推磨牙远中移动技术对安氏Ⅱ类错合畸形矫治的病例分析
|
摘要
目的：探讨推磨牙远中移动技术治疗安氏Ⅱ类错合畸形的临床疗效,分析总结各类推磨牙远中移动矫治器的结构和矫治应用特点、支抗控制、适应证选择和并发症处理等。方法：对2009年6月至2011年3月在新疆医科大学第二附属医院口腔科要求矫治并处在生长发育高峰前期或高峰期的安氏Ⅱ类错合6例,使用推磨牙向远中移动来扩展牙弓间隙。其中2例选择磨牙推进器和Nance托支抗推磨牙向远中,3例选择活动的推磨牙远中矫治器配合口外弓,1例选择“摆”式矫治器单侧推磨牙向远中。矫治过程中每4周复诊加力一次,治疗结束后,进行模型和头影侧位片的相关测量分析。结果：6例患者中只有1例患者磨牙远移失败,采用拔牙固定矫治。其余的磨牙关系都纠正为I类关系。X线头影测量显示,颌骨的位置没有明显的变化,上颌磨牙与腭平面、SN平面所成的角在治疗后均减小,表明上颌磨牙在远移的过程中发生了倾斜。结论：3种推磨牙矫治器均可有效地推磨牙向远中移动,但在治疗过程中,掌握好适应症的选择、支抗控制、并取得患者的配合非常重要。
Objective:To investigate clinical effect with maxillary molar distalization on class II malocclusion and analyse appliance characteristic, usage and anchorage control. Methods: Six patients with class II malocclusion were chosen from June 2009 to March 2011 in the stomatology department of the Second Hospital affiliated to XinJiang Medical University, and the method of maxillary molar distalization were adopted, of which three cases were treated with headgear and removable appliance, two with man-made molar distalization appliances and the second premolar Nance arch, one with pendulum appliance. After treatment analyse molar distalization effect, the plaster cast change and X cephalometric. Results:Only one patient failed in molar distalization and was changed into extraction and fixed appliance in six cases. The rest cases achieved the goal of molar distalization, and molar relationships were corrected as neutral ones. X cephalometric showed no obvious jaw position changes, and the angles between maxillary molars and the palatal plane, and between maxillary molars and the SN plane decreased, indicating that the molars were tilt in the process of the maxillary molar distalization. Conclusion:Three kind of distalization appliances are effective on class II malocclusion correct, but it is important to grasp proper indication and the suitable anchorage form and get patient compliance.
Objective:To investigate clinical effect with maxillary molar distalization on class II malocclusion and analyse appliance characteristic, usage and anchorage control. Methods: Six patients with class II malocclusion were chosen from June 2009 to March 2011 in the stomatology department of the Second Hospital affiliated to XinJiang Medical University, and the method of maxillary molar distalization were adopted, of which three cases were treated with headgear and removable appliance, two with man-made molar distalization appliances and the second premolar Nance arch, one with pendulum appliance. After treatment analyse molar distalization effect, the plaster cast change and X cephalometric. Results:Only one patient failed in molar distalization and was changed into extraction and fixed appliance in six cases. The rest cases achieved the goal of molar distalization, and molar relationships were corrected as neutral ones. X cephalometric showed no obvious jaw position changes, and the angles between maxillary molars and the palatal plane, and between maxillary molars and the SN plane decreased, indicating that the molars were tilt in the process of the maxillary molar distalization. Conclusion:Three kind of distalization appliances are effective on class II malocclusion correct, but it is important to grasp proper indication and the suitable anchorage form and get patient compliance.
引文
[1]Keim RG, Berkman C. Intra-arch maxillary molar distalization appliances for class II correction [J]. J Clin Orthod,2004,38(9):505-511.
[2]McSherry PF, Bradley H. Class II correction-reducing patient compliance:a review of the available techniques [J]. J Orthod,2000,27(3):219-225.
[3]Graber TM. Extraoral force-facts anfallacies[J]. Am J Orthod 1955,41:490-505.
[4]Klein PL. An evaluation of cervical traction on the maxilla and the upper first permanent molar[J]. Angle Orthod,1957,27(1):61-68.
[5]Kloehn SJ. Evaluation of cervical anchorage force in treatment[J]. Angle Orthod, 1961,31(2):91-104.
[6]Newcomb MR. Some observations on extraora ltreatment[J]. Angle Orthod,1958,28 (3):131-148.
