, especially after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was put into practice. At the same time, the United States was also experiencing an unprecedented economic restructuring, that is, from an industrial economy to a service economy. In this historical context, a fierce debate about immigration broke out again. Many Americans believe that immigrants no longer meet the need of contemporary American economy and thus adversely affected the U.S. economy. By utilizing a lot of original documents, various reports of research institutions, and scholars’writings and papers, this dissertation makes a historical investigation about contemporary immigrants and their economic implication on American economy.
This dissertation is composed of the introduction, five chapters of main body and the conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the reason of choosing such topic, the research objectives and innovations and shortcomings of this dissertation, and then makes an overview of the previous research works by foreign and Chinese scholars.
Chapter one reviews the waves of immigration since 1965. It focuses on the historical background, content and impact of the Immigration Act of 1965, and then analyses the different types of new immigrants as well as the motivating force of immigration.
Chapter two explores the demographic, educational, occupational and distributional characteristics of immigrants who entered America after 1965. It shows that contemporary immigrants had taken on some new characteristics and trends.
Chapter three describes the demand for foreign immigrants of the U.S. economy and explores the process of immigrants’economic assimilation in the U.S. labor market from a perspective of economic restructuring. It indicates that contemporary immigrants meet the need of the U.S. economy as a direct result of economic reconfiguration, and that Immigrants will assimilate into the labor market of U.S. ultimately.
Chapter four reviews the debate on immigration’s economic impaction in American history, and expounds immigrants’impact on the labor market and welfare system. It concludes that contemporary immigrants exert not a negative but a positive impact on American economy in the long run.
Chapter five discusses the contribution that immigrant have made to American economy, and explores the significance of contemporary immigrants to American economy by analyzing the relationship between immigration and labor supply, between the high, low-skilled immigrants and the development of the U.S. economy respectively, combined with some case studies.
The section of conclusion makes a brief summary about the economic impact of contemporary immigration on America. It insists that contemporary immigration still have a positive impact on the U.S. economy, and it also shows that contemporary immigration is a great asset rather than a burden to economic development. At the same time, in order to explore the economic impact of migration more easily, this dissertation also proposes to pay attention to several relations followed: (1) the economic and non-economic impact of immigrants; (2) the macroeconomic and microeconomic impact of immigrants; (3) the long-term and short-term economic impact of immigrants; (4) the implicit and explicit economic impact of immigrants.
引文
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②George J. Borjas, ed.,Issues in the Economics of Immigration, pp.54-55.
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④George J. Borjas, ed.,Issues in the Economics of Immigration, pp.54-56.
⑤George J. Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, p.49.
①Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, pp.6-7.
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③Charles Hirschman,Philip Kasinitz,Josh De Wind,eds., The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, New York: Russell Sage Foundation,p.158.
④王旭等:《美国城市经纬》,北京:清华大学出版社,2008年版,第49页。
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①参见景跃军的博士论文:《战后美国产业结构演变研究》,吉林大学2004年,第72、77页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, Second Edition, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p.192.
③参见景跃军的博士论文:《战后美国产业结构演变研究》,第72页。
④H.N.沙伊贝,H.G.瓦特,H.U.福克纳著:《近百年美国经济史》,彭松建等译,中国社会科学出版社,1983年,第550页。
⑤陈宝森:《当代美国经济》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001年,第164页。
①刘绪贻:《战后美国史:1945-2000》,第609页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, Second Edition, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p.194.
③孙群郎:《西方发达国家后工业社会的形成及其原因》,《社会科学战线》,2003年第6期。
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①刘绪贻:《战后美国史:1945-2000》,第611页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.196.
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策:从罗斯福到里根》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007年,第309-310页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.197.
③Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, pp.196-198.
④Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”,Monthly Labor Review, March 2000 , p.23,http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/03/art2full.pdf, 2009年8月15日下载。
⑤丹尼尔贝尔:《后工业社会的来临——对社会预测的一项探索》,第149-150页。
①H.N.沙伊贝,H.G.瓦特,H.U.福克纳著:《近百年美国经济史》,第549页。
②Joachim Singelmann and Harley L.Browning,“Industrial Transformation and Occupational Change in the U.S., 1960-70”, Social Forces, Vol.59, No.1 (Sep.,1980), pp.248-249.
③Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.196.
①Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence,p.367.
②Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”.
③Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”.
④Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, p.170.
⑤M.Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, Richard Schauffler,“Divided Fates: Immigrant Children in a Restructured U.S. Economy”,International Migration Review, Vol.28, No.4, 1994, p.667.
①Economic Report of the President,2004, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, P.258.
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.205.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.277-278.
②Wayne A.Cornelius and Jorge A.Bustamante, eds., Mexican Migration to the United States: Origins, Consequences,and Policy Options,Center for U.S.-Mexican studies,University of California, San Diego,1999,p.4.
③Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, p.277.
①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, pp.208-210.
②Todd M. Godbout,“Employment Change and Sectoral Distribution in 10 Countries, 1970-1990”, Monthly Labor Review, October 1993,P.3.
③Marfa E.Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrant and the Changing Amercian Labor Market”, Population and Development Review, Vol.24,No.4,(Dec.,1998),p.812.
④Marfa E.Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrant and the Changing Amercian Labor Market”, p.814.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.353-354.
②Roger Waldinger,“Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed:New Evidence from Los Angeles”, Sociological persperctives,Vol.40,No.3,1997,p.367.
③Roger Waldinger,“Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed:New Evidence from Los Angeles”, p.368.
④Economic Report of the President,2007, p.204.
⑤Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.248-249.
①Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.14-15.
②Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.2.
③Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.4.
①转引自邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第66页。
②Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, p.3.
③Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.88.
④邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第62页。
⑤David L.Bartlett, Building A Competitive Workforce:Immigration and the U.S.Manufacturing Sector, P,1, Http://www.ailf.org/ipc/infocus/infocus_8_1_06.pdf, 2008年8月31日下载。
⑥转引自梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第411页。
①George J. Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, pp.97-99.
②Charles Hirschman,Philip Kasinitz,Josh De Wind,eds., The Handbook of International Miagration: Tth American Experience,pp.140-141.
