CO_2热物性参数计算及CO_2压缩机的节能调节方法研究
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摘要
为了准确计算二氧化碳的热物性参数,本文将赫姆霍兹自由能方程应用于二氧化碳热物性参数的计算,求出了二氧化碳的焓、熵以及压力等热物性参数,并将计算结果与用EES软件计算的结果进行了比较,两者的偏差可满足工程实际的要求,为二氧化碳的热物性参数的计算提供了一种好的方法。
某化工企业拟采用煤代油方案,将导致二氧化碳压缩机进口参数发生变化,为保证安全、节能,须对压缩机进行调节。而准确计算二氧化碳物性参数是对离心式二氧化碳压缩机进行性能校核及技术改造的有效保证,本文分别采用查压焓图表法、赫姆霍兹自有能法、临界压缩性系数法、L-K法、R-K法等五种方法,对二氧化碳在压缩机各段进出口工况点的物性参数进行计算,并对计算结果进行了分析、比较,指出五种方法对不同的物性参数计算精度不尽相同,而综合来看,赫姆霍兹自由能方法有着更好的准确度。本文第四章关于二氧化碳压缩机的调节计算就采用了此种方法。
为了提出最佳的改造方案,本文采用增大标准流量、调节转速、进口预旋以及进口节流等多种方法对压缩机进行调节,计算了各种调节方式二氧化碳压缩机每段的进口冲角,讨论了压缩机能否正常运行以及其运行效率,综合各种调节方法的使用,给出了使压缩机预防喘振、稳定运行的调节方案。
For the sake of precisely calculating the thermophysical properties of the carbon dioxide, this thesis uses Helmholtz free energy to calculate the thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide. Through calculating, we get the pressure, entropy and enthalpy of the carbon dioxide. When compared with the result from the EES, we find the windage is small enough to satisfy the actual request. It provides a good method to calculate the thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide.
A chemical engineering enterprise is going to adopt coal substitute oil as energy source, it would result in the change of carbon dioxide compressor inlet parameters. To guarantee the safety and energy-saving, the compressor must be mediated. Precise calculation on thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide is effective on property colibration and technical renovation for carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor. In my thesis , five schemes are adopted respectively, such as Pressure-Enthalpy diagram and saturated tables lookup method, the Helmholtz free energy method, critical compressibility coefficient method, L-K method and R-K method, to compute thermophysical properties on the compressor’s operation points of carbon dioxide. Consequent results are analyzed and compared, which shows that there’re some differences concerning calculating precision of distinct thermophysical properties. But the Helmholtz free energy method is the best choice because of its good nicety. In the fourth chapter of my thesis, we use the Helmholtz free energy method for the adjustment calculate of the carbon dioxide compressor.
So as to give the best adjustment choice, this thesis adopts aggrandizement of standard flow, regulate rotation rate, mount inlet whirl, and inlet throttle means to adjust compressor, counts per segmental import angle of attack of carbon dioxide compressor, discuss compressor can be able to failure-free operation or not, as well as its operating efficiency. With considering all methods, It gives the best choice to preventing asthmatic aremble , and make the compressor operate stably.
某化工企业拟采用煤代油方案,将导致二氧化碳压缩机进口参数发生变化,为保证安全、节能,须对压缩机进行调节。而准确计算二氧化碳物性参数是对离心式二氧化碳压缩机进行性能校核及技术改造的有效保证,本文分别采用查压焓图表法、赫姆霍兹自有能法、临界压缩性系数法、L-K法、R-K法等五种方法,对二氧化碳在压缩机各段进出口工况点的物性参数进行计算,并对计算结果进行了分析、比较,指出五种方法对不同的物性参数计算精度不尽相同,而综合来看,赫姆霍兹自由能方法有着更好的准确度。本文第四章关于二氧化碳压缩机的调节计算就采用了此种方法。
为了提出最佳的改造方案,本文采用增大标准流量、调节转速、进口预旋以及进口节流等多种方法对压缩机进行调节,计算了各种调节方式二氧化碳压缩机每段的进口冲角,讨论了压缩机能否正常运行以及其运行效率,综合各种调节方法的使用,给出了使压缩机预防喘振、稳定运行的调节方案。
For the sake of precisely calculating the thermophysical properties of the carbon dioxide, this thesis uses Helmholtz free energy to calculate the thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide. Through calculating, we get the pressure, entropy and enthalpy of the carbon dioxide. When compared with the result from the EES, we find the windage is small enough to satisfy the actual request. It provides a good method to calculate the thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide.