[7]Wieslander L. Early or late cervical traction therapy of Class II malocclusion in the mixed dentition[J]. Am J Orthod,1975,67(4):432-439.
[8]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版司,2005：39-54.
[9]Muse DS, Fillman MJ, Emmerson WJ, et al. Molar and incisor changes with the Wilson rapid molar distalization[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1993,104(6): 556-565.
[10]Hilgers JJ. The pendulum appliance for Class Ⅱ non-compliance therapy [J]. J Clin Orthod,1992,26(11):706-714.
[11]Brickman CD, Sinha PK. Evaluation of the Jones jig appliance for distal molar movement[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2000,118(5):526-534.
[12]Ngantung V, Nanda RS,Bowman SJ, Pottreatment evaluation of thedistal jet appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,120(2):178-185.
[13]Rana R,Becher MK. Class Ⅱ correction using the biometric "distalizing" arch[J]. Semin Orthod,2000,6:106-118.
[14]陈斯军,浦路明,唐进.改良Lokar装置推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].河北医学,2005,11(4)：366-367.
[15]王宁,段银钟,郑虹,等.GMD远移磨牙的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(2)：200-201.
[16]刘鑫,段银钟,刘岚,等.“M”状曲推磨牙远移的临床效果[J].临床口腔医学杂志, 2003,19(11)：675-677.
[17]武广增.推磨牙向后矫治器在Anglell类,Ⅲ类病例中的应用[J].中华医学丛刊,2001,3(1)：28-29.
[18]Gelgor IE, Buyukyimaz T, Karaman AI, et al. Intraosseous screw suprorted upper molar distalization[J]. Angle Orthod,2004,74(6):838-850.
[19]段银钟.口腔正畸临床固定矫治技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2001：104-112.
[20]Kandasamy S, Woods MG. Is orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions always non-extraction treatment[J]. Aust DentJ,2005,50(3):146-151.
[21]Brandan M, Pinho HS. Clinical and quantitative assessment of headgear compliance: A pilot study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2006,129 (3):239-244.
[22]胡炜,傅民魁.口腔正畸治疗要点2：正畸治疗的支抗与支抗[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2006,41(3)：188-190.
[23]Profitt WR, Fields HW JR. Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control[J]. Contemporary Orthodontics,2000,326-361.
[24]Lee JS, Park HS, Kyung HM. Micro-implant anchorage for lingual treat-ment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion[J]. J Clin Orthod,2001,35(10):643-647.
[25]段银钟.种植体支抗协助推上颌磨牙向远中[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2009,2(10)：577-580.
[26]张晓蓉,曾祥龙,徐芸.微钛钉种植体支抗单侧推磨牙向后的临床应用[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2008,24(4)：221-223.
[27]Jeckel N, Raksi T. Molar distalization by intra-oral force application[J]. Eur J Orthod, 1991,13:43-46.
[28]Bishara SE, Cummins DM, Jakobsen JR, et al. Dentofacial and soft tissue changes in ClassⅡ, Division 1 cases treated with and without extractions [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995,107(1):28-37.
[29]Erdinc AE, Nanda RS, Dandajena TC. Profile changes of patients treated with and without premolar extractions[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,132(3):324-331.
[30]Janson G, FuziyA, de Freitas MR, et al. Soft-tissue treatment changes in Class Ⅱ, Division 1 malocclusion with and without extraction of maxillary premolars [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,132(6):729.
[31]Scott S. Johnston LE Jr. The perceived impact of extraction and non-extraction treatments On matched samples of African American patients [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999,116:352-358.
[32]刘泽萍,陈婷婷,李贵凤,等.软组织侧貌修复过程中拔牙与非拔牙矫治影响的Meta分析[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(2)：237-239.
[33]陈霞.拔牙与非拔牙矫治的探讨[J].青岛医药卫生,2005,37(6)：419-420.
[34]张茳.邻面去釉及其临床应用体会[J].中国医药指南2008,6(6)：94.
[35]罗卫红,王壬,傅民魁.口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类错合的分析研究[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2000,16(3)：229-231.
[36]李文,陈丹鹏,陈瑛.口外弓在治疗上牙弓拥挤中的应用[J].上海口腔医学,2007,16(2)：180-183.
[37]黄勉芳.口外唇弓推磨牙向后矫治恒牙早期安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(7)：87-89.
[38]武广增,沈真祥.实用口腔正畸矫治方法与技巧[M].清华大学出版社,2004：87.
[39]Schutze SF, Gedrange T, Zellmann MR, et al. Effects of unilateral molar distalization with a modified pendulum appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,131 (5):600-608.
[40]Sfondrini MF, Cacciafesta V, Sfondrini G. Upper molar distalization:a critical analysis[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res,2002,5(2):114-126.
[41]Bondemark L, Karlsson I, Extraoral vs intraoral appliance for distal movement of maxillary fist molar:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Angle Orthod,2004,75(5): 699-706.
[42]叶静,王春玲,寇波,等.摆式矫治器与口外弓远中移动磨牙的疗效比较[J].上海口腔医学,2006,15(3)：254-258.
[43]Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-497.
[44]郭军,段银忠,郑辉强,等.种植体支抗与口外弓作支抗他上颌磨牙远移的比较研究[J].中国美容医学,2005,14(3)：335-337.
[45]朴孝尚.口腔正畸微种植支抗(MIA)技术.徐宝华,丁云[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2006：56.
[46]柳杨,刘建华.微种植支抗联合Sliding jig推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].口腔医学,2010,30(11)：664-666.
[47]宋元玲,张惠芳,任辉,等.种植体支抗与!类颌间牵引配合滑动杆技术推磨牙向后的临床效果比较[J].河北医药,2010,32(14)：1874-1875.
[48]刘茜,段银钟,宁芳,等.第二磨牙存在状态对远移第一磨牙效果的临床研究[J]. 口腔医学,2007,27(6)：308-310.
[49]浦路明.第二磨牙萌出情况对第一磨牙远中移动的影响[J].口腔医学,2001,21(4)：200-201.
[50]Gianelly AA. Distal movement of the maxiUary molars[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,114:66-72.
[51]Kinzinger GS, Fritz UB, Sander FG, et al. Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage[J]. Am J Orthod, 2004,125:8-23.
[52]Orton HS, Battagel JM, Ferguson R, et al. Distal movement of buccal segments with the "en-masse" removable appliance-its value in treating patients with mild class II, Division 1 malocclusions:part 1, clinical techniques[J]. Am J Orthod,1996,109:234-243.
[53]Kinzinger GS, Eren M, Diedrich PR. Treatment effects of intraoral appliances with conventional anchorage designs for non-compliance maxillary molar distalization:A literature review [J]. Eur J Orthood,2008,30(6):558-571.
[54]Kinzinger G, Fritz U, Diedrich P. Bipendulum and quad pendulum for non-compliance molar distalization in adult patients [J]. J Orofac Orthop,2002,63(2): 154-162.
[55]李若萱,段银钟,李金学,等.从牙弓后段间隙分析推磨牙向后的潜力[J].口腔正畸学,2004,11(1)：5-7.
[56]司新芹,周洪,王晓荣,等.塑料颈枕矫治器推磨牙向后的疗效分析[J].中国美容医学,2007,16(5)：683-685.
[1]Proffit WR. Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic[J]. Angle Orthod,1994,64:407-414.
[2]段银钟.口腔正畸临床固定矫治技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2001：104-112.
[3]Kandasamy S, Woods MG. Is orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions always non-extraction treatment[J]. Aust Dent J,2005,50 (3):146-151.
[4]Keim RG, Berkman C. Intra-arch maxillary molar distalization appliances for class II correction[J]. J Clin Orthod,2004,38(9):505-511.
[5]McSherry PF, Bradley H. Class II correction-reducing patient compliance:a review of the available techniques [J]. J Orthod,2000,27(3):219-225.
[6]皮听.口腔解剖生理学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003：90-92.
[7]李文,陈丹鹏,陈瑛.口外弓在治疗上牙弓拥挤中的应用[J].上海口腔医学,2007,16(2)：180-183.
[8]罗卫红,王壬,傅民魁.口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类错合的分析研究[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2000,16(3)：229-231.
[9]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2005：29.
[10]黄勉芳.口外唇弓推磨牙向后矫治恒牙早期安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(7)：87-89.
[11]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2005：39-51.
[12]段银钟,李济强,王锋.改良J钩加镍钛螺旋弹簧推磨牙向远中矫治安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2004,7(1)：313-314.
[13]吴丽清.J形钩在非拔牙矫治安氏Ⅱ类错合中的作用[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2007,34(4)：245-246.