①Roger Waldinger,“The Occupational and Economic Integration of the New Immigrants”, Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.45,No.2, (Spring,1982), pp.197-222.
②Roger Waldinger,“The Occupational and Economic Integration of the New Immigrants”.
③Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou,“The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.530, (Nov.,1993), pp.74-96.
①Mary C. Walters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, pp.141-142.
②美国大使馆:《交流杂志》,2000年,第三期。http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/jl0300_econimpact. html,2007年12月21日下载。
①Douglas S. Massey, et al.,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, pp.431-466.
②Jennifer Karas, Bridges and Barriers :Earnings and Occupational Attainment Among Immigrants, New York:LFB Scholarly Pbulishing LLc.,2002,p.8.
③Randy Capps and Karina Fortuny, The Integration of Immigrants and Their Families in Maryland: The Contributions of Immigrant Workers to the Economy, p.41, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/305184_immigration_immigrants.pdf, 2008年12月29日下载。
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight,pp.36-37.
①Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.120-121.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, pp.89-90.
③Mary C. Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, pp.154-160.
④Barry R. Chiswick,“Immigrants in the U. S. Labor Market”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 460, (Mar., 1982), pp. 64-72.
①Michael E. Hurst, The Assimilation of Immigration in the U.S. Labor Market: Employment and Labor Force Turnover,p.35.
②María E. Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrants and the Changing American Labor Market”.
③María E. Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrants and the Changing American Labor Market”.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, p.53.
⑤Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, November 2004, p.15.
⑥Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, p.53.
⑦Timothy Bates, Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream, Washington, D. C., the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997,p.24.
①Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, November 2004, p.15.
②Sherrie A. Kossoudji; Deborah A. Cobb-Clark,“Finding Good Opportunities within Unauthorized Markets: U.S. Occupational Mobility for Male Latino Workers”, International Migration Review, Vol. 30, No. 4. (Winter, 1996), pp. 901-924.
③Timothy Bates, Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream, p.16.
①George J.Borjas,Friends or Strangers:The Impact of Immigration on the U.S.Economy, p.51.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.42.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.42.
④George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.29-32.
⑤Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, p.14.
①William A. V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, p.106.
②William A.V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, pp.138,127.
③William A.V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, pp.64-66.
①Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.102.
②Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.92.
③参见梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第35-48页。
①Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, New York: W. W. Norton &Company Inc.,1996,p.45.
②Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.25.
③参见梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第256-258页。
①Francisco L.Rivera-Batiz, Migration and the Labor Market: Sectoral and Regional Effects in the U.S., December 1997, http://www.columbia.edu/~flr9/immig.pdf,2006年6月10日下载。
②Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.13,17-18.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,1998,pp.120-121.
④J.Samuel, P.L.Martin, J.E.Taylor,The Jobs and Effects of Migrant Workers in Northern America-Three Essays, p.29.
⑤Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.33.
⑥周琪:《日益升温的美国反移民情绪》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
⑦Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.31.
⑧Gordon H. Hanson, Kenneth F. Scheve, Matthew J.Slaughter, Antonio Spilimbergo, Immigration and the U.S. Economy:Labor-Market Impacts, Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices, p.39.
①Wayne A. Cornelius and Jorge A.Brstamante,eds., Mexican Migration to the united States:Origins,Consequences ,and Policy Options, p.39.
②Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.143,17.
③Raymond J.Keating, A Nation of Immigrants,An Economy of Immigrants.
④Raymond J.Keating, A Nation of Immigrants,An Economy of Immigrants.
①Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America,pp.151-152.
②Pastora San Juan Cafferty,Barry R.Chiswick,Andrew M.Greeley,Teresa A.Sullivan,The Dilemma of American Immigration :Beyond the Golden Door, New Brunswick,New York:Transaction Books,1983,p.5.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.1.
④George J. 7Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, p.80.
①参见:George J.Borjas,Richard B.Freeman,Lawrence F.Katz,John DiNardo and John M.Abowd,“How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes?”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1997,No.1 (1997), pp.1-90; George J.Borjas, The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the impact of Immigration on the labor market.
②George J.Borjas, The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the impact of Immigration on the labor market, p.1.
③George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.73.
①移民数量与失业率分别引自U.S. Department of Justice,Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p.18;U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Time to 1970,Part 1,p.135.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Time to 1970,Part 1,p.135.
①U.S. Department of Justice,Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p.18.
②Economic Report of the President, 2007, p.281.
③George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.64.
④U.S. Department of Homeland Security,Office of Immigration Statistics,2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, p.16.
⑤数据根据美国劳工部的统计数字计算而得,网址为:http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet,2010年2月3日下载。
⑥数据根据美国劳工部的统计数字计算而得,网址为:http://www.bls.gov/lau/,2009年12月21日下载。
①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.102.
②Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.37.
③Immigration Policy Center, The Disparity Between Immigration Workers and Unemployed Natives:Untying the Knot, partⅠofⅢ,2009, http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Part%201%20-%20Unemployment%20Disconnect %20%2005-19-09.pdf, 2010年2月1日下载。
①David Card,“The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market”.
②转引自钟水映:《人口流动与社会经济发展》,武汉大学出版社,2000年,第290-291页。
③Economic Report of the President,2005, p.94.
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.108.
②Raymond J. Keating, A Nation of Immigrants, An Economy of Immigrants.
③Economic Report of the President,1986, P.224.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.53.
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.108.
②Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, p.63.
③参见Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.51; James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.223; Kristopher Kaneta, Immigration and Its Effects on U.S. Labor Markets, http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/ppe/1999/kris.pdf, 2005年12月21日下载; Michael J. Greenwood, Gary L.Hunt,“Economic Effects of Immigrants on Native and Foreign-Born Workers: Complementarity,Substitutability,and Other Channels of Influence”, Southern Economic Journal,Vol.61,No.4. (Apr.,1995), pp.1076-1097.
④James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.224.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.364-365.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.112.
③Dan Siciliano, Immigration Adds Billions of Dollars to U.S. Economic Growth Every Year, http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Immigration%20Adds%20Billions%20of%20Dollars%20to%20U.S.%20Economic%20Growth%20Every%20Year%20041506.pdf,2010年2月1日下载。
①Dan Siciliano, Immigration Adds Billions of Dollars to U.S. Economic Growth Every Year.
②依据美国人口普查局统计数据计算。网址为:http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html, 2009-12-25.其中1980年以前的数据统计的是14岁及以上的男性人口。
③依据美国人口普查局统计数据计算。网址为:http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/state /statetoc.html,2009年10月12日下载。
④Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
⑤George J.Borjas, Friends or Strangers:The Impact of Immigration on the U.S.Economy, pp.110-111.
①George J.Borjas,The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market, p.32.
②Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.118-120,151.
③George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.35.
④Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.22.
①罗伯特·布伦纳:《繁荣与泡沫:全球视角中的美国经济》,王生升译,北京:经济科学出版社,2003年,第45-47页。
②Economic Report of the President,1998, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office,p.119
③Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.22.
①George J. Borjas,“Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs”, International Migration Review, Vol.36, No.4 (Winter, 2002), pp.1093-1123.
②Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.139.
①Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, pp.123-124.
②George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.106,111.
③George J.Borjas, Stephen J.Trejo,“Immigrant Participation in the Welfare System”, Industrial & Labor Relations Review; Jan 1991; Academic Research Library,pp.195-211.
④George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.112-113.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
①George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
②George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.109.
③Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.130.
④Stephen C.Loveless,Clifford P.McCue,Raymond B.Surette,and Dorothy Norris-Tirrell, Immigration and Its Impact on American Cities, Westport, Connecticut:Praeger Publishers, 1996,p.65.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.107.
①George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.118-119.
②George J. Borjas,“Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs”.
①Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.71.
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.91.
③George J.Borjas, Immigration and Welfare:1970-1990, p.22.
④George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.121.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.121.
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp.148-149.
②James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp. 254-294.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp.74,135.
④Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.95.
⑤Eric S. Rothman; Thomas J. Espenshade,“Fiscal Impacts of Immigration to the United States”, Population Index, Vol.58, No3.(Autumn,1992),p.P410.
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.276.
②Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy, The Impact of I mmigration on the California Economy, p.44,http://www.labor.ca.gov/panel/pdf/impactimmcaecon.pdf, 2005年12月26日下载。
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp. 254-294,342.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.70.
①Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, 2007,p.2, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/87xx/doc8711/12-6-Immigration.pdf,2009年4月17日下载。
②Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, pp.2-3,8.
①Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, p.2.
②C·弗雷德·伯格斯坦主编:《美国与世界经济:未来十年美国的对外经济政策》,朱民等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2005年,第358页。
①U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics,2008 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, p.5.
①刘瑞常:《从美国人口满3亿看世界人口问题》,《市场报》,2006年10月18日。
②Nicholas Capaldi,ed., Immigration:Debating the Issues, P.164.
③Leon F.Bouvier,Peaceful Invasion: Immigration and Changing America,University Press of American,1992,pp.127-139.
④Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.81.
⑤Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.81.
⑥塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《我们是谁?——美国国家特性面临的挑战》,第212页。
①Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, pp.41-42.
②James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.63.
③David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p.3.
④David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p.4.
⑤Population Reference Bureau,2006 World Population Data Sheet,http://www.prb.org/pdf06/06WorldDataSheet.pdf, 2009年5月12日下载。
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.84.
②U.S. Department of Commerce,:Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.9.
③U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.84.
④Jongsung Kim,Labor Supply and Occupational Structure of Asian Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, P.26.
⑤Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, p.3.
①Arlene Dohm,“Gauging the Labor Force Effects of Retiring Baby-Boomers”, Monthly Labor Review, July 2000, p.17.
②American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, pp.8-9.
①American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
②American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
①American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.5.
②Economic Report of the President,2007, p.46.
③American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
①Vernon M.Briggs Jr. and Stephen Moore,“Still an Open Door?: U.S.Immigration Policy and the American Economy”, in
Nicholas Capaldi,ed., Immigration:Debating the Issues, Amherest,New York:Prometheus Books,1997,pp.170-171.
①梁茂信:《美国吸引外来人才政策的演变与效用》,《东北师大学报》(哲学社会科学版),1997年第1期,第54-60页。
②转引自李工真:《纳粹德国知识难民在美国的“失语性”问题》,《历史研究》,2008年第6期,第167-192页。
①Lisandro Pérez,“Cubans in the United States”,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.487, (Sep.,1986), pp.126-137.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, pp.86-87.
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④Economic Report of the President,2007,p.201.
⑤Economic Report of the President,2006, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, p.61.
①Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.137.
②钱领一、安娜李·萨克瑟尼安、李岷、侯燕俐:《美国新移民企业家调查报告》,《中国企业家》,2007年第6期。
③邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第260页。
①Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.137.
②Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.136.
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③AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.20-21.
①Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.245.
②AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.22-23.
③邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第259页。
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①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. and Stephen Moore,Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.107.
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④转引自戴超武:《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,第31页。
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①Economic Report of the President,1986, P.228.
②Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence,p.463.
