自闭症儿童对非人类面孔的加工及箱庭干预个案研究
摘要
自闭症是一种因神经功能异常而导致社会交往、交流和行为出现严重问题的综合征。研究发现自闭症个体对于面孔信息加工模式存在异常，不能接受到有效的社交信息，进而导致其社会交往受损。相较于人类真实面孔，动物面孔所携带的社交信息有所减少,由于简笔画对真实信息的弱化，也在一定程度上减弱了社交信息所带来的社交压力。另外，不同进化等级的动物与人类面孔的相似程度依次减弱，因而，自闭症儿童对面孔加工的障碍可能存在面孔的种系效应，并受其真实性影响，而箱庭疗法中各种人物动物模型可能因其象征性缓解社交压力，促进自闭症儿童功能康复。
为了探讨面孔的种系差异、真实性对自闭症儿童面孔加工的影响，让自闭症儿童观看真实或简笔画的人物、不同进化等级的动物面孔，运用眼动追踪技术，收集相关眼动数据，并与正常儿童进行对比分析，并对其中一名自闭症儿童进行箱庭干预研究。结果发现：（1）自闭症儿童对不同进化等级的真实面孔加工存在缺陷，呈现出局部加工优势；（2）自闭症儿童对不同进化等级的简笔画面孔的加工效率较低，但未出现局部加工优势；（3）箱庭疗法对于自闭症儿童具有较好的治愈作用。
Autism is a neurologic abnormalities which lead to social interaction, communicationand behavior has serious problems of syndrome. Study found that the face informationprocessing model of the individuals with autism unable to receive social information, whichled to its scial damage. Compared with the actual human faces, animal faces with socialinfomation decreases somewhat, due to the weakening of the real information by Jan strokepicture,but also to decrease the social pressure by weakening social information.In addition,the incresingly different evolutionary levels of animal with human faces, the degree ofsimilarity are weaken. Consequently, children with autism on face processing abnormalitiesmay exist nature of phylogenetic effect, which is influenced by authenticity. However,Symbolic of the character model in sandplay theraphy can relieve the social stress, which Promotefunctional rehabilitation for children with Autism.
To explore the human face and non-human face processing of autism, required ASDindividuals and typically developing individuals(TD) to look at a range of real and Jan strokepictures which with different germline level, eye movement data were measured. And thenchose one ASD child from participants, who undergo sandplay theraphy.
By our study, we conclude that:
(1)There is defect in different evolutionary truly face processing of autistic individuals,which appear one kind of local superiority.
(2)There also is defect in different evolutionary sketchy face processing of autisticindividuals, while no signs of local superiority, but still remain in low efficiency.
(3)The effectiveness of sandplay therapy in treating autism is significant.
为了探讨面孔的种系差异、真实性对自闭症儿童面孔加工的影响，让自闭症儿童观看真实或简笔画的人物、不同进化等级的动物面孔，运用眼动追踪技术，收集相关眼动数据，并与正常儿童进行对比分析，并对其中一名自闭症儿童进行箱庭干预研究。结果发现：（1）自闭症儿童对不同进化等级的真实面孔加工存在缺陷，呈现出局部加工优势；（2）自闭症儿童对不同进化等级的简笔画面孔的加工效率较低，但未出现局部加工优势；（3）箱庭疗法对于自闭症儿童具有较好的治愈作用。
Autism is a neurologic abnormalities which lead to social interaction, communicationand behavior has serious problems of syndrome. Study found that the face informationprocessing model of the individuals with autism unable to receive social information, whichled to its scial damage. Compared with the actual human faces, animal faces with socialinfomation decreases somewhat, due to the weakening of the real information by Jan strokepicture,but also to decrease the social pressure by weakening social information.In addition,the incresingly different evolutionary levels of animal with human faces, the degree ofsimilarity are weaken. Consequently, children with autism on face processing abnormalitiesmay exist nature of phylogenetic effect, which is influenced by authenticity. However,Symbolic of the character model in sandplay theraphy can relieve the social stress, which Promotefunctional rehabilitation for children with Autism.
To explore the human face and non-human face processing of autism, required ASDindividuals and typically developing individuals(TD) to look at a range of real and Jan strokepictures which with different germline level, eye movement data were measured. And thenchose one ASD child from participants, who undergo sandplay theraphy.