[14]司新芹,周洪,王晓荣,等.塑料颈枕矫治器推磨牙向后的疗效分析[J].中国美 容医学,2007,16(5)：683-685.
[15]Hilgers JJ. The pendulum appliance for Class Ⅱ non-compliance therapy[J]. J Clin Orthod,1992,26(11):706-714.
[16]Fuziy A, Rodrigues de Almeida R, JansonG, et al. Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2006,130 (4):502-512.
[17]李峰.改良Jones装置推磨牙向后[J].Ll腔正畸学,2001,8(3)：122-124.
[18]陈斯军,浦路明,唐进.改良Lokar装置推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].河北医学,2005,11(4)：366-367.
[19]刘鑫,段银钟,刘岚,等.“M”状曲推磨牙远移的临床效果[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2003,19(11)：675-677.
[20]Burkhardt DR, McNamara JA Jr, Baccelti T. Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement:a cephalometric comparison of comprehensive orthodontic treatment including the pendulum and the Herbst appliances[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2003,123(2):108-116.
[21]王宁,段银钟,郑虹,等.GMD远移磨牙的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(2)：200-201.
[22]Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-497.
[23]段银钟.种植体支抗协助推上颌磨牙向远中[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2009,2(10)：577-580.
[24]浦路明.第二磨牙萌出情况对第一磨牙远中移动的影响[J].口腔医学,2001,21(4)：200-201.
[25]Kinzinger GS, Eren M, Diedrich PR. Treatment effects of intraoral appliances with conventional anchorage designs for non-compliance maxillary molar distalization:a literature review[J]. Eur J Orthod,2008,30(6):558-571.
[26]Kinzinger G, Fritz U, Diedrich P. Bipendulum and quad pendulum for non-compliance molar distalization in adult patients[J]. J Orofac Orthop,2002,63(2):154-162.
[2]McSherry PF, Bradley H. Class II correction-reducing patient compliance:a review of the available techniques [J]. J Orthod,2000,27(3):219-225.
[3]Graber TM. Extraoral force-facts anfallacies[J]. Am J Orthod 1955,41:490-505.
[4]Klein PL. An evaluation of cervical traction on the maxilla and the upper first permanent molar[J]. Angle Orthod,1957,27(1):61-68.
[5]Kloehn SJ. Evaluation of cervical anchorage force in treatment[J]. Angle Orthod, 1961,31(2):91-104.
[6]Newcomb MR. Some observations on extraora ltreatment[J]. Angle Orthod,1958,28 (3):131-148.
[7]Wieslander L. Early or late cervical traction therapy of Class II malocclusion in the mixed dentition[J]. Am J Orthod,1975,67(4):432-439.
[8]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版司,2005：39-54.
[9]Muse DS, Fillman MJ, Emmerson WJ, et al. Molar and incisor changes with the Wilson rapid molar distalization[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1993,104(6): 556-565.
[10]Hilgers JJ. The pendulum appliance for Class Ⅱ non-compliance therapy [J]. J Clin Orthod,1992,26(11):706-714.
[11]Brickman CD, Sinha PK. Evaluation of the Jones jig appliance for distal molar movement[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2000,118(5):526-534.
[12]Ngantung V, Nanda RS,Bowman SJ, Pottreatment evaluation of thedistal jet appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,120(2):178-185.
[13]Rana R,Becher MK. Class Ⅱ correction using the biometric "distalizing" arch[J]. Semin Orthod,2000,6:106-118.
[14]陈斯军,浦路明,唐进.改良Lokar装置推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].河北医学,2005,11(4)：366-367.
[15]王宁,段银钟,郑虹,等.GMD远移磨牙的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(2)：200-201.
[16]刘鑫,段银钟,刘岚,等.“M”状曲推磨牙远移的临床效果[J].临床口腔医学杂志, 2003,19(11)：675-677.
[17]武广增.推磨牙向后矫治器在Anglell类,Ⅲ类病例中的应用[J].中华医学丛刊,2001,3(1)：28-29.
[18]Gelgor IE, Buyukyimaz T, Karaman AI, et al. Intraosseous screw suprorted upper molar distalization[J]. Angle Orthod,2004,74(6):838-850.
[19]段银钟.口腔正畸临床固定矫治技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2001：104-112.
[20]Kandasamy S, Woods MG. Is orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions always non-extraction treatment[J]. Aust DentJ,2005,50(3):146-151.
[21]Brandan M, Pinho HS. Clinical and quantitative assessment of headgear compliance: A pilot study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2006,129 (3):239-244.
[22]胡炜,傅民魁.口腔正畸治疗要点2：正畸治疗的支抗与支抗[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2006,41(3)：188-190.
[23]Profitt WR, Fields HW JR. Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control[J]. Contemporary Orthodontics,2000,326-361.
[24]Lee JS, Park HS, Kyung HM. Micro-implant anchorage for lingual treat-ment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion[J]. J Clin Orthod,2001,35(10):643-647.
[25]段银钟.种植体支抗协助推上颌磨牙向远中[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2009,2(10)：577-580.
[26]张晓蓉,曾祥龙,徐芸.微钛钉种植体支抗单侧推磨牙向后的临床应用[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2008,24(4)：221-223.
[27]Jeckel N, Raksi T. Molar distalization by intra-oral force application[J]. Eur J Orthod, 1991,13:43-46.
[28]Bishara SE, Cummins DM, Jakobsen JR, et al. Dentofacial and soft tissue changes in ClassⅡ, Division 1 cases treated with and without extractions [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995,107(1):28-37.
[29]Erdinc AE, Nanda RS, Dandajena TC. Profile changes of patients treated with and without premolar extractions[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,132(3):324-331.
[30]Janson G, FuziyA, de Freitas MR, et al. Soft-tissue treatment changes in Class Ⅱ, Division 1 malocclusion with and without extraction of maxillary premolars [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,132(6):729.
[31]Scott S. Johnston LE Jr. The perceived impact of extraction and non-extraction treatments On matched samples of African American patients [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999,116:352-358.
[32]刘泽萍,陈婷婷,李贵凤,等.软组织侧貌修复过程中拔牙与非拔牙矫治影响的Meta分析[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(2)：237-239.
[33]陈霞.拔牙与非拔牙矫治的探讨[J].青岛医药卫生,2005,37(6)：419-420.
[34]张茳.邻面去釉及其临床应用体会[J].中国医药指南2008,6(6)：94.
[35]罗卫红,王壬,傅民魁.口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类错合的分析研究[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2000,16(3)：229-231.
[36]李文,陈丹鹏,陈瑛.口外弓在治疗上牙弓拥挤中的应用[J].上海口腔医学,2007,16(2)：180-183.
[37]黄勉芳.口外唇弓推磨牙向后矫治恒牙早期安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(7)：87-89.
[38]武广增,沈真祥.实用口腔正畸矫治方法与技巧[M].清华大学出版社,2004：87.
[39]Schutze SF, Gedrange T, Zellmann MR, et al. Effects of unilateral molar distalization with a modified pendulum appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2007,131 (5):600-608.
[40]Sfondrini MF, Cacciafesta V, Sfondrini G. Upper molar distalization:a critical analysis[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res,2002,5(2):114-126.
[41]Bondemark L, Karlsson I, Extraoral vs intraoral appliance for distal movement of maxillary fist molar:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Angle Orthod,2004,75(5): 699-706.
[42]叶静,王春玲,寇波,等.摆式矫治器与口外弓远中移动磨牙的疗效比较[J].上海口腔医学,2006,15(3)：254-258.
[43]Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-497.
[44]郭军,段银忠,郑辉强,等.种植体支抗与口外弓作支抗他上颌磨牙远移的比较研究[J].中国美容医学,2005,14(3)：335-337.
[45]朴孝尚.口腔正畸微种植支抗(MIA)技术.徐宝华,丁云[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2006：56.
[46]柳杨,刘建华.微种植支抗联合Sliding jig推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].口腔医学,2010,30(11)：664-666.
[47]宋元玲,张惠芳,任辉,等.种植体支抗与!类颌间牵引配合滑动杆技术推磨牙向后的临床效果比较[J].河北医药,2010,32(14)：1874-1875.
[48]刘茜,段银钟,宁芳,等.第二磨牙存在状态对远移第一磨牙效果的临床研究[J]. 口腔医学,2007,27(6)：308-310.
[49]浦路明.第二磨牙萌出情况对第一磨牙远中移动的影响[J].口腔医学,2001,21(4)：200-201.
[50]Gianelly AA. Distal movement of the maxiUary molars[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,114:66-72.
[51]Kinzinger GS, Fritz UB, Sander FG, et al. Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage[J]. Am J Orthod, 2004,125:8-23.
[52]Orton HS, Battagel JM, Ferguson R, et al. Distal movement of buccal segments with the "en-masse" removable appliance-its value in treating patients with mild class II, Division 1 malocclusions:part 1, clinical techniques[J]. Am J Orthod,1996,109:234-243.
[53]Kinzinger GS, Eren M, Diedrich PR. Treatment effects of intraoral appliances with conventional anchorage designs for non-compliance maxillary molar distalization:A literature review [J]. Eur J Orthood,2008,30(6):558-571.
[54]Kinzinger G, Fritz U, Diedrich P. Bipendulum and quad pendulum for non-compliance molar distalization in adult patients [J]. J Orofac Orthop,2002,63(2): 154-162.
[55]李若萱,段银钟,李金学,等.从牙弓后段间隙分析推磨牙向后的潜力[J].口腔正畸学,2004,11(1)：5-7.
[56]司新芹,周洪,王晓荣,等.塑料颈枕矫治器推磨牙向后的疗效分析[J].中国美容医学,2007,16(5)：683-685.
[1]Proffit WR. Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic[J]. Angle Orthod,1994,64:407-414.
[2]段银钟.口腔正畸临床固定矫治技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2001：104-112.
[3]Kandasamy S, Woods MG. Is orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions always non-extraction treatment[J]. Aust Dent J,2005,50 (3):146-151.
[4]Keim RG, Berkman C. Intra-arch maxillary molar distalization appliances for class II correction[J]. J Clin Orthod,2004,38(9):505-511.
[5]McSherry PF, Bradley H. Class II correction-reducing patient compliance:a review of the available techniques [J]. J Orthod,2000,27(3):219-225.
[6]皮听.口腔解剖生理学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003：90-92.
[7]李文,陈丹鹏,陈瑛.口外弓在治疗上牙弓拥挤中的应用[J].上海口腔医学,2007,16(2)：180-183.
[8]罗卫红,王壬,傅民魁.口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类错合的分析研究[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2000,16(3)：229-231.
[9]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2005：29.
[10]黄勉芳.口外唇弓推磨牙向后矫治恒牙早期安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(7)：87-89.
[11]段银钟,冷军.正畸临床推磨牙远移技术[M].西安：世界图书出版公司,2005：39-51.
[12]段银钟,李济强,王锋.改良J钩加镍钛螺旋弹簧推磨牙向远中矫治安氏Ⅱ类错合[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2004,7(1)：313-314.
[13]吴丽清.J形钩在非拔牙矫治安氏Ⅱ类错合中的作用[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2007,34(4)：245-246.
[14]司新芹,周洪,王晓荣,等.塑料颈枕矫治器推磨牙向后的疗效分析[J].中国美 容医学,2007,16(5)：683-685.
[15]Hilgers JJ. The pendulum appliance for Class Ⅱ non-compliance therapy[J]. J Clin Orthod,1992,26(11):706-714.
[16]Fuziy A, Rodrigues de Almeida R, JansonG, et al. Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2006,130 (4):502-512.
[17]李峰.改良Jones装置推磨牙向后[J].Ll腔正畸学,2001,8(3)：122-124.
[18]陈斯军,浦路明,唐进.改良Lokar装置推磨牙向后的临床研究[J].河北医学,2005,11(4)：366-367.
[19]刘鑫,段银钟,刘岚,等.“M”状曲推磨牙远移的临床效果[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2003,19(11)：675-677.
[20]Burkhardt DR, McNamara JA Jr, Baccelti T. Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement:a cephalometric comparison of comprehensive orthodontic treatment including the pendulum and the Herbst appliances[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2003,123(2):108-116.
[21]王宁,段银钟,郑虹,等.GMD远移磨牙的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(2)：200-201.
[22]Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, et al. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001,119(5):489-497.
[23]段银钟.种植体支抗协助推上颌磨牙向远中[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2009,2(10)：577-580.
[24]浦路明.第二磨牙萌出情况对第一磨牙远中移动的影响[J].口腔医学,2001,21(4)：200-201.
[25]Kinzinger GS, Eren M, Diedrich PR. Treatment effects of intraoral appliances with conventional anchorage designs for non-compliance maxillary molar distalization:a literature review[J]. Eur J Orthod,2008,30(6):558-571.
[26]Kinzinger G, Fritz U, Diedrich P. Bipendulum and quad pendulum for non-compliance molar distalization in adult patients[J]. J Orofac Orthop,2002,63(2):154-162.