A chemical engineering enterprise is going to adopt coal substitute oil as energy source, it would result in the change of carbon dioxide compressor inlet parameters. To guarantee the safety and energy-saving, the compressor must be mediated. Precise calculation on thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide is effective on property colibration and technical renovation for carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor. In my thesis , five schemes are adopted respectively, such as Pressure-Enthalpy diagram and saturated tables lookup method, the Helmholtz free energy method, critical compressibility coefficient method, L-K method and R-K method, to compute thermophysical properties on the compressor’s operation points of carbon dioxide. Consequent results are analyzed and compared, which shows that there’re some differences concerning calculating precision of distinct thermophysical properties. But the Helmholtz free energy method is the best choice because of its good nicety. In the fourth chapter of my thesis, we use the Helmholtz free energy method for the adjustment calculate of the carbon dioxide compressor.
So as to give the best adjustment choice, this thesis adopts aggrandizement of standard flow, regulate rotation rate, mount inlet whirl, and inlet throttle means to adjust compressor, counts per segmental import angle of attack of carbon dioxide compressor, discuss compressor can be able to failure-free operation or not, as well as its operating efficiency. With considering all methods, It gives the best choice to preventing asthmatic aremble , and make the compressor operate stably.
引文
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[2]薛卫东,朱正和,邹乐西,张广丰.二氧化碳热力学性质的理论计算.原子与分子物理学报. 2002 ,Vol.19(1)
[3] Lorentzen G. Revival of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant [J]. Part 2.H & V Engineer, 1993, 66(722): 10~12
[4]王侃宏.二氧化碳跨临界循环的理论分析与实验研究[D].天津:天津大学,2000
[5] W.Duschek ,VDI Fortschritt-ber.Reihe3,Nr.187(VDI-Verlag,Dusseldort),1989
[6] W.Duschek ,R. Kleinrahm, and W. Wagner , J. Chen. Thermodyn. 22, 841(1990)
[7] S. Klein, F. Alvarado, Engineering equation solver, F-chart software, Middleton, WI, 1996
[8] Tatyana Kuznetsova. Atomistic computer simulations for thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide at low temperatures. Energy Conversion and Management 43 (2002) 2601–2623
[9] Li xinsun,Sergei,B. Kiselev,James F. Ely. Multiparameter crossover equation of state: Generalized algorithmand application to carbon dioxide
[10]大化肥二氧化碳离心压缩机关键技术获突破.大氮肥.2004,Vol.27
[11]王廷俊.气体压缩机在石化工业的应用和发展.通用机械.2005,Vol.16
[12]丁克北.离心压缩机故障诊断研究现状及发展趋势.炼油与化工.2002,Vol.16
[13]洪定一.塑料工业手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社.1999
[14]陈乐怡.第二代聚烯烃技术.石化技术.1997,Vol.4(1)
[15] Greitzer E M. Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors : Theoretical Compression System Model [J]. Journal of Engineering for Power ,1976 ,98 :190 - 198
[16] Moore F K, Greitzer E M. A Theory of Post-Stall Tran2sient in Axial CompressionSystems .Development of Equa2tions [J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines Power ,1986 ,108 :68– 76
[17] Epstein A H ,Willams J E ,Greitzer E M. Active Suppression of Aerodynamic Instabilities in Turbo machinery [J] . Journal of Propulsion and Power ,1989 ,5(2) :204– 211
[18] Williams J E , Huang X. Active Stabilization of Compressor Surge[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery ,1989 ,204 :245 - 262
[19] Gravdal J T, Egeland O. Centrifugal Compressor Surge andSpeed Control [J]. Control System Technolog ,1999 ,7 (5) :567 - 579
[20] [20] [J]. Journal of Turbo machinery , 1993 ,115 :57 - 57
[21] Abed E H, Houpt. P K, Hosny W M. Bifurcation Analysis of Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors [J] .Journal of Turbo machinery,1994 , 115:817– 824
[22] Badmus O O ,Chowdhury S, Nett C N. Nonlinear Control of Surge in Axial Compression Systems[J ] . Automatic, 1996 ,32 (1) :59 - 70.
[23] Franco Blanchini , Pietro Giannattasio. Adaptive Control of Compressor Surge Instability[J ] . Automatic, 2002 ,38 :1373- 1380.
[24] Willems F ,de Jager B. Modeling and Control of Compressor Flow Instabilities[J ] . Control System Management ,1999 ,19 (5) :8 - 18.