By our study, we conclude that:
(1)There is defect in different evolutionary truly face processing of autistic individuals,which appear one kind of local superiority.
(2)There also is defect in different evolutionary sketchy face processing of autisticindividuals, while no signs of local superiority, but still remain in low efficiency.
(3)The effectiveness of sandplay therapy in treating autism is significant.
引文
[1]郭延庆,杨晓玲,刘靖,贾美香.孤独症诊断访谈量表(修订本)的诊断效度及信度研究[J].中华精神科杂志,2002,35(1):42-45.
[2]Lubetsky M J, Handen B L. Medication treatment in autism spectrum disorder[J].Speaker's Journal,2008,8(10):97–107.
[3]Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R. Volkmar F, Cohen D. Visual fixation patterns during viewingof naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals withautism[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry,2002,59:809-816.
[4]van der Geest J N, Kemner C, Verbaten M N, van Engeland H. Gaze behaviour of childrenwith pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2002,43:669-678.
[5]陈顺森.箱庭疗法治疗自闭症的原理和操作[J].中国特殊教育,2010,1:26-29.
[6]Pelphrey K A, Sasson N J, Reznick J S, Paul G, Goldman B D, Piven J. Visual scanning offaces in autism[J]. Journal of Autism Development Disord,2002,32:249–261.
[7]Csibra G, Gergely G. Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy[C], In Y.Munakata, M H. Johnson (Eds.), Processes of change in brain and cognitivedevelopment. Attention and Performance XXI (pp.249-274). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press,2006
[8]Yarbus A. Eye movement and vision[C]. New York: Plenum,1967
[9]Maurer D, Salapatek P. Developmental Changes in the Scanning of Faces by YoungInfants[J]. Child Development,1976,47:523-527.
[10]Gosselin F, Schyns P G.Bubbles: a technique to reveal the use of information inrecognition tasks[J]. Vision Research,2001,41:2261-2271.
[11]Spezio M L, Huang P Y S, Castelli F, Adolphs R. Amygdala damage impairs eye contactduring conversations with real people[J].Neuroscience,2007,27:3994-3997.
[12]Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan T W, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio A R.A mechanismfor impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage[J]. Nature,2005,433:68-72.
[13]Boraston Z, Corden B, Miles L, Skuse D, Blakemore S J. Brief Report:Perception ofGenuine and Posed Smiles by Individuals with Autism[J]. Autism DevelopmendDisorder,2008,38:574-580.
[14]Dalton K M, Nacewicz B M, Johnstone T, Schaefer H S, Gernsbacher M A. Goldsmith HH. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism[J]. Neuroscience,2005,8:519-526.
[15]Pelphrey K A, Sasson N J, Reznick J S, Paul G, Goldman B D, Piven J. Visual scanningof faces in autism[J]. Autism Development Disorder.,2002,32:249-261.
[16]Spezio M L, Huang P Y S, Castelli F, Adolphs R. Amygdala damage impairs eye contactduring conversations with real people[J]. Neuroscience,2007,27:3994-3997.
[17] Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D. Visual fixation patterns duringviewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individualswith autism[J]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,2002,59:809-816.
[18]Riby D M, Hancock P J B. Viewing it differently: Social scene perception in Williamssyndrome and Autism[J]. Neuropsychology,2008,46:2855-2860.
[19]Riby D M, Hancock P J B. Looking at movies and cartoons: eye-tracking evidence fromWilliams syndrome and autism[J]. Intellection Disability Research,2009,53:169-181.
[20]Hernandez N, Metzger A, Magnè R., Bonnet Brilhault F, Roux S, Barthelemy C, et al.Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed byvisual scanning[J]. Neuropsychologia,2009,47:1004-1012.
[21]Kanner L.Autistic disturbances of affective contact[J]. Nervous Child,1943,2:217-250.
[22]Kanner L. Early infantile autism[J]. Pediatrics,1944,25:211-217.
[23]American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed., text revision), DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: Author.2000
[24]World Health Organization. Mental Disorders: A Glossary and Guide to TheirClassification in Accordance with the10th Revision of the International Classificationof Diseases—Research Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). Geneva: Author.1993
[25]Dalton K M, Nacewicz B M, Johnstone T, Schaefer H S, Gernsbacher M A, Goldsmith HH. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism[J].Neuroscience,2005,8:519-526.
