多项目进度优化及资源均衡方法研究
摘要
近些年来，在经济与科技的繁荣发展中，中国企业也逐步呈现多元化、规模化的趋势。随着各企业承担项目的规模及数量的快速扩展，在项目实施过程中亦凸显出诸如：不能及时完工、预算严重超支以及资源调配严重不合理等现象。为了使有限资源得到更有效地利用并实现企业的低成本、高利润，一种全新的项目管理方式应运而生，称为多项目管理。
本文以项目管理及现代管理学为理论指导，对多项目管理中的项目进度优化方法进行展开研究，并在资源受限的条件下分三层建立相应的多项目进度优化模型，通过运用启发式算法求解缩短各项目的实施工期，并使所需资源尽可能地均衡分配。模型采用三级目标：第一级目标是使得各项目工期与预定工期相比拖期最短；第二级目标是使得共享资源的消耗尽可能地均衡；第三级目标是由各项目负责人根据给定的有限资源及工期要求来制定具体的进度计划，使自己的项目工期尽可能短，从而使由于工期拖期造成的惩罚最小(或者由于工期提前得到的奖励最大)。
此外，当共享资源有限且资源在多项目间使用发生冲突时，本文通过对影响项目进度的各种因素进行分析，建立了优先权模型，通过求解优先权系数来对资源发生冲突的各工作进行排序，进而协助制定项目进度计划，有效解决资源均衡问题，从而为模型的整体优化提供条件。
With the rapid development of economy and technology, Chineseenterprises have tended to become diversified and large-scale. In recentyears, the enterprises begin to assume more and more projects, andaccompanied by the size of these projects increasing, but it is alsohighlighted some bad phenomena such as project can not be completed ina timely manner, budget overruns seriously or allocation of resourcesbecomes irrational etc. Therefore, in order to make more effective use oflimited resources, multi-project management as a new projectmanagement approach emerged, and it can make Low-cost and highprofit for enterprises.
The paper using the theory of modern project management guides usto study the way of project schedule optimization, and establishes thecorresponding multi-project schedule optimization model which dividedinto three layers in the resource-constrained conditions, finally, using theheuristic algorithm to shorten the project duration and distribute therequired resources balanced. The model that established in this paper useshierarchical model which divided into three levels: the first-sub goal is tomake the duration of each project shorter than it’s predetermined duration;the second-sub goal is to make the consumption of shared resources keepin a balanced level; the third-sub goal is to develop a specific schedule bythe project leader according to the limited resources and scheduledduration to shorten the actual duration of this project, so that they can geta minor punishment because of durations been delayed or get a rewardbecause of durations been advanced.
In addition, this paper established the priority model by analyzingthe various factors which affected the progress of the project. This priority model will be used to arrange the start-time of each task bycalculating priority coefficient when the shared resources were limited. Inshort, these multi-project schedule optimization models can help developproject schedule and make resource balanced use, providing support forthe overall optimization of the projects.
本文以项目管理及现代管理学为理论指导，对多项目管理中的项目进度优化方法进行展开研究，并在资源受限的条件下分三层建立相应的多项目进度优化模型，通过运用启发式算法求解缩短各项目的实施工期，并使所需资源尽可能地均衡分配。模型采用三级目标：第一级目标是使得各项目工期与预定工期相比拖期最短；第二级目标是使得共享资源的消耗尽可能地均衡；第三级目标是由各项目负责人根据给定的有限资源及工期要求来制定具体的进度计划，使自己的项目工期尽可能短，从而使由于工期拖期造成的惩罚最小(或者由于工期提前得到的奖励最大)。
此外，当共享资源有限且资源在多项目间使用发生冲突时，本文通过对影响项目进度的各种因素进行分析，建立了优先权模型，通过求解优先权系数来对资源发生冲突的各工作进行排序，进而协助制定项目进度计划，有效解决资源均衡问题，从而为模型的整体优化提供条件。
With the rapid development of economy and technology, Chineseenterprises have tended to become diversified and large-scale. In recentyears, the enterprises begin to assume more and more projects, andaccompanied by the size of these projects increasing, but it is alsohighlighted some bad phenomena such as project can not be completed ina timely manner, budget overruns seriously or allocation of resourcesbecomes irrational etc. Therefore, in order to make more effective use oflimited resources, multi-project management as a new projectmanagement approach emerged, and it can make Low-cost and highprofit for enterprises.
The paper using the theory of modern project management guides usto study the way of project schedule optimization, and establishes thecorresponding multi-project schedule optimization model which dividedinto three layers in the resource-constrained conditions, finally, using theheuristic algorithm to shorten the project duration and distribute therequired resources balanced. The model that established in this paper useshierarchical model which divided into three levels: the first-sub goal is tomake the duration of each project shorter than it’s predetermined duration;the second-sub goal is to make the consumption of shared resources keepin a balanced level; the third-sub goal is to develop a specific schedule bythe project leader according to the limited resources and scheduledduration to shorten the actual duration of this project, so that they can geta minor punishment because of durations been delayed or get a rewardbecause of durations been advanced.
In addition, this paper established the priority model by analyzingthe various factors which affected the progress of the project. This priority model will be used to arrange the start-time of each task bycalculating priority coefficient when the shared resources were limited. Inshort, these multi-project schedule optimization models can help developproject schedule and make resource balanced use, providing support forthe overall optimization of the projects.
引文
[1]张厚先,杨昭兰.工期固定——资源均衡优化方法的改进[J].建筑技术,2009,40(4):371-372
[2]张友良.面向二十一世纪的生产模式及其先进制造技术[J].机械科学与技术,1997(3):1-5
[3]樊仕君.多项目组合的进度控制和资源优化配置[J].项目管理技术,2008(S1)
[4]王友梅. C工程项目进度管理方案研究[D].西北大学,2008.5
[5]柴彭颐.项目管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.10
[6] Julie Stallecardinal, Franck Marle. Project：The just necessary structure toreach your goals[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2006,24(3)226-233
[7]《中国工程管理环顾与展望》编委会.中国工程管理环顾与展望:首届工程管理论坛论文集锦[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.7
[8]陈天星.浅谈施工工程项目的进度控制[J].科技创新与应用,2012(04)
[9]梁俊.工程项目管理中施工进度的管理[J].第二十二届中国(天津)IT、网络、信息技术、电子、仪器仪表创新学术会议,2008:183-186
[10]卡玛拉,周晶.多资源工程进度管理优化方法研究[J].商业时代,2009(03)
[11]徐玉凤,董亚辉.项目进度管理[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006.12
[12] Goldratt EM.著,齐若兰译,目标[M].电子工业出版社,2006.1
[13] Goldratt EM. Critical Chain[M]. New York: North River Press，1997
[14] Patrick F S. Critical Chain and Risk Management--Protecting Project Valuefrom Uncertainty [DB/OL] http://www.focusdperformance.com.2006.10.21
[15] Eliyahu Goldratt. Viable Vision[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of ElectronicsIndustry,2007.
[16]赵德刚.关键链法在工程多项目进度管理中的应用[J].项目管理技术,2008(z1)
[17]马国丰,尤建新.项目进度的制约因素管理[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[18] I. Kurtulus, E. W. Davis. Multi-project scheduling: Categorization of heuristicrules performance[J]．Management Science,1982(28):161-172
[19] Tsubakitani Shigeru, Deckro Richard F.. A heuristic for multi-projectscheduling with limited resources in the housing industry[J]．European Journalof Operational Research,1990(49):80-91
[20]柴彭颐.项目管理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2009.10.1
[21]张鸿喜,付延敏. FIDIC合同条件下的赶工问题[J].人民黄河,1999,21(4):28-30
[22]科兹纳(美)著,杨爱华译.项目管理[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2010.6.1
[23]哈罗德·科兹纳(Harold Kerzner)著,杨爱华,王丽珍,石一辰译.项目管理:计划、进度和控制的系统方法[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2010.6.1
[24] Robert C. Newbold. Project Management in the fast Lane: Applying the theoryof constraints[M]. The CRC Press, March25.1998
[25] A.B. Cleveland, Jr.. Harvesting The Value OF Information[J]. Journal OfManagement in Engineering, August15.1999(37)
[26] Tarek Hegazy. Optimization of resource allocation and leveling using geneticalgorithms [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1999,125,(3):167
[27]姚方方.项目工期资源优化方式研究[J].电脑知识与技术,2012(8)
[28]刘伟军,袁剑波.基于遗传算法的工程项目资源优化[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(21)
[29]玄光男,程润伟著,汪定伟,唐加福,黄敏译.遗传算法与工程设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[30] Christofides, N., Alvarez-Valdes, R., Tamarit, J. M.. Project scheduling withresource constraints: A branch and bound approach[J]. European Journal ofoperational Research,1987(29):262-273
[31]田丰春.利用遗传算法实现项目资源管理优化[J].南京晓庄学院学报,2003(19)
[32]吉日嘎巴特尔.综合模糊聚类分析方法[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),1994(01)
[33]王秀珍.摸糊聚类分析法及其应用[J].长沙大学学报,1999.13(4):46-49
[34]罗承忠.模糊集引论[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,2007.2
[35]孙惠琴,熊璋.基于粗集的模糊聚类方法和结果评[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2004,43(5):819-822
[36]王先甲,罗荣桂.分时电价的二层决策模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究2002(1)
[37]夏洪胜,盛昭瀚.一种两层非线性多目标决策方法[J].控制与决策,1992,07(04)
[38] S Pender. Managing incomplete knowledge: Why risk management is notsufficient[J]. International Journal of Project Management.2001,19(2)79-87
[39]孙军.项目进度计划与控制[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2008.3
[40]刘伊生,王要武.工程项目进度计划与控制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2008.11
[41]张建新.工程项目管理进度控制管理实务[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2008.5
[42]夏增明,史云德.建设工程总承包进度管理与进度计划编制探讨[J].吉林电力,2006(02)
[43] Ofer Zwikael, Yuval Cohen, Arik Sadeh. Non-delay scheduling as a managerialapproach for managing projects[J]. International Journal of ProjectManagement.2006.5(24)330-336
[44]赵德刚.关键链法在工程多项目进度管理中的应用[J].项目管理技术,2008(s1)
[45]苏杰,刘玉峰,徐菊.基于层次分析法的房地产多项目冲突管理研究[J].价值工程,2010(20)
[46]尹世强.项目进度管理的有效方式[J].山西科技,2006(1)
[47]王忠伟.大型工程项目的资源优化[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005
[48]李家昊.基于自组织有序度的项目网络计划综合优化的研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.
[49] Viana, Ana, Pinho de Sousa, Jorge. Using metaheuristics in multi-objectiveresource constrained project scheduling[J]. European Journal of OperationalResearch,2000,120(2):359-374
[50] Robert Klein. Bidirectional Planning: improving Priority rule-based heuristicsfor scheduling resource-constrained Projects[J]. European Journal ofOperational Research, December2000,127(3):619–638
[51] John H. Holland. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems[M],Cambridge Massachusetts, the MIT press, April29,1992
[52]戴书文.组合优化中启发式算法的研究分析[J].淮南职业技术学院学报.2005,5(01)
[2]张友良.面向二十一世纪的生产模式及其先进制造技术[J].机械科学与技术,1997(3):1-5
[3]樊仕君.多项目组合的进度控制和资源优化配置[J].项目管理技术,2008(S1)
[4]王友梅. C工程项目进度管理方案研究[D].西北大学,2008.5
[5]柴彭颐.项目管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.10
[6] Julie Stallecardinal, Franck Marle. Project：The just necessary structure toreach your goals[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2006,24(3)226-233
[7]《中国工程管理环顾与展望》编委会.中国工程管理环顾与展望:首届工程管理论坛论文集锦[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.7
[8]陈天星.浅谈施工工程项目的进度控制[J].科技创新与应用,2012(04)
[9]梁俊.工程项目管理中施工进度的管理[J].第二十二届中国(天津)IT、网络、信息技术、电子、仪器仪表创新学术会议,2008:183-186
[10]卡玛拉,周晶.多资源工程进度管理优化方法研究[J].商业时代,2009(03)
[11]徐玉凤,董亚辉.项目进度管理[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006.12
[12] Goldratt EM.著,齐若兰译,目标[M].电子工业出版社,2006.1
[13] Goldratt EM. Critical Chain[M]. New York: North River Press，1997
[14] Patrick F S. Critical Chain and Risk Management--Protecting Project Valuefrom Uncertainty [DB/OL] http://www.focusdperformance.com.2006.10.21
[15] Eliyahu Goldratt. Viable Vision[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of ElectronicsIndustry,2007.
[16]赵德刚.关键链法在工程多项目进度管理中的应用[J].项目管理技术,2008(z1)
[17]马国丰,尤建新.项目进度的制约因素管理[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[18] I. Kurtulus, E. W. Davis. Multi-project scheduling: Categorization of heuristicrules performance[J]．Management Science,1982(28):161-172
[19] Tsubakitani Shigeru, Deckro Richard F.. A heuristic for multi-projectscheduling with limited resources in the housing industry[J]．European Journalof Operational Research,1990(49):80-91
[20]柴彭颐.项目管理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2009.10.1
[21]张鸿喜,付延敏. FIDIC合同条件下的赶工问题[J].人民黄河,1999,21(4):28-30
[22]科兹纳(美)著,杨爱华译.项目管理[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2010.6.1
[23]哈罗德·科兹纳(Harold Kerzner)著,杨爱华,王丽珍,石一辰译.项目管理:计划、进度和控制的系统方法[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2010.6.1
[24] Robert C. Newbold. Project Management in the fast Lane: Applying the theoryof constraints[M]. The CRC Press, March25.1998
[25] A.B. Cleveland, Jr.. Harvesting The Value OF Information[J]. Journal OfManagement in Engineering, August15.1999(37)
[26] Tarek Hegazy. Optimization of resource allocation and leveling using geneticalgorithms [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1999,125,(3):167
[27]姚方方.项目工期资源优化方式研究[J].电脑知识与技术,2012(8)
[28]刘伟军,袁剑波.基于遗传算法的工程项目资源优化[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(21)
[29]玄光男,程润伟著,汪定伟,唐加福,黄敏译.遗传算法与工程设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[30] Christofides, N., Alvarez-Valdes, R., Tamarit, J. M.. Project scheduling withresource constraints: A branch and bound approach[J]. European Journal ofoperational Research,1987(29):262-273
[31]田丰春.利用遗传算法实现项目资源管理优化[J].南京晓庄学院学报,2003(19)
[32]吉日嘎巴特尔.综合模糊聚类分析方法[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),1994(01)
[33]王秀珍.摸糊聚类分析法及其应用[J].长沙大学学报,1999.13(4):46-49
[34]罗承忠.模糊集引论[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,2007.2
[35]孙惠琴,熊璋.基于粗集的模糊聚类方法和结果评[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2004,43(5):819-822
[36]王先甲,罗荣桂.分时电价的二层决策模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究2002(1)
[37]夏洪胜,盛昭瀚.一种两层非线性多目标决策方法[J].控制与决策,1992,07(04)
[38] S Pender. Managing incomplete knowledge: Why risk management is notsufficient[J]. International Journal of Project Management.2001,19(2)79-87
[39]孙军.项目进度计划与控制[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2008.3
[40]刘伊生,王要武.工程项目进度计划与控制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2008.11
[41]张建新.工程项目管理进度控制管理实务[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2008.5
[42]夏增明,史云德.建设工程总承包进度管理与进度计划编制探讨[J].吉林电力,2006(02)
[43] Ofer Zwikael, Yuval Cohen, Arik Sadeh. Non-delay scheduling as a managerialapproach for managing projects[J]. International Journal of ProjectManagement.2006.5(24)330-336
[44]赵德刚.关键链法在工程多项目进度管理中的应用[J].项目管理技术,2008(s1)
[45]苏杰,刘玉峰,徐菊.基于层次分析法的房地产多项目冲突管理研究[J].价值工程,2010(20)
[46]尹世强.项目进度管理的有效方式[J].山西科技,2006(1)
[47]王忠伟.大型工程项目的资源优化[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005
[48]李家昊.基于自组织有序度的项目网络计划综合优化的研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.
[49] Viana, Ana, Pinho de Sousa, Jorge. Using metaheuristics in multi-objectiveresource constrained project scheduling[J]. European Journal of OperationalResearch,2000,120(2):359-374
[50] Robert Klein. Bidirectional Planning: improving Priority rule-based heuristicsfor scheduling resource-constrained Projects[J]. European Journal ofOperational Research, December2000,127(3):619–638
[51] John H. Holland. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems[M],Cambridge Massachusetts, the MIT press, April29,1992
[52]戴书文.组合优化中启发式算法的研究分析[J].淮南职业技术学院学报.2005,5(01)