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36,周敏:《唐人街:深具社会经济潜质的华人社区》,北京:商务印书馆,1995年。
37,程希:《中国大陆新老华人移民浅析》,《华侨华人历史研究》, 1993年第4期。
38,陈奕平,《当代美国少数族裔人口变动特征及社会经济状况比较分析》,暨南学报(人文科学与社会科学版),2004年第3期。
39,陈奕平:《当代美国外来移民的特征及影响分析》,《世界民族》,2004年第5期。
40,陈奕平:《当代美国亚裔人口的特点及其影响分析》,《世界民族》,2003年第2期。
41,陈奕平:《当代美国西班牙裔人口的变动特点及其影响》,《世界民族》,2002年第5期。
42,戴超武:《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
43,胡锦山:《20世纪美国城市黑人问题》,《东北师大学报》,1997年第5期。
44,黄苏:《战后美国产业结构变化的主要趋势》,《世纪经济》,1986年第6期。
45,高鉴国:《依然是“熔炉”——论美国民族关系中的同化问题》,《世界民族》,1998年第3期。
46,李工真:《纳粹德国流亡科学家的洲际转移》,《历史研究》,2005年第4期。
47,李工真:《纳粹德国知识难民在美国的“失语性”问题》,《历史研究》,2008年第6期。
48,李其荣:《新华侨华人的职业结构及其影响因素——美国与加拿大的比较》,《东南亚研究》,2008年第2期。
49,李秀红:《二战后美国华人的就业特征及成因》,《求是学刊》,2007年第1期。
50,梁茂信:《外来移民对美国经济和就业市场的历史影响——兼论中美学者的观点》,《世界历史》,1996年第3期。
51,梁茂信:《论19世纪后期美国对华移民政策》,《东北师大学报》,1998年第6期。
52,梁茂信:《当代美国的人口流动及其区域性影响》,《世界历史》,1998年第6期。
53,梁茂信:《1940-1990年美国移民政策的变化与影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
54,陆月娟:《论战后美国族群结构的变化及其影响》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2002年第5期。
55,马侠:《论“脑流失”》,《人口研究》,1993年第3期。
56,穆光宗:《人口增长效应理论:一个新的假说》,《经济研究》,1997年第6期。
57,欧阳贞诚:《美国学者关于当代外来移民对经济和劳动力市场影响的研究述评》,《世界历史》,2008年第6期。
58,欧阳贞诚:《美国当代外来移民的成因及特征分析》,《东北师大学报》,2010年第1期。
59,钱皓:《美国移民大辩论历史透视》,《世界历史》,2001年第1期。
60,钱领一、安娜李·萨克瑟尼安、李岷、侯燕俐:《美国新移民企业家调查报告》,《中国企业家》,2007年第6期。
61,邵惟韺:《负担还是贡献——试论九十年代移民对美国经济的影响》,上海外国语大学2005届硕士毕业论文。
62,孙群郎:《西方发达国家后工业社会的形成及其成因》,《社会科学战线》,2003年第6期。
63,吴忠观:《人口增长理论:马克思主义与西方学者比较研究》,《财经科学》,1997年第6期。
64,沈宗美:《关于美国种族问题的若干历史思考》,《南京大学学报》,1991年第4期。
65,曾少聪:《美国华人新移民与华人社会》,《世界民族》,2005年第6期。
66,曾少聪,曹善玉:《华人新移民研究》,《东南亚研究》,2005年第6期。
67,张晓青:《1990-2000年美国移民特点及成因分析》,《西北人口》,2002年第1期。
68,赵和曼:《美国新华侨华人的若干变化》,《八桂侨刊》,2003年第1期。
69,赵红英:《试论中国大陆新移民的特征——北美与欧洲的比较》,《八桂侨刊》,2001年第3期。
70,赵红英:《近一二十年来中国大陆新移民若干问题的思考》,《华侨华人历史研究》,2000第4期。
71,钟水映,李晶,刘孟芳:《产业结构与城市化:美国的“去工业化”和“再城市化”现象及其启示》,《人口与经济》,2003年第2期。
72,周琪:《日益升温的美国反移民情绪》,《美国研究》1997年第1期。
73,朱慧玲:《近三十年来美国华侨华人职业与经济状况的变化及其发展态势》,《八桂侨刊》, 2007年第1期。
74,庄国土:《从移民到选民:1965年以来美国华人社会的发展变化》,《世界历史》200年第2期。
75,应世昌:《美国的移民政策和国外移民对美国经济发展的作用》,《世界经济研究》,1994年第1期。
76,袁奇、刘崇仪:《美国产业结构变动与服务业的发展》,《世界经济研究》,2007年第2期。
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②Frank D.Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose,eds., Immigration and Opportunity :Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, New York:Russell Sage Foundation,1999,p.7.
③Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, Houston:Center for Internatioal Studies,University of St,Thomas, p.6, http://www1.appstate.edu/~stefanov/student2002.pdf, 2006年2月10日下载。
④参见陈奕平:《当代美国外来移民的特征及影响分析》,《世界民族》,2004年第5期。
⑤钱皓:《美国移民大辩论历史透视》,《世界历史》,2001年第1期。
⑥Nicolaus Mills, ed., Arguing Immigration: The Debate over the Changing Face of America, New York:Touchstone, 1994,p.31.
⑦Nicholas Capaldi, ed., Immigration: Debating the Issues, New York:Prometheus Books,1997,p.172.
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①Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, Washington,D.C.:the American University Press,1994.
②Julian L. Simon, The Economic Consequences of Immigration, the university of Michigan press,1999,p.38.
③George J.Borjas, ed.,Issues in the Economics of Immigration, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2000,pp.51-115.
④George J.Borjas, Friends or Strangers:The Impact of Immigration on the U.S.Economy, New Nork:Basic Books,Inc., 1990, pp.45-46.
⑤Barry R. Chiswick,“The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.86, No.5 (Oct.,1978), pp.897-921.
①George J.Borjas,“The Economics of Immigration”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.ⅩⅩⅩⅡ,(December 1994), pp.1667-1717.
②Sherrie A. Kossoudji,“English Language Ability and the Labor Market Opportunities of Hispanic and East Asian Immigrant Men”, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol.6, No.2. (Apr.,1988), pp.205-228.
③Alberto Da′vila, Marie T. Mora, English Proficiency and Immigrant Entrepreneurial Income in the U.S.,University of Texas-Pan American, August 2002, http://www.econ.duke.edu/smpe/pdf-files/DAVMORA.pdf,2005年12月21日下载。
④George J.Borjas, Heaver’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1999,pp.51-54,56-58.
⑤Augustine J.Kposowa, The Impact of Immigration on the United States Economy, Lanham, Maryland:University Press of America,Inc,1998,p.26.
⑥Raymond J. Keating, A Nation of Immigrants, An Economy of Immigrants, September 2001, Washington,D.C.:Small Business Survival Committee, http://www.sbsc.org.media/pdf/BSCpolicyseries4immigrant.pdf?Formmode=&ID=0,2005年12月21日下载。
⑦David Card,“The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,Vol. 43,No.2. (Jan.,1990), pp. 245-257.
⑧David Card, Is the New Immigration Really so bad?, Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research,August 2005, http://www.nber.org/papers/w11547,2007年2月24日下载。
①Greater Twin Cities United Way, Immigrants and the Economy,June 2002, http://www.unitedwaytwincities.org/ news/download/Immigration%Economics.pdf,2005年12月26日下载。
②George J. Borjas,“The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.118, No.4 (Nov.,2003), pp.1335-1374.
③Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Does Immigration Affect Wages?, August 2003, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/Seminarpapers/ 21-01-03-BoR.pdf, 2005年12月26日下载。
④Vernon M.Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.51.
⑤Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean, eds., Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans, p.12.
⑥Frank D.Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose,eds., Immigration and Opportunity :Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States ,p.14.
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans:Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press,1997,p.224.
②Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds, and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda, eds., U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, Stanford University Press,1992,p.367.
③Kristopher Kaneta, Immigration and Its Effects on U.S. Labor Markets, http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/ppe/1999/kris.pdf, 2005-12-21; James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans:Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.6.
④Jean Baldwin Grossman,“The Substitutability of Natives and Immigrants in Production”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 64, No.4. (Nov.,1982), pp.596-603.
⑤Augustine J.Kposowa,The Impact of Immigration on the United States Economy, p.99.
⑥J. Samuel, P.L. Martin,J.E. Taylor, The Jobs and Effects of Migrant Workers in Northern America-Three Essays”, http://www.ilo/org/public/English/protection/migrant/download/imp10.pdf, 2006年1月21日下载。
①George J.Borjas, Immigration and Welfare:1970-1990, Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1994, http://www.nber.org/papers/w4872,2006年12月8日下载。
②James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans:Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp.254-294,342.
①Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, pp.34-35.
②Frank D.Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose,eds., Immigration and Opportunity :Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, pp.35-36.
③Augustine J.Kposowa,The Impact of Immigration on the United States Economy, pp.9-12.
①J. Samuel, P.L. Martin,J.E. Taylor, The Jobs and Effects of Migrant Workers in Northern America-Three Essays”.
②Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds, and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda, eds., U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, p.273.
③David Card,“The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,Vol. 43,No.2. (Jan.,1990), pp. 245-257.《熔炉下的火焰——美国的移民、民族和种族》,北京:东方出版社,1994年。
②姬虹:《美国新移民研究——1965年至今》,北京:知识产权出版社,2008年。
③陈奕平:《人口变迁与当代美国社会》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年。
①Philip Q Yang,Post-1965 Immigration to the United States:Structural Determinants, Westport,Connecticut:Praeger Publishers,1995,p.15.
①Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham,Lanham, Debating American Immigration, 1882-Present, p.42.
①Edward M. Kennedy,“The Immigration Act of 1965”,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 367,pp.137-149, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1034851,2008年10月18日下载。
②Arun Peter Lobo and Joseph J. Salvo,“Changing U.S. Immigration Law and the Occupational Selectivity of Asian Immigrants”,International Migration Review, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Autumn, 1998), pp. 737-760.
①Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,the university of Nortre Dame,2003,P.2,下载自ProQuest Digital Dissertations(PQDD)学位论文数据库。
②Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.17.
③Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, Hoover Institute Press,1998,p.14.
①Economic Report of the President, 2007, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, p.191.
②江时学:《对拉美进口替代工业化发展模式的初步总结》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1995年第6期。
③白凤森:《美拉关系中的移民问题》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1998年第3期。
④Gordon H. Hanson, et.al., Immigration and the U.S. Economy: Labor-Market Impacts, Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices, p.44.
⑤Paul Spickard, Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC., 2007,p.370.
①Wayne A. Cornelius,“From Sojourners to Settlers: The Changing Profile of Mexican Immigration to the United States”, pp.174-175.
②Susan C. Pearce, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait, p.6.
③Susan C. Pearce, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait, p.6.
④Susan C.Pearce, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait, p.5.
⑤Susan C.Pearce, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait, p.6. 45
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.58.
②U.S. Department of Commerce,Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000,p.33.
①U.S. Department of Commerce,Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000,p.36.
②Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, pp.7-8.
③George J. Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, p.49-50.
④Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, p.3.
①Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute,1994,p.34, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/305184_immigration_immigrants.pdf,2008年12月29日下载。
②George J. Borjas, ed.,Issues in the Economics of Immigration, pp.54-55.
③David L .Bartlett, U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, 2007,pp.12-13, http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/sr_jan07_bartlett.pdf, 2007年9月1日下载。
④George J. Borjas, ed.,Issues in the Economics of Immigration, pp.54-56.
⑤George J. Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, p.49.
①Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, pp.6-7.
①Edward Funkhouser,“Change in the Geographic Concentration and Location of Residence of Immigrants,”International Migration Review,Vol.34, No.2.(Summer,2000),pp.489-510.
②Richard D. Alba, et al.,“Immigrant Groups in the Suburbs: A Reexamination of Suburbanization and Spatial Assimilation”,American Sociological Review, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Jun., 1999), pp. 446-460.
③Charles Hirschman,Philip Kasinitz,Josh De Wind,eds., The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, New York: Russell Sage Foundation,p.158.
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⑤周敏:《美国华人社会的变迁》(郭南审译),上海三联书店,2006年版,第13页。
⑥Steven A.Camarota and Nora McArdle, Where Immigrants Live: An Examination of State Residency of The Foreign Born by Country of Origin in 1990 and 2000,参见Table 8“Percentage of Immigrants in Top State of Settlement 1990 and 2000
①黄苏:《战后美国产业结构变化的主要趋势》,《世纪经济》,1986年第6期,第75-79页。
②Economic Report of the President,1995, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office,P.288; Economic Report of the President,2003, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, p.292.
①参见景跃军的博士论文:《战后美国产业结构演变研究》,吉林大学2004年,第72、77页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, Second Edition, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p.192.
③参见景跃军的博士论文:《战后美国产业结构演变研究》,第72页。
④H.N.沙伊贝,H.G.瓦特,H.U.福克纳著:《近百年美国经济史》,彭松建等译,中国社会科学出版社,1983年,第550页。
⑤陈宝森:《当代美国经济》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001年,第164页。
①刘绪贻:《战后美国史:1945-2000》,第609页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, Second Edition, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p.194.
③孙群郎:《西方发达国家后工业社会的形成及其原因》,《社会科学战线》,2003年第6期。
④陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策:从罗斯福到里根》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2007年,第303-307页。
⑤袁奇,刘崇仪:《美国产业结构变动与服务业的发展》,《世界经济研究》,2007年第2期。
①刘绪贻:《战后美国史:1945-2000》,第611页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.196.