[26]Hadjikhani N, Joseph R M, Snyder J, Chabris C F, Clark J, Steele S. Activation of thefusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces[J].Neuroimage,2004,22:1141-1150.
[27]Joseph R M, Tanaka J. Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism[J].Child Psychol. Psychiatry,2003,44:529-542.
[28]Langdell T. Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism[J]. ChildPsychol.Psychiatry,1978,19:255-268.
[29]Riby D M, Doherty Sneddon G, Bruce V. The eyes or the mouth? Feature salience andunfamiliar face processing in Williams syndrome and autism[J]. Experiment Psychology,2009,62:189-203.
[30]Rutherford M D, Clements K A, Sekuler A B. Differences in discrimination of eye andmouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders[J]. Vision Research,2007,47:2099-2110.
[31]Spezio M L, Adolphs R, Hurley R, Piven J. Abnormal Use of Facial Information inHigh-Functioning Autism[J]. Autism Development Disorder,2007,37:929-939.
[32]Young G S, Merin N, Rogers S J, Ozonoff S. Gaze behavior and affect at6months:predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infantsand infants at risk for autism Development Science.
[33]Cassel T, Messinger D, Ibanez L, Haltigan J, Acosta S, Buchman A. Early Social andEmotional Communication in the Infant Siblings of Children with Autism SpectrumDisorders: An Examination of the Broad Phenotype[J]. Autism Development Disorder,2007,37:122-132.
[34]Yirmiya N, Gamliel I, Pilowsky T, Feldman R, Baron Cohen S, Sigman M. Thedevelopment of siblings of children with autism at4and14months: social engagement,communication, and cognition[J]. Child Psychology Psychiatry,2006,47:511-523.
[35]Chawarska K, Shic F. Looking but not seeing: Atypical visual scanning and recognitionof faces in2and4-year old children with Autism Spectrum Disorder[J].AutismDevelopment Disorder.
[36] Jemel B, Mottron L, Dawson M. Impaired face processing in autism: fact or artifact?[J].Autism Development Disorder,2006,36:91-106.
[37]Gross A L balif. children’s understanding of emotion from facial expressions andsituations: a review[J]. Development Review,1991,11:368-98
[38]陈顺森,白学军,沈德立,张灵聪.7~10岁自闭症谱系障碍儿童对情绪面孔的觉察与加工[J].心理发展与教育,2011,5:449-457
[39]连福鑫.自闭症儿童面部表情加工实验研究[M].上海:华东师范大学,2010
[40] Morris J S, Ohman A, Dolan R J. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating"unseen" fear. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,1999,96:1680-1685.
[41]Boddaert N et al. Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhoodautism:a voxel-based morphometry MRI study[J]. Neuroimage,2004,1:364-9
[42] Frith C D, Frith U. Interacting minds--a biological basis[J]. Science,1999,286:1692-1695.
[43]Joseph R M, Tanakaa J. Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism,Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2003,44:529-542
[44]Corden B, Chilvers R, Skuse D. Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predictssocial-perceptual impairment in Asperger's syndrome[J]. Neuropsychologia,2008,46:137-147.
[45]Coss R G. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur(Microcebus murinus): The role of two facing eyes[J]. Behaviour,1978,64:248-270.
[46]Hutt C, Ounsted C. The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular referenceto the syndrome of infantile autism[J]. Behaviour. Science,1996,11:346-356.
[47]Dawson G, Webb S J, McPartland J. Understanding the nature of face processingimpairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiologicalstudies[J].Development. Neuropsychology,2005,27:403-424.
[48]Grelotti D J, Gauthier I, Schultz R T. Social interest and the development of cortical facespecialization: what autism teaches us about face processing[J]. DevelopmentPsychobiology,2002,40:213-225.
[49]Kobayashi H, Kohshima S. Unique morphology of the human eye[J]. Nature,1997,387:767-768.
[50] Chouinard PA, Goodale MA. Category-specific neural processing for naming pictures ofanimals and naming pictures of tools: An ALE meta-analysis [J]. Neuropsychologia,2010,48(2):409-418.
[51] van der Geest J N, Kemner C, Verbaten M N, van Engeland H. Gaze behaviour ofchildren with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation timestudy[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2002,43:669-678.
[52]Hobson R P, Ouston J, Lee A. What’s in a face? The case of autism[J].British Journal ofPsychology.1988,79:441-453
[53]Boutheina Jemel Laurent Mottron Michelle Dawson. Impaired face processing inautism:fact or artifact[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2006,12006(1)
[54]李雪荣主编.现代儿童精神医学[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1994,174.
[55]陈顺森,白学军,张日昇.自闭症谱系障碍的症状、诊断与干预[J].心理科学进展,2011,19（1）:1-13.
[56]徐大真,侯佳.儿童自闭症治疗技术与方法的研究进展[J].消费导刊,2008,12:188-190.
[57]孙晓勉,王懿,李萍.孤独症和社交障碍儿童的行为训练—结构化教育(TEACCH)[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2001,12(3),141–143.
[58]高雷.对八例自闭症障碍谱系儿童的箱庭治疗[M],河北:河北大学,2010
[59]Bellini S, Peters J, Benner L, Hopf. A meta-analysis of school-based social skillsinterventions for children with autism spectrum disorders[J]. Remedial and SpecialEducation,2007,28(3):153–162.
[60]White S, Koenig K, Scahill L. Social skills development in children with autism spectrumdisorders: A review of the intervention research[J]. Journal of Autism andDevelopmental Disorders,2007,37:1858–1868.
[61]王和平,杜晓新,曹静萍.特殊儿童音乐治疗机制、功能及实施原则[J].中国特殊教育,2004(2):80-84.
[62]连赟,胡世红.中国传统音乐在儿童孤独症干预性治疗中的理论与实验研究[J].艺术百家,2009,7:222–227.
[63]张鸿懿.发展中的音乐治疗[J].北京:中央音乐学院学报,2000,(2):85-88.
[64]严文华.心理画外音[M].上海:上海画报出版社,2003,262～264}
[65]Kanareff R L. Utilizing Group Art Therapy to Enhance the Social Skills of Children Withautismand Down Syndome USA:Ursuline College2002:180-199.
[66]Debra P. Reflection:Animal-Assisted Therapy in Mental Health Settings[J].CounsValues,2003,48:47-56·
[63]Serpell JA. Beneficial Effects of Pet Ownership on some Aspects of Human Health andBehavior[J].RoyalSocMed,1991,84:717-72
[67]Kathryn H. Animal-assisted Therapy and the Severely Disable Child: aQuantitativeStudy[J].JRehabil2000,67:48-54·
[68]Kogan L, Granger B. The Human-Animal Team Approach for Children with EmotionDisorders: Two Case Studies[J].Child Youth Care Forum,1999,28:105-120·
[69]刘敏娜,黄钢,等.儿童游戏治疗的研究进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,(15):2908-2909.
[70] Timberlake E M. Cutler M M.临床社会工作游戏治疗(肖萍,包雪华,荆春燕译).上海:华东理工大学出版社.2004
[71]Sue B, Dee R. What the research show about play therapy[J]. Intern J PlayTherapy,2000,9.
[72]张日昇.箱庭疗法[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2006
[73]樱井素子,张日昇.在澳大利亚某重度语言障碍学校进行箱庭疗法的尝试—爱玩砂的8岁男孩的箱庭疗法过程[J].心理科学,1999,4:350–353.
[74]吴怡娜.自闭症儿童的家庭教养方式与箱庭治疗[M].河北:河北大学,2009
[75]金丽,陈顺森.自闭症儿童面孔加工的异常：来自眼动的证据[J].漳州师范学院学报.2011,(4):128-132
[76]Olaf R P, Bininda Emonds, Marcel Cardillo, Kate E, Jones Ross D E, MacPhee Robin MD, Beck Richard, Grenyer Samantha A, Price Rutger A, John L, Gittleman, Andy Purvis.The delayed rise of present-day mammals[J]. Nature.2007,446(3)
[77] Atsushi Senju, Mark H Johnson. Atypical eye contact in autism: models, mechanismsand development. In press, Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews
[78]Kleinke C L. Gaze and eye contact: a research review. Psychology.1986,100:78-100.
[79] Emery N J. The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze[J].Neuroscience Biobehaviour. Review,2000,24:581-604.
[80]Speer L L, Cook A E, McMahon W M&Clark E. Face processing in children withautism: Effects of stimulus contents and type[J]. Autism,2007,11:265–277.
[81]陈顺森,徐洁,张日昇.箱庭疗法缓解初中生考试焦虑的有效性[J].心理科学,2006,29(5):1186-1189
[82]Sara J, Webb, Geraldine D, Raphael B, Heracles P. ERP evidence of atypical faceprocessing in young children with autism[J]. Journal of Autism and DevelopmentalDisorders,2006
[83]Herbart,J.F. Outlines of educational doctrine[M].New York:Macmillan.1901
[84] Kalff. Twenty points to be considered in the interpretation of a sandplay[J].19932:2.17-35
[2]Lubetsky M J, Handen B L. Medication treatment in autism spectrum disorder[J].Speaker's Journal,2008,8(10):97–107.
[3]Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R. Volkmar F, Cohen D. Visual fixation patterns during viewingof naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals withautism[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry,2002,59:809-816.
[4]van der Geest J N, Kemner C, Verbaten M N, van Engeland H. Gaze behaviour of childrenwith pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2002,43:669-678.
[5]陈顺森.箱庭疗法治疗自闭症的原理和操作[J].中国特殊教育,2010,1:26-29.
[6]Pelphrey K A, Sasson N J, Reznick J S, Paul G, Goldman B D, Piven J. Visual scanning offaces in autism[J]. Journal of Autism Development Disord,2002,32:249–261.
[7]Csibra G, Gergely G. Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy[C], In Y.Munakata, M H. Johnson (Eds.), Processes of change in brain and cognitivedevelopment. Attention and Performance XXI (pp.249-274). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press,2006
[8]Yarbus A. Eye movement and vision[C]. New York: Plenum,1967
[9]Maurer D, Salapatek P. Developmental Changes in the Scanning of Faces by YoungInfants[J]. Child Development,1976,47:523-527.
[10]Gosselin F, Schyns P G.Bubbles: a technique to reveal the use of information inrecognition tasks[J]. Vision Research,2001,41:2261-2271.
[11]Spezio M L, Huang P Y S, Castelli F, Adolphs R. Amygdala damage impairs eye contactduring conversations with real people[J].Neuroscience,2007,27:3994-3997.
[12]Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan T W, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio A R.A mechanismfor impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage[J]. Nature,2005,433:68-72.
[13]Boraston Z, Corden B, Miles L, Skuse D, Blakemore S J. Brief Report:Perception ofGenuine and Posed Smiles by Individuals with Autism[J]. Autism DevelopmendDisorder,2008,38:574-580.
[14]Dalton K M, Nacewicz B M, Johnstone T, Schaefer H S, Gernsbacher M A. Goldsmith HH. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism[J]. Neuroscience,2005,8:519-526.
[15]Pelphrey K A, Sasson N J, Reznick J S, Paul G, Goldman B D, Piven J. Visual scanningof faces in autism[J]. Autism Development Disorder.,2002,32:249-261.
[16]Spezio M L, Huang P Y S, Castelli F, Adolphs R. Amygdala damage impairs eye contactduring conversations with real people[J]. Neuroscience,2007,27:3994-3997.
[17] Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D. Visual fixation patterns duringviewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individualswith autism[J]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,2002,59:809-816.
[18]Riby D M, Hancock P J B. Viewing it differently: Social scene perception in Williamssyndrome and Autism[J]. Neuropsychology,2008,46:2855-2860.
[19]Riby D M, Hancock P J B. Looking at movies and cartoons: eye-tracking evidence fromWilliams syndrome and autism[J]. Intellection Disability Research,2009,53:169-181.
[20]Hernandez N, Metzger A, Magnè R., Bonnet Brilhault F, Roux S, Barthelemy C, et al.Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed byvisual scanning[J]. Neuropsychologia,2009,47:1004-1012.
[21]Kanner L.Autistic disturbances of affective contact[J]. Nervous Child,1943,2:217-250.
[22]Kanner L. Early infantile autism[J]. Pediatrics,1944,25:211-217.
[23]American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed., text revision), DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: Author.2000
[24]World Health Organization. Mental Disorders: A Glