陕西省商南县—山阳县下寒武统黑色岩系中钒矿田地质构造特征及成因探讨
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摘要
南秦岭早寒武世广泛发育富含有机质的黑色岩系，按空间分布可分为南北两个带：北带位于山阳—商南—郧西一带，以产出中—大型的钒、金矿床为特点；南带位于安康—紫阳—平利—镇坪一带，以产出大型毒重石—重晶石矿床及石煤为特征。本文选择北带下寒武统水沟口组黑色岩系中的钒矿田为研究对象，运用构造地质学、矿床学、岩石学及地球化学等方法，系统研究了钒矿田的地质构造特征、钒的赋存状态，并对钒矿床的成因进行了探讨，重建了研究区的构造演化过程，建立了南秦岭黑色岩系型钒矿床的成因模式，取得主要成果和认识可以概括为以下几点：
（1）研究区位于南秦岭加里东—印支褶皱带中段武当地块的北缘，东部与陡岭地块毗邻。钒矿床产于研究区中部水草坪—白浪倒转复式向斜的两翼，赋矿地层为下寒武统水沟口组。水沟口组分为两个岩性段：下岩段岩性主要为硅质岩、炭质泥岩，并夹有磷结核、重晶石岩，而且下岩段岩性从下往上具有明显的规律性，即下部以硅质岩为主，向上泥岩逐渐增多，硅质岩逐渐减少；上岩段岩性主要为灰岩，夹少量泥岩。
（2）对研究区内典型的钒矿床进行了研究，总结出黑色岩系中钒的成矿特征。钒矿体严格受层位控制，赋存于下寒武统水沟口组下岩段，含矿岩石主要为硅质岩夹炭质泥岩。矿体呈层状、似层状产出，沿走向、倾向上延伸均较稳定。钒主要分布于炭质泥岩中，但产出有钒矿体的岩性组合中必夹有硅质岩。钒在地层中富集具有明显的规律性，从下往上硅质岩夹炭质泥岩—富磷结核过渡层—炭质泥岩—碳酸盐岩，在磷结核过渡结核层V_2O_5含量最高。
（3）通过物相分析、X-射线衍射测试及电子探针分析，钒的赋存状态有三种：存在于钒云母中、以胶体状态存在的V-Fe、以V-Ti氧化物集合体的形式存在。钒云母呈片状、条带状产出，宽度一般在10μm±，长一般大于100μm，长轴方向与层理或纹层理方向一致，其中含钒最高可达到22.68%。钒云母有两种标型：一种标型为2M1型，化学式为K(Al,V)_2(Si,Al)_4O_(10)(OH)_2或(K,Ba,Na)_(0.75)(Al,Mg,Cr,V)_2(Si,Al,V)_4O_(10)(OH,O)_2，钒不仅取代了位于六次配位的八面体层中的铝，还取代了位于Si-O四面体层中的铝，形成了2M1型钒云母；另一种标型为1M型，其化学式为KV_2(Si_3Al)O_(10)(OH)_2，钒位于云母结构层之间。胶体状态存在的V、Fe，呈草莓状、圆球状、星点状、环状产出，颗粒直径小于10μm，多在3～5μm，其排列方向大致与层理或方向一致，表明其为同沉积期生成的矿物，周围多为云母、粘土矿物及石英，化学组成主要为V、Fe、O，不含或仅含痕量的Ti、Mg，其中含钒最高可达到10.09%，不含水，为胶体老化后形成的非晶质体，炭硅质岩夹炭质泥岩型钒矿石中钒以该赋存状态为主。V-Ti氧化物集合体主要产出于炭质泥岩型钒矿石中，呈浸染状、星散状分布于岩石基质中，其长轴方向与层理或纹层理方向一致，为同沉积期生成的矿物；结合衍射分析结果，笔者认为该混合物为细粒的钒、钛氧化物的集合体，它最初是以胶体形式沉积，后期钛的氧化物结晶形成锐钛矿、板钛矿等。
目前，研究区内黑色岩系型钒矿石选矿回收率低、选矿成本高且污染大，通过本文对下寒武统黑色岩系中钒赋存状态及分布形式的研究，有助于选矿工艺的改进，对矿山节约成本、提高选矿回收率、降低环境污染等方面有一定的实际意义。
（4）研究区位于南秦岭构造带，总体由四条近东西向北倾的逆冲断裂划分为四个次一级的构造单位。北部由三个由北向南的逆冲推覆构造带组成，即太子坪岩片推覆构造带、耀岭河逆冲推覆构造带、湘河构造混杂岩带；南部为由武当山隆起而形成的武当山地块北缘滑脱构造带。各构造带均经历了多期变形。通过对各构造单元构造特征的研究，结合秦岭造山带的构造演化，研究区大致经历了五个构造演化阶段：中元古代扬子地块北缘裂陷喷发；早晋宁运动武当山岩群褶皱；晚元古代早期至早古生代，扬子地块北缘被动大陆边缘再次裂陷，竹林关—青山断裂带（F1）、偏头山—豆腐尖断裂带（F2）、楼房沟—耀岭河断裂带（F3）、湘河—月亮湾断裂带（F4）四条断裂带在该阶段均表现为正断层性质，且切割深度大，携带成矿元素的热水及火山活动沿这些断裂带运移至海底沉积形成了下寒武统水沟口组黑色岩系型钒矿床；晚海西—印支期，由于北侧商丹带的强烈碰撞作用使F1～F4四条断裂带转变为逆断层，形成一系列的逆冲推覆构造及伸展滑脱构造体系；燕山期及喜山期伸展、抬升及断陷活动，位于水草坪—白浪倒转向斜两翼水沟口组中的钒矿床由于风化剥蚀作用出露于地表。
（5）通过地层、岩性、岩相古地理、古构造、钒的富集规律及地球化学特征等方面研究，表明该区早寒武世黑色岩系中的钒来源于海底热水、火山活动，钒矿体在原生沉积时形成，其成因既与区域地质构造背景、海底热水及火山活动、生物活动及有机质降解有关，又与海平面升降有关。
早寒武世，研究区位于扬子地块北缘的被动大陆边缘，处于板块构造的扩张期，裂陷发育，沿断裂活动的热液及火山活动将硅质、重晶石及钒、金等金属元素带入海底。该时期广泛的海侵作用使区内海水加深，活跃的上升洋流携带洋底的磷、营养物质等进入陆棚区，使藻类浮游生物大量繁殖，生物活动本身可以富集海水中的钒，生物死亡后遗体下沉至海底的过程中，有机质腐烂分解消耗了水体下部的氧，使底层水变成缺氧状态，有利于富含钒的有机质在海底保存。同时由于生物活动改变了水体的化学环境，导致海水中吸附钒的泥质、硅质、火山灰等沉积于底部缺氧层中，与有机质一同保存下来，形成黑色岩系型钒矿床。因此，笔者认为研究区内钒矿床属于生物—热水沉积成因类型。
（6）综合已有的成因证据，结合当时的岩相古地理环境，笔者首次按早寒武世早、中、晚期三个阶段还原了水沟口组含矿黑色岩系的形成过程，即南秦岭黑色岩系型钒矿床的成因模式。这对南秦岭乃至国内外黑色岩系中钒矿床成因研究具有一定的参考意义。
（7）笔者对南秦岭早寒武世的地层进行了对比，结合本文对黑色岩系型钒矿床成因的研究，预测南秦岭造山带南部的三个地层分区（郧西—均县分区、安康—平利分区、高滩—兵房街分区）是寻找黑色岩系型钒矿床的有利靶区。
本文创新点有如下两点：
①新发现了钒的两种赋存状态：以胶体状态存在的V-Fe，以氧化物集合体的形式存在的V-Ti；且以前者为主。该发现为钒以胶体形式搬运沉积提供了直接证据，并为钒矿山选矿试验的改进提供了重要的研究资料。
②笔者较全面地研究了钒矿床的矿体特征、区域构造背景、岩性、岩相古地理、沉积环境、物质来源、钒的富集规律、生物活动证据以及地球化学特征，提出研究区内钒矿床属于生物—热水沉积成因类型，并据此建立了黑色岩系型钒矿床的成因模式。该模式合理地还原了钒矿床的形成过程。
The early Cambrian is marked by the occurrence of anomalously organic-carbon-richblack rock series in large parts of the Southern Qinling. These sediments can be divided intothe northern and southern zones based on their spatial distribution. The northern zone islocated in Shanyang-Shangnan-Yunxi, occurring the large vanadium, gold deposits. Thesouthern zone is located in Ankang-Ziyang-Pingli-Zhenping, occurring the largewitherite-barite deposits and stone coal. Using structural geology, mineral deposit geology,petrology and geochemistry methods, this paper chose the vanadium deposits in the blackrock series of Shuigoukou Formation in the northern zone as the research object,systematically studied structural characteristics, occurrence of vanadium, vanadium depositgenesis, and reconstruct the tectonic evolution processes of research area, constructedmetallogenic model. The new advances and cognitions are proposed as follows.
(1) The research area is located in the northern margin of the Wudang massif in themiddle part of the Southern Qinling Caledonian-Indochina fold belt, and the eastern part isclose to the Douling massif. Vanadium deposits are located in the two wings of theShuicaoping-Bailang reversed multiple syncline, in the middle of the research area. Theore-host strata is the Lower Cambrian Shuigoukou Formation. Shuigoukou Formation can bedivided into two lithologic members. The lithologic characters of the first lithologic memberare silicalite, carbargillite, intercalated with phosphatic nodule, baritic rock, and they haveobvious regularity from the bottom up, which are, the lower is dominated by silicalite, upwardcarbargillite gradually increased, silicalite gradually reduced. The lithologic characters of thesecond lithologic member are dominated by limestone, intercalated with little mudstone.
(2) Vanadium ore bodies are controlled by the strata of black rock series, occurs in thefirst member of the Lower Cambrian Shuigoukou Formation. The ore-hosted rocks aresilicalite intercalated with carbargillite. The ore bodies are stratified and stratiform-like, arestable along the strike and dip. Vanadium mainly distributed in the carbargillite, but thelithologic association which occurs vanadium ore body, always intercalate with silicalite. Thevanadium enrichment in stratigraphic column has obvious regularity. From bottom up, silicalite intercalated with carbargillite–phosphatic-nodule-rich transition layer-carbargillite–carbonate rock, content of V_2O_5in the transition layer reached the highest.
(3) The phase analysis show that vanadium mainly occurs in mica type mineral. ByX-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis, we found three vanadium-containingminerals, roscoelite, V-Fe oxide, V-Ti oxide.①Roscoelite which contains vanadium to amaximum of22.68%, is flake, ribbon, and its width is generally10μm, its length is generallygreater than100μm. Roscoelite has two typomorphic mineral. One is2M1, its chemicalformula is K(Al,V)_2(Si,Al)_4O_(10)(OH)_2or (K,Ba,Na)_(0.75)(Al,Mg,Cr,V)_2(Si,Al,V)_4O_(10)(OH,O)_2,vanadium has not only replaced aluminum of the six coordinate octahedral layer, but alsoreplaced aluminum of Si-O tetrahedral layer. Another is1M, its chemical formula isKV_2(Si_3Al)O_(10)(OH)_2, vanadium is located between the structure layer of roscoelite.②V-Feoxide showed strawberry-shaped, round-shaped, star-shaped, ring, its particle diameter is lessthan10μm, mainly in3～5μm, its orientation is roughly consistent with the direction of thebedding, which show that it is synchronous deposit mineral. The chemical compositionmainly conclude V, Fe, O, and a little of Ti, Mg. It contains vanadium to a maximum of10.09%, no water, is the colloid of FeO-V2O3.③V-Ti oxide disseminated in the matrix ofrock by dissemination and scattered specks. Its long axis direction is consistent with thebedding, which show that it is synchronous deposit mineral.
At present, the dressing recovery of black rock series type vanadium ore is low, and thedressing cost is high, and dressing pollution is severe. This article on lower Cambrian blackrock series in the study of the occurrence and distribution of vanadium, contribute to theimprovement of mineral dressing technology, which have important practical significance forreducing the mine cost, improving dressing recovery and reducing the pollution.
(4) The research area is located in the southern Qinling tectonic zone, is partitioned intofour subtectonic units by four nearly east-west north-dipping thrusts. The north is made up ofthree from north to south thrusting tectonic belts, which are Taiziping, Yaolinghe, Xianghe.The south is decollement structure zone in the north of Wudang massif, which is causing byWudang mount uplifting. Each tectonic zone has experienced multiple deformations. Studyingthe structure characteristics of each tectonic units, combining the characteristics of structuralevolution of Qinling orogenic zone, the research area has experienced five tectono-evolutionary stages. In Mesoproterozoic, the northern margin of Yangtze block riftedand erupted. In the early Jinning movement, Wudangshan Group folded. From early lateProterozoic era to early Paleozoic, passive continental margin in northern Yangtze block riftedagain. From late Hersynian to Indosinian, thrust nappe structure and extensional detachmentstructure are formed. In Yanshan period and Himalayan period, the research area extended,uplifted, fault depressed.
(5) According to the research of stratigraphy, lithology, lithofacies and paleogeography,paleotectonic conditions, vanadium enrichment regularity and geochemical characteristics, weconclude that vanadium in the lower Cambrian black rock series of research area is derivedfrom submarine hydrothermal spring and volcanic activities, vanadium deposit belong toprimary sedimentary style, the genesis of vanadium deposit not only related to the backgroundof regional geological structure, submarine hydrothermal spring, volcanic activities,biological activity and organic degradation, but also related to sea-level fluctuation.
In early Cambrian, which is expanding period of plate tectonics, research area waslocated in the passive continental margin of northern Yangtze block, developed rift. Thesubmarine hydrothermal spring and volcanic activities carried silicon, barite, vanadium goldand other metals to the seafloor. Extensive transgression made sea deepen in this period.Developed upwelling ocean current carried phosphorus, nutrients, etc into shelf area. Algaeand other plankton bloomed. Biological activity can enrich vanadium in seawater. Afterbiology died, during its body sinked, decomposition of organic matter consumed oxygen atthe bottom of water, so that the water at the bottom became anoxic state, which helped thevanadium-rich organic matter to store in the seabed. At the same time, because the biologicalactivity changed the water chemical environments, with the result that mud, silicon andvolcanic ash deposited in anoxic layers at the bottom, peserved with the organic matter, andformed vanadium deposit of black rock series type. It is concluded that the vanadium depositshould be of biological and hydrothermal sedimentary origin.
(6) Integrating existing genetic evidence, combined with the lithofacies andpalaeogeography environment, this paper restores the formation of ore-bearing black rockseries of Shuigoukou Formation in three phases, namely, genetic model of vanadium depositsof black rock series in Southern Qinling. It has important reference significance for the study on genesis of vanadium deposit in Southern Qinling and even home and abroad.
(7) Through the research on the genesis of black rock series type vanadium deposit, theauthor predicts that three stratigraphic divisions in the south of the Southern Qinling (theYunxi-Junxian, the Ankang-Pingli, the Gaotan-Bingfangjie) and the northern continentalmargin of Yangtze block to the south of Bashan arc fracture are the favorable target area toseeking black rock series type vanadium deposit.
What is new?
Firstly, the author new discoves two occurrence of vanadium: colloid of V-Fe, aggregatesof V-Ti oxide, and the former is the main. This provides direct evidence for vanadiumtransport and deposition, provides an important research data for the improvements forvanadium mineral dressing technology.
Secondly, the author studies the orebody characteristics, regional tectonic background,lithology, lithofacies palaeogeographic, sedimentary environment, material sources, theenrichment regularity of vanadium, biological activity evidence and the geochemicalcharacteristics, puts forward that the vanadium deposit in the research area belongs tobiological-hydrothermal sedimentary origin, and sets up the genetic model of black rocksecies type vanadium deposit, which is reasonable to restore the formation of vanadiumdeposits.
（1）研究区位于南秦岭加里东—印支褶皱带中段武当地块的北缘，东部与陡岭地块毗邻。钒矿床产于研究区中部水草坪—白浪倒转复式向斜的两翼，赋矿地层为下寒武统水沟口组。水沟口组分为两个岩性段：下岩段岩性主要为硅质岩、炭质泥岩，并夹有磷结核、重晶石岩，而且下岩段岩性从下往上具有明显的规律性，即下部以硅质岩为主，向上泥岩逐渐增多，硅质岩逐渐减少；上岩段岩性主要为灰岩，夹少量泥岩。
（2）对研究区内典型的钒矿床进行了研究，总结出黑色岩系中钒的成矿特征。钒矿体严格受层位控制，赋存于下寒武统水沟口组下岩段，含矿岩石主要为硅质岩夹炭质泥岩。矿体呈层状、似层状产出，沿走向、倾向上延伸均较稳定。钒主要分布于炭质泥岩中，但产出有钒矿体的岩性组合中必夹有硅质岩。钒在地层中富集具有明显的规律性，从下往上硅质岩夹炭质泥岩—富磷结核过渡层—炭质泥岩—碳酸盐岩，在磷结核过渡结核层V_2O_5含量最高。
（3）通过物相分析、X-射线衍射测试及电子探针分析，钒的赋存状态有三种：存在于钒云母中、以胶体状态存在的V-Fe、以V-Ti氧化物集合体的形式存在。钒云母呈片状、条带状产出，宽度一般在10μm±，长一般大于100μm，长轴方向与层理或纹层理方向一致，其中含钒最高可达到22.68%。钒云母有两种标型：一种标型为2M1型，化学式为K(Al,V)_2(Si,Al)_4O_(10)(OH)_2或(K,Ba,Na)_(0.75)(Al,Mg,Cr,V)_2(Si,Al,V)_4O_(10)(OH,O)_2，钒不仅取代了位于六次配位的八面体层中的铝，还取代了位于Si-O四面体层中的铝，形成了2M1型钒云母；另一种标型为1M型，其化学式为KV_2(Si_3Al)O_(10)(OH)_2，钒位于云母结构层之间。胶体状态存在的V、Fe，呈草莓状、圆球状、星点状、环状产出，颗粒直径小于10μm，多在3～5μm，其排列方向大致与层理或方向一致，表明其为同沉积期生成的矿物，周围多为云母、粘土矿物及石英，化学组成主要为V、Fe、O，不含或仅含痕量的Ti、Mg，其中含钒最高可达到10.09%，不含水，为胶体老化后形成的非晶质体，炭硅质岩夹炭质泥岩型钒矿石中钒以该赋存状态为主。V-Ti氧化物集合体主要产出于炭质泥岩型钒矿石中，呈浸染状、星散状分布于岩石基质中，其长轴方向与层理或纹层理方向一致，为同沉积期生成的矿物；结合衍射分析结果，笔者认为该混合物为细粒的钒、钛氧化物的集合体，它最初是以胶体形式沉积，后期钛的氧化物结晶形成锐钛矿、板钛矿等。
目前，研究区内黑色岩系型钒矿石选矿回收率低、选矿成本高且污染大，通过本文对下寒武统黑色岩系中钒赋存状态及分布形式的研究，有助于选矿工艺的改进，对矿山节约成本、提高选矿回收率、降低环境污染等方面有一定的实际意义。
（4）研究区位于南秦岭构造带，总体由四条近东西向北倾的逆冲断裂划分为四个次一级的构造单位。北部由三个由北向南的逆冲推覆构造带组成，即太子坪岩片推覆构造带、耀岭河逆冲推覆构造带、湘河构造混杂岩带；南部为由武当山隆起而形成的武当山地块北缘滑脱构造带。各构造带均经历了多期变形。通过对各构造单元构造特征的研究，结合秦岭造山带的构造演化，研究区大致经历了五个构造演化阶段：中元古代扬子地块北缘裂陷喷发；早晋宁运动武当山岩群褶皱；晚元古代早期至早古生代，扬子地块北缘被动大陆边缘再次裂陷，竹林关—青山断裂带（F1）、偏头山—豆腐尖断裂带（F2）、楼房沟—耀岭河断裂带（F3）、湘河—月亮湾断裂带（F4）四条断裂带在该阶段均表现为正断层性质，且切割深度大，携带成矿元素的热水及火山活动沿这些断裂带运移至海底沉积形成了下寒武统水沟口组黑色岩系型钒矿床；晚海西—印支期，由于北侧商丹带的强烈碰撞作用使F1～F4四条断裂带转变为逆断层，形成一系列的逆冲推覆构造及伸展滑脱构造体系；燕山期及喜山期伸展、抬升及断陷活动，位于水草坪—白浪倒转向斜两翼水沟口组中的钒矿床由于风化剥蚀作用出露于地表。
（5）通过地层、岩性、岩相古地理、古构造、钒的富集规律及地球化学特征等方面研究，表明该区早寒武世黑色岩系中的钒来源于海底热水、火山活动，钒矿体在原生沉积时形成，其成因既与区域地质构造背景、海底热水及火山活动、生物活动及有机质降解有关，又与海平面升降有关。
早寒武世，研究区位于扬子地块北缘的被动大陆边缘，处于板块构造的扩张期，裂陷发育，沿断裂活动的热液及火山活动将硅质、重晶石及钒、金等金属元素带入海底。该时期广泛的海侵作用使区内海水加深，活跃的上升洋流携带洋底的磷、营养物质等进入陆棚区，使藻类浮游生物大量繁殖，生物活动本身可以富集海水中的钒，生物死亡后遗体下沉至海底的过程中，有机质腐烂分解消耗了水体下部的氧，使底层水变成缺氧状态，有利于富含钒的有机质在海底保存。同时由于生物活动改变了水体的化学环境，导致海水中吸附钒的泥质、硅质、火山灰等沉积于底部缺氧层中，与有机质一同保存下来，形成黑色岩系型钒矿床。因此，笔者认为研究区内钒矿床属于生物—热水沉积成因类型。
（6）综合已有的成因证据，结合当时的岩相古地理环境，笔者首次按早寒武世早、中、晚期三个阶段还原了水沟口组含矿黑色岩系的形成过程，即南秦岭黑色岩系型钒矿床的成因模式。这对南秦岭乃至国内外黑色岩系中钒矿床成因研究具有一定的参考意义。
（7）笔者对南秦岭早寒武世的地层进行了对比，结合本文对黑色岩系型钒矿床成因的研究，预测南秦岭造山带南部的三个地层分区（郧西—均县分区、安康—平利分区、高滩—兵房街分区）是寻找黑色岩系型钒矿床的有利靶区。
本文创新点有如下两点：
①新发现了钒的两种赋存状态：以胶体状态存在的V-Fe，以氧化物集合体的形式存在的V-Ti；且以前者为主。该发现为钒以胶体形式搬运沉积提供了直接证据，并为钒矿山选矿试验的改进提供了重要的研究资料。
②笔者较全面地研究了钒矿床的矿体特征、区域构造背景、岩性、岩相古地理、沉积环境、物质来源、钒的富集规律、生物活动证据以及地球化学特征，提出研究区内钒矿床属于生物—热水沉积成因类型，并据此建立了黑色岩系型钒矿床的成因模式。该模式合理地还原了钒矿床的形成过程。
The early Cambrian is marked by the occurrence of anomalously organic-carbon-richblack rock series in large parts of the Southern Qinling. These sediments can be divided intothe northern and southern zones based on their spatial distribution. The northern zone islocated in Shanyang-Shangnan-Yunxi, occurring the large vanadium, gold deposits. Thesouthern zone is located in Ankang-Ziyang-Pingli-Zhenping, occurring the largewitherite-barite deposits and stone coal. Using structural geology, mineral deposit geology,petrology and geochemistry methods, this paper chose the vanadium deposits in the blackrock series of Shuigoukou Formation in the northern zone as the research object,systematically studied structural characteristics, occurrence of vanadium, vanadium depositgenesis, and reconstruct the tectonic evolution processes of research area, constructedmetallogenic model. The new advances and cognitions are proposed as follows.
(1) The research area is located in the northern margin of the Wudang massif in themiddle part of the Southern Qinling Caledonian-Indochina fold belt, and the eastern part isclose to the Douling massif. Vanadium deposits are located in the two wings of theShuicaoping-Bailang reversed multiple syncline, in the middle of the research area. Theore-host strata is the Lower Cambrian Shuigoukou Formation. Shuigoukou Formation can bedivided into two lithologic members. The lithologic characters of the first lithologic memberare silicalite, carbargillite, intercalated with phosphatic nodule, baritic rock, and they haveobvious regularity from the bottom up, which are, the lower is dominated by silicalite, upwardcarbargillite gradually increased, silicalite gradually reduced. The lithologic characters of thesecond lithologic member are dominated by limestone, intercalated with little mudstone.
(2) Vanadium ore bodies are controlled by the strata of black rock series, occurs in thefirst member of the Lower Cambrian Shuigoukou Formation. The ore-hosted rocks aresilicalite intercalated with carbargillite. The ore bodies are stratified and stratiform-like, arestable along the strike and dip. Vanadium mainly distributed in the carbargillite, but thelithologic association which occurs vanadium ore body, always intercalate with silicalite. Thevanadium enrichment in stratigraphic column has obvious regularity. From bottom up, silicalite intercalated with carbargillite–phosphatic-nodule-rich transition layer-carbargillite–carbonate rock, content of V_2O_5in the transition layer reached the highest.
(3) The phase analysis show that vanadium mainly occurs in mica type mineral. ByX-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis, we found three vanadium-containingminerals, roscoelite, V-Fe oxide, V-Ti oxide.①Roscoelite which contains vanadium to amaximum of22.68%, is flake, ribbon, and its width is generally10μm, its length is generallygreater than100μm. Roscoelite has two typomorphic mineral. One is2M1, its chemicalformula is K(Al,V)_2(Si,Al)_4O_(10)(OH)_2or (K,Ba,Na)_(0.75)(Al,Mg,Cr,V)_2(Si,Al,V)_4O_(10)(OH,O)_2,vanadium has not only replaced aluminum of the six coordinate octahedral layer, but alsoreplaced aluminum of Si-O tetrahedral layer. Another is1M, its chemical formula isKV_2(Si_3Al)O_(10)(OH)_2, vanadium is located between the structure layer of roscoelite.②V-Feoxide showed strawberry-shaped, round-shaped, star-shaped, ring, its particle diameter is lessthan10μm, mainly in3～5μm, its orientation is roughly consistent with the direction of thebedding, which show that it is synchronous deposit mineral. The chemical compositionmainly conclude V, Fe, O, and a little of Ti, Mg. It contains vanadium to a maximum of10.09%, no water, is the colloid of FeO-V2O3.③V-Ti oxide disseminated in the matrix ofrock by dissemination and scattered specks. Its long axis direction is consistent with thebedding, which show that it is synchronous deposit mineral.
At present, the dressing recovery of black rock series type vanadium ore is low, and thedressing cost is high, and dressing pollution is severe. This article on lower Cambrian blackrock series in the study of the occurrence and distribution of vanadium, contribute to theimprovement of mineral dressing technology, which have important practical significance forreducing the mine cost, improving dressing recovery and reducing the pollution.
(4) The research area is located in the southern Qinling tectonic zone, is partitioned intofour subtectonic units by four nearly east-west north-dipping thrusts. The north is made up ofthree from north to south thrusting tectonic belts, which are Taiziping, Yaolinghe, Xianghe.The south is decollement structure zone in the north of Wudang massif, which is causing byWudang mount uplifting. Each tectonic zone has experienced multiple deformations. Studyingthe structure characteristics of each tectonic units, combining the characteristics of structuralevolution of Qinling orogenic zone, the research area has experienced five tectono-evolutionary stages. In Mesoproterozoic, the northern margin of Yangtze block riftedand erupted. In the early Jinning movement, Wudangshan Group folded. From early lateProterozoic era to early Paleozoic, passive continental margin in northern Yangtze block riftedagain. From late Hersynian to Indosinian, thrust nappe structure and extensional detachmentstructure are formed. In Yanshan period and Himalayan period, the research area extended,uplifted, fault depressed.
(5) According to the research of stratigraphy, lithology, lithofacies and paleogeography,paleotectonic conditions, vanadium enrichment regularity and geochemical characteristics, weconclude that vanadium in the lower Cambrian black rock series of research area is derivedfrom submarine hydrothermal spring and volcanic activities, vanadium deposit belong toprimary sedimentary style, the genesis of vanadium deposit not only related to the backgroundof regional geological structure, submarine hydrothermal spring, volcanic activities,biological activity and organic degradation, but also related to sea-level fluctuation.
In early Cambrian, which is expanding period of plate tectonics, research area waslocated in the passive continental margin of northern Yangtze block, developed rift. Thesubmarine hydrothermal spring and volcanic activities carried silicon, barite, vanadium goldand other metals to the seafloor. Extensive transgression made sea deepen in this period.Developed upwelling ocean current carried phosphorus, nutrients, etc into shelf area. Algaeand other plankton bloomed. Biological activity can enrich vanadium in seawater. Afterbiology died, during its body sinked, decomposition of organic matter consumed oxygen atthe bottom of water, so that the water at the bottom became anoxic state, which helped thevanadium-rich organic matter to store in the seabed. At the same time, because the biologicalactivity changed the water chemical environments, with the result that mud, silicon andvolcanic ash deposited in anoxic layers at the bottom, peserved with the organic matter, andformed vanadium deposit of black rock series type. It is concluded that the vanadium depositshould be of biological and hydrothermal sedimentary origin.
(6) Integrating existing genetic evidence, combined with the lithofacies andpalaeogeography environment, this paper restores the formation of ore-bearing black rockseries of Shuigoukou Formation in three phases, namely, genetic model of vanadium depositsof black rock series in Southern Qinling. It has important reference significance for the study on genesis of vanadium deposit in Southern Qinling and even home and abroad.
(7) Through the research on the genesis of black rock series type vanadium deposit, theauthor predicts that three stratigraphic divisions in the south of the Southern Qinling (theYunxi-Junxian, the Ankang-Pingli, the Gaotan-Bingfangjie) and the northern continentalmargin of Yangtze block to the south of Bashan arc fracture are the favorable target area toseeking black rock series type vanadium deposit.
What is new?
Firstly, the author new discoves two occurrence of vanadium: colloid of V-Fe, aggregatesof V-Ti oxide, and the former is the main. This provides direct evidence for vanadiumtransport and deposition, provides an important research data for the improvements forvanadium mineral dressing technology.
Secondly, the author studies the orebody characteristics, regional tectonic background,lithology, lithofacies palaeogeographic, sedimentary environment, material sources, theenrichment regularity of vanadium, biological activity evidence and the geochemicalcharacteristics, puts forward that the vanadium deposit in the research area belongs tobiological-hydrothermal sedimentary origin, and sets up the genetic model of black rocksecies type vanadium deposit, which is reasonable to restore the formation of vanadiumdeposits.
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