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策:从罗斯福到里根》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007年,第309-310页。
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.197.
③Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, pp.196-198.
④Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”,Monthly Labor Review, March 2000 , p.23,http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/03/art2full.pdf, 2009年8月15日下载。
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①H.N.沙伊贝,H.G.瓦特,H.U.福克纳著:《近百年美国经济史》,第549页。
②Joachim Singelmann and Harley L.Browning,“Industrial Transformation and Occupational Change in the U.S., 1960-70”, Social Forces, Vol.59, No.1 (Sep.,1980), pp.248-249.
③Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.196.
①Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence,p.367.
②Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”.
③Bureau of Labor Statistics,“Earnings and Employment Trends in the 1990s”.
④Jorge A.Bustamante, Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, p.170.
⑤M.Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, Richard Schauffler,“Divided Fates: Immigrant Children in a Restructured U.S. Economy”,International Migration Review, Vol.28, No.4, 1994, p.667.
①Economic Report of the President,2004, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, P.258.
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest, p.205.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.277-278.
②Wayne A.Cornelius and Jorge A.Bustamante, eds., Mexican Migration to the United States: Origins, Consequences,and Policy Options,Center for U.S.-Mexican studies,University of California, San Diego,1999,p.4.
③Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, p.277.
①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.,Mass Immigration and the National Interest, pp.208-210.
②Todd M. Godbout,“Employment Change and Sectoral Distribution in 10 Countries, 1970-1990”, Monthly Labor Review, October 1993,P.3.
③Marfa E.Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrant and the Changing Amercian Labor Market”, Population and Development Review, Vol.24,No.4,(Dec.,1998),p.812.
④Marfa E.Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrant and the Changing Amercian Labor Market”, p.814.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.353-354.
②Roger Waldinger,“Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed:New Evidence from Los Angeles”, Sociological persperctives,Vol.40,No.3,1997,p.367.
③Roger Waldinger,“Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed:New Evidence from Los Angeles”, p.368.
④Economic Report of the President,2007, p.204.
⑤Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.248-249.
①Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.14-15.
②Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.2.
③Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.4.
①转引自邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第66页。
②Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, p.3.
③Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,P.88.
④邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第62页。
⑤David L.Bartlett, Building A Competitive Workforce:Immigration and the U.S.Manufacturing Sector, P,1, Http://www.ailf.org/ipc/infocus/infocus_8_1_06.pdf, 2008年8月31日下载。
⑥转引自梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第411页。
①George J. Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, pp.97-99.
②Charles Hirschman,Philip Kasinitz,Josh De Wind,eds., The Handbook of International Miagration: Tth American Experience,pp.140-141.
①Roger Waldinger,“The Occupational and Economic Integration of the New Immigrants”, Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.45,No.2, (Spring,1982), pp.197-222.
②Roger Waldinger,“The Occupational and Economic Integration of the New Immigrants”.
③Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou,“The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.530, (Nov.,1993), pp.74-96.
①Mary C. Walters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, pp.141-142.
②美国大使馆:《交流杂志》,2000年,第三期。http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/jl0300_econimpact. html,2007年12月21日下载。
①Douglas S. Massey, et al.,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, pp.431-466.
②Jennifer Karas, Bridges and Barriers :Earnings and Occupational Attainment Among Immigrants, New York:LFB Scholarly Pbulishing LLc.,2002,p.8.
③Randy Capps and Karina Fortuny, The Integration of Immigrants and Their Families in Maryland: The Contributions of Immigrant Workers to the Economy, p.41, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/305184_immigration_immigrants.pdf, 2008年12月29日下载。
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight,pp.36-37.
①Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.120-121.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, pp.89-90.
③Mary C. Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, pp.154-160.
④Barry R. Chiswick,“Immigrants in the U. S. Labor Market”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 460, (Mar., 1982), pp. 64-72.
①Michael E. Hurst, The Assimilation of Immigration in the U.S. Labor Market: Employment and Labor Force Turnover,p.35.
②María E. Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrants and the Changing American Labor Market”.
③María E. Enchautegui,“Low-Skilled Immigrants and the Changing American Labor Market”.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, p.53.
⑤Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, November 2004, p.15.
⑥Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immigration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, p.53.
⑦Timothy Bates, Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream, Washington, D. C., the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997,p.24.
①Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, November 2004, p.15.
②Sherrie A. Kossoudji; Deborah A. Cobb-Clark,“Finding Good Opportunities within Unauthorized Markets: U.S. Occupational Mobility for Male Latino Workers”, International Migration Review, Vol. 30, No. 4. (Winter, 1996), pp. 901-924.
③Timothy Bates, Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream, p.16.
①George J.Borjas,Friends or Strangers:The Impact of Immigration on the U.S.Economy, p.51.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.42.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.42.
④George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.29-32.
⑤Congressional Budget Office,A Description of the Immigrant Population, p.14.
①William A. V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, p.106.
②William A.V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, pp.138,127.
③William A.V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class, pp.64-66.
①Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.102.
②Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.92.
③参见梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第35-48页。
①Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, New York: W. W. Norton &Company Inc.,1996,p.45.
②Roger Daniels and Otis L.Graham, Lanham, Debating American Immigration,1882-Present, p.25.
③参见梁茂信:《美国移民政策研究》,第256-258页。
①Francisco L.Rivera-Batiz, Migration and the Labor Market: Sectoral and Regional Effects in the U.S., December 1997, http://www.columbia.edu/~flr9/immig.pdf,2006年6月10日下载。
②Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.13,17-18.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,1998,pp.120-121.
④J.Samuel, P.L.Martin, J.E.Taylor,The Jobs and Effects of Migrant Workers in Northern America-Three Essays, p.29.
⑤Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.33.
⑥周琪:《日益升温的美国反移民情绪》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
⑦Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.31.
⑧Gordon H. Hanson, Kenneth F. Scheve, Matthew J.Slaughter, Antonio Spilimbergo, Immigration and the U.S. Economy:Labor-Market Impacts, Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices, p.39.
①Wayne A. Cornelius and Jorge A.Brstamante,eds., Mexican Migration to the united States:Origins,Consequences ,and Policy Options, p.39.
②Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, pp.143,17.
③Raymond J.Keating, A Nation of Immigrants,An Economy of Immigrants.
④Raymond J.Keating, A Nation of Immigrants,An Economy of Immigrants.
①Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America,pp.151-152.
②Pastora San Juan Cafferty,Barry R.Chiswick,Andrew M.Greeley,Teresa A.Sullivan,The Dilemma of American Immigration :Beyond the Golden Door, New Brunswick,New York:Transaction Books,1983,p.5.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.1.
④George J. 7Borjas,Friends or Strangers: the Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy, p.80.
①参见:George J.Borjas,Richard B.Freeman,Lawrence F.Katz,John DiNardo and John M.Abowd,“How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes?”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1997,No.1 (1997), pp.1-90; George J.Borjas, The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the impact of Immigration on the labor market.
②George J.Borjas, The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the impact of Immigration on the labor market, p.1.
③George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.73.
①移民数量与失业率分别引自U.S. Department of Justice,Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p.18;U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Time to 1970,Part 1,p.135.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Time to 1970,Part 1,p.135.
①U.S. Department of Justice,Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p.18.
②Economic Report of the President, 2007, p.281.
③George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.64.
④U.S. Department of Homeland Security,Office of Immigration Statistics,2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, p.16.
⑤数据根据美国劳工部的统计数字计算而得,网址为:http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet,2010年2月3日下载。
⑥数据根据美国劳工部的统计数字计算而得,网址为:http://www.bls.gov/lau/,2009年12月21日下载。
①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.102.
②Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.37.
③Immigration Policy Center, The Disparity Between Immigration Workers and Unemployed Natives:Untying the Knot, partⅠofⅢ,2009, http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Part%201%20-%20Unemployment%20Disconnect %20%2005-19-09.pdf, 2010年2月1日下载。
①David Card,“The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market”.
②转引自钟水映:《人口流动与社会经济发展》,武汉大学出版社,2000年,第290-291页。
③Economic Report of the President,2005, p.94.
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.108.
②Raymond J. Keating, A Nation of Immigrants, An Economy of Immigrants.
③Economic Report of the President,1986, P.224.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.53.
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.108.
②Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, p.63.
③参见Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.51; James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.223; Kristopher Kaneta, Immigration and Its Effects on U.S. Labor Markets, http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/ppe/1999/kris.pdf, 2005年12月21日下载; Michael J. Greenwood, Gary L.Hunt,“Economic Effects of Immigrants on Native and Foreign-Born Workers: Complementarity,Substitutability,and Other Channels of Influence”, Southern Economic Journal,Vol.61,No.4. (Apr.,1995), pp.1076-1097.
④James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.224.
①Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence, pp.364-365.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.112.
③Dan Siciliano, Immigration Adds Billions of Dollars to U.S. Economic Growth Every Year, http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Immigration%20Adds%20Billions%20of%20Dollars%20to%20U.S.%20Economic%20Growth%20Every%20Year%20041506.pdf,2010年2月1日下载。
①Dan Siciliano, Immigration Adds Billions of Dollars to U.S. Economic Growth Every Year.
②依据美国人口普查局统计数据计算。网址为:http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html, 2009-12-25.其中1980年以前的数据统计的是14岁及以上的男性人口。
③依据美国人口普查局统计数据计算。网址为:http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/state /statetoc.html,2009年10月12日下载。
④Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
⑤George J.Borjas, Friends or Strangers:The Impact of Immigration on the U.S.Economy, pp.110-111.
①George J.Borjas,The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market, p.32.
②Mary Jane Lppez, High-Skill Immigrants in the U.S.Economy:Do High-Skill Immigrants Substitute or Complement Native-Born Workers?,2003,pp.118-120,151.
③George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door:Immigration Policy and the American Economy, P.35.
④Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.22.
①罗伯特·布伦纳:《繁荣与泡沫:全球视角中的美国经济》,王生升译,北京:经济科学出版社,2003年,第45-47页。
②Economic Report of the President,1998, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office,p.119
③Maria A.Padilla,Impact of the Mexican Immigrant Labor Force in the United States Economy, p.22.
①George J. Borjas,“Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs”, International Migration Review, Vol.36, No.4 (Winter, 2002), pp.1093-1123.
②Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.139.
①Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, pp.123-124.
②George J. Borjas, Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.106,111.
③George J.Borjas, Stephen J.Trejo,“Immigrant Participation in the Welfare System”, Industrial & Labor Relations Review; Jan 1991; Academic Research Library,pp.195-211.
④George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.112-113.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
①George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.110.
②George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.109.
③Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.130.
④Stephen C.Loveless,Clifford P.McCue,Raymond B.Surette,and Dorothy Norris-Tirrell, Immigration and Its Impact on American Cities, Westport, Connecticut:Praeger Publishers, 1996,p.65.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.107.
①George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, pp.118-119.
②George J. Borjas,“Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs”.
①Mills, Nicolaus,et,al, Arguing Immigration :The Debate Over the Changing Face of America, p.71.
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.91.
③George J.Borjas, Immigration and Welfare:1970-1990, p.22.
④George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.121.
⑤George J. Borjas,Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.121.
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp.148-149.
②James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp. 254-294.
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston,eds.,The Immigration Debate:Studies on the Economic,Demographic,and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp.74,135.
④Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.95.
⑤Eric S. Rothman; Thomas J. Espenshade,“Fiscal Impacts of Immigration to the United States”, Population Index, Vol.58, No3.(Autumn,1992),p.P410.
①James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.276.
②Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy, The Impact of I mmigration on the California Economy, p.44,http://www.labor.ca.gov/panel/pdf/impactimmcaecon.pdf, 2005年12月26日下载。
③James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, pp. 254-294,342.
④Michael Fix and Jeffreg S. Passel, Immiration and Immigrants:Setting the Record Straight, P.70.
①Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, 2007,p.2, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/87xx/doc8711/12-6-Immigration.pdf,2009年4月17日下载。
②Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, pp.2-3,8.
①Congressional Budget Office, The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments, p.2.
②C·弗雷德·伯格斯坦主编:《美国与世界经济:未来十年美国的对外经济政策》,朱民等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2005年,第358页。
①U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics,2008 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, p.5.
①刘瑞常:《从美国人口满3亿看世界人口问题》,《市场报》,2006年10月18日。
②Nicholas Capaldi,ed., Immigration:Debating the Issues, P.164.
③Leon F.Bouvier,Peaceful Invasion: Immigration and Changing America,University Press of American,1992,pp.127-139.
④Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.81.
⑤Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.81.
⑥塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《我们是谁?——美国国家特性面临的挑战》,第212页。
①Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reduce U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, pp.41-42.
②James P.Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, p.63.
③David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p.3.
④David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p.4.
⑤Population Reference Bureau,2006 World Population Data Sheet,http://www.prb.org/pdf06/06WorldDataSheet.pdf, 2009年5月12日下载。
①U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.84.
②U.S. Department of Commerce,:Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2000, p.9.
③U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, p.84.
④Jongsung Kim,Labor Supply and Occupational Structure of Asian Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, P.26.
⑤Congressional Budget office,The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market, p.3.
①Arlene Dohm,“Gauging the Labor Force Effects of Retiring Baby-Boomers”, Monthly Labor Review, July 2000, p.17.
②American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, pp.8-9.
①American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
②American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
①American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.5.
②Economic Report of the President,2007, p.46.
③American Immigration Law Foundation, Economic Growth and Immigration: Ridging the Demographic Divide, p.4.
①Vernon M.Briggs Jr. and Stephen Moore,“Still an Open Door?: U.S.Immigration Policy and the American Economy”, in
Nicholas Capaldi,ed., Immigration:Debating the Issues, Amherest,New York:Prometheus Books,1997,pp.170-171.
①梁茂信:《美国吸引外来人才政策的演变与效用》,《东北师大学报》(哲学社会科学版),1997年第1期,第54-60页。
②转引自李工真:《纳粹德国知识难民在美国的“失语性”问题》,《历史研究》,2008年第6期,第167-192页。
①Lisandro Pérez,“Cubans in the United States”,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.487, (Sep.,1986), pp.126-137.
②U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,The Triennial Comprehensive Report on Immigration, pp.86-87.
③U.S. Department of Homeland Security,Office of Immigration Statistics, 2002 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,p.95.
④David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p15.
⑤David L .Bartlett,U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p15.
①转引自邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第66页。
②David L .Bartlett, U.S. Immigration Policy in Global Perspective: International Migration in OECD Counties, p15。
③Sébastien Bourgeols, Made in America? High-Skill Immigration to the U.S.,the University of Chicago,2002,p.61,下载自ProQuest Digital Dissertations(PQDD)学位论文数据库。
④中国美国史研究会网站:《美国高校的外国学生人数再度打破纪录》,http://www.ahrac.com/mgjw/mgwh/1767.html,2009年12月20日下载。
⑤Julia Oliver, First-Time S&E Graduate Enrollment of Foreign Students Rebounds in 2005, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics /infbrief/nsf07312/nsf07312.pdf, 2010年1月18日下载,根据第2页表格制作。
①Mark C. Regets, Research Issues in the International Migration of Highly Skilled Workers: A Perspective with Data from the United States, pp.12-13.
②Economic Report of the President,2007,p.201.
③Sébastien Bourgeols, Made in America? High-Skill Immigration to the U.S.,pp.12-13.
①马侠:《论“脑流失”》,《人口研究》,1993年第3期。
②转引自李工真:《纳粹德国流亡科学家的洲际移转》,《历史研究》,2005年第4期。
③Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.139.
④Economic Report of the President,2007,p.201.
⑤Economic Report of the President,2006, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, p.61.
①Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.137.
②钱领一、安娜李·萨克瑟尼安、李岷、侯燕俐:《美国新移民企业家调查报告》,《中国企业家》,2007年第6期。
③邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第260页。
①Vernon M. Briggs,Jr. and Stephen Moore, Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.137.
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③AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, p.10.
①AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.11-13
②AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.14-15
③AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.20-21.
①Peter Duignan and L.H.Gann,eds., The Debate in the United States over Immigration, p.245.
②AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, pp.22-23.
③邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第259页。
④钱领一、安娜李·萨克瑟尼安、李岷、侯燕俐:《美国新移民企业家调查报告》。
⑤邓蜀生:《世代悲欢美国梦——美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》,第319页。
①Leon F.Bouvier, Peaceful Invasions:Immigration and Changing America, p.87.
①Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. and Stephen Moore,Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.107.
②Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. and Stephen Moore,Still an Open Door? U.S. Immigration Policy and the American Economy, p.107.
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①Philip Martin,“Mexican Workers and U.S. Agriculture: The Revolving Door”, International Migration Review,Vol.36, No.4,(Winter,2002), pp.1124-1142.
②Economic Report of the President,2007, p.244.
③Economic Report of the President,2002, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, p.428.
④转引自戴超武:《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,第31页。
⑤Brian Q.Cannon,“Immigrants in American Agriculture”, Agricultural History, Vol.65, No.1(Winter,1991), pp.17-35.
⑥姬虹:《美国非法移民潮与布什的临时工计划》,《国际论坛》,2005年第6期。
①William Kandel and Ashok Mishra,Immigration Reform and Agriculture.
②Gordon H.Hanson,Kenneth F.Scheve,Matthew J.Slaughter,Antonio Spilimbergo, Immigration and the U.S.Economy: Labor-Market Impacts,Illegal Entry,and Policy Choices, p.38.
③Gordon H.Hanson,Kenneth F.Scheve,Matthew J.Slaughter,Antonio Spilimbergo, Immigration and the U.S.Economy: Labor-Market Impacts,Illegal Entry,and Policy Choices,p.2.
④Gordon H.Hanson,Kenneth F.Scheve,Matthew J.Slaughter,Antonio Spilimbergo, Immigration and the U.S.Economy: Labor-Market Impacts,Illegal Entry,and Policy Choices, p.40.
①Economic Report of the President,1986, P.228.
②Jorge A.Bustamante,Clark W.Reynolds,and Raúl A.Hinojasa Ojeda,eds.,U.S.-Mexico Relations:Labor Market Interdependence,p.463.
③Economic Report of the President,1986, P.228.
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