[25] Lixin Sun, Sergei B. Kiselev, James F. Ely Multiparameter crossover equation of state: Generalized algorithm and application to carbon dioxide. Fluid Phase Equilibria 233 (2005) 204–219
[26] J.chao. in TRC thermodydynamic tables hydrocarbons, K.W.marsh, coordinating editor. texas A&M university,Austin,1983 vol.Ⅷ
[27] J.Ewers and W. Wagner ,A Method for Optimitical the Structure Of Equations of State And its Application to an Equation of State for Oxygen,in Proc. 8th Symp. Thermophys. Prop.Vol.1, J.V.Sengers, coordinating editor (Am.Soc.Mech.Eng.,New York,1982)
[28] U. Setzmann and W. Wagner , J. Phys. Chem.. Ref. Date 20, 1061(1990)
[29] I.M.Abdulagatov,N.G.Polikhronidi, and R.G.Batyrova, Ber. Bunsenger.Phys. CHEM. 98, 1068(1994)
[30] S.B. Kiselev, Fluid Phase Equilib. 147 (1998) 7
[31] A.Z. Patashinskii, V.L. Pokrovskii, Fluctuation Theory of Phase Transitions, Pergamon, New York, 1979
[32] Z.Y. Chen,P.C. Albright, J.V. Sengers, Phys. Rev. A 41 (1990) 3161
[33] S.B. Kiselev, J.F. Ely, L. Lue, J.R. Elliott, Fluid Phase Equilib. 200(2002) 121
[34] Angus S, Armstrong B, Reuck K.M de. International thermodynamic tables of the fluid state carbon dioxide[M]. Pergamon,1976 :108～156
[35] ASHRAE Handbook 1997(SI),ASHRAE,1997
[36]曹德胜等.制冷剂使用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003
[37]张祉佑,石秉三.低温技术原理与装置上册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1987
[38]西安交通大学透平压缩机教研室.离心式压缩机原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1980
[39] H Li, X Ji, J Yan. A new modification on RK for gaseous CO2 and gaseous mixtures of CO2 and H2O[J]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERG RESEARCH, 2005
[40]童景山.化工热力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[41]李海根.二氧化碳压缩机增产节能改造技术方案的研究.北京化工大学,硕士学位论文,2001
[42]宋智民.离心压缩机性能与喘振的预测.风机技术,2001年04期,56-58
[43]谭佳健,毛义军,祁大同等.离心式压缩机可调进口导叶研究综述.风机技术,2006,Vol.3
[44]西安交通大学透平压缩机教研室.离心式压缩机原理.北京:机械工业出版社,1980
[45]张克危.流体机械原理.机械工业出版社,2000
[46] Skoch,Gary J.Experimental investigation of diffuser hub injection to improve centrifugal compressor stability.Journal of Turbomachinery,January 2005 P107-117
[47] Reddy,T.Ch,Siva;Murty,G.V.Ramana;Mukkavili,P.Effect of the setting angle of a low-solidity vaned diffuser on the performance of a centrifugal compressor stage.Proc.inst.Mech.Eng.PartAJ.Power Eng, December 2004,P637
[2]薛卫东,朱正和,邹乐西,张广丰.二氧化碳热力学性质的理论计算.原子与分子物理学报. 2002 ,Vol.19(1)
[3] Lorentzen G. Revival of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant [J]. Part 2.H & V Engineer, 1993, 66(722): 10~12
[4]王侃宏.二氧化碳跨临界循环的理论分析与实验研究[D].天津:天津大学,2000
[5] W.Duschek ,VDI Fortschritt-ber.Reihe3,Nr.187(VDI-Verlag,Dusseldort),1989
[6] W.Duschek ,R. Kleinrahm, and W. Wagner , J. Chen. Thermodyn. 22, 841(1990)
[7] S. Klein, F. Alvarado, Engineering equation solver, F-chart software, Middleton, WI, 1996
[8] Tatyana Kuznetsova. Atomistic computer simulations for thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide at low temperatures. Energy Conversion and Management 43 (2002) 2601–2623
[9] Li xinsun,Sergei,B. Kiselev,James F. Ely. Multiparameter crossover equation of state: Generalized algorithmand application to carbon dioxide
[10]大化肥二氧化碳离心压缩机关键技术获突破.大氮肥.2004,Vol.27
[11]王廷俊.气体压缩机在石化工业的应用和发展.通用机械.2005,Vol.16
[12]丁克北.离心压缩机故障诊断研究现状及发展趋势.炼油与化工.2002,Vol.16
[13]洪定一.塑料工业手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社.1999
[14]陈乐怡.第二代聚烯烃技术.石化技术.1997,Vol.4(1)
[15] Greitzer E M. Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors : Theoretical Compression System Model [J]. Journal of Engineering for Power ,1976 ,98 :190 - 198
[16] Moore F K, Greitzer E M. A Theory of Post-Stall Tran2sient in Axial CompressionSystems .Development of Equa2tions [J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines Power ,1986 ,108 :68– 76
[17] Epstein A H ,Willams J E ,Greitzer E M. Active Suppression of Aerodynamic Instabilities in Turbo machinery [J] . Journal of Propulsion and Power ,1989 ,5(2) :204– 211
[18] Williams J E , Huang X. Active Stabilization of Compressor Surge[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery ,1989 ,204 :245 - 262
[19] Gravdal J T, Egeland O. Centrifugal Compressor Surge andSpeed Control [J]. Control System Technolog ,1999 ,7 (5) :567 - 579
[20] [20] [J]. Journal of Turbo machinery , 1993 ,115 :57 - 57
[21] Abed E H, Houpt. P K, Hosny W M. Bifurcation Analysis of Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors [J] .Journal of Turbo machinery,1994 , 115:817– 824
[22] Badmus O O ,Chowdhury S, Nett C N. Nonlinear Control of Surge in Axial Compression Systems[J ] . Automatic, 1996 ,32 (1) :59 - 70.
[23] Franco Blanchini , Pietro Giannattasio. Adaptive Control of Compressor Surge Instability[J ] . Automatic, 2002 ,38 :1373- 1380.
[24] Willems F ,de Jager B. Modeling and Control of Compressor Flow Instabilities[J ] . Control System Management ,1999 ,19 (5) :8 - 18.
[25] Lixin Sun, Sergei B. Kiselev, James F. Ely Multiparameter crossover equation of state: Generalized algorithm and application to carbon dioxide. Fluid Phase Equilibria 233 (2005) 204–219
[26] J.chao. in TRC thermodydynamic tables hydrocarbons, K.W.marsh, coordinating editor. texas A&M university,Austin,1983 vol.Ⅷ
[27] J.Ewers and W. Wagner ,A Method for Optimitical the Structure Of Equations of State And its Application to an Equation of State for Oxygen,in Proc. 8th Symp. Thermophys. Prop.Vol.1, J.V.Sengers, coordinating editor (Am.Soc.Mech.Eng.,New York,1982)
[28] U. Setzmann and W. Wagner , J. Phys. Chem.. Ref. Date 20, 1061(1990)
[29] I.M.Abdulagatov,N.G.Polikhronidi, and R.G.Batyrova, Ber. Bunsenger.Phys. CHEM. 98, 1068(1994)
[30] S.B. Kiselev, Fluid Phase Equilib. 147 (1998) 7
[31] A.Z. Patashinskii, V.L. Pokrovskii, Fluctuation Theory of Phase Transitions, Pergamon, New York, 1979
[32] Z.Y. Chen,P.C. Albright, J.V. Sengers, Phys. Rev. A 41 (1990) 3161
[33] S.B. Kiselev, J.F. Ely, L. Lue, J.R. Elliott, Fluid Phase Equilib. 200(2002) 121
[34] Angus S, Armstrong B, Reuck K.M de. International thermodynamic tables of the fluid state carbon dioxide[M]. Pergamon,1976 :108～156
[35] ASHRAE Handbook 1997(SI),ASHRAE,1997
[36]曹德胜等.制冷剂使用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003
[37]张祉佑,石秉三.低温技术原理与装置上册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1987
[38]西安交通大学透平压缩机教研室.离心式压缩机原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1980
[39] H Li, X Ji, J Yan. A new modification on RK for gaseous CO2 and gaseous mixtures of CO2 and H2O[J]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERG RESEARCH, 2005
[40]童景山.化工热力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[41]李海根.二氧化碳压缩机增产节能改造技术方案的研究.北京化工大学,硕士学位论文,2001
[42]宋智民.离心压缩机性能与喘振的预测.风机技术,2001年04期,56-58
[43]谭佳健,毛义军,祁大同等.离心式压缩机可调进口导叶研究综述.风机技术,2006,Vol.3
[44]西安交通大学透平压缩机教研室.离心式压缩机原理.北京:机械工业出版社,1980
[45]张克危.流体机械原理.机械工业出版社,2000
[46] Skoch,Gary J.Experimental investigation of diffuser hub injection to improve centrifugal compressor stability.Journal of Turbomachinery,January 2005 P107-117
[47] Reddy,T.Ch,Siva;Murty,G.V.Ramana;Mukkavili,P.Effect of the setting angle of a low-solidity vaned diffuser on the performance of a centrifugal compressor stage.Proc.inst.Mech.Eng.PartAJ.Power Eng, December 2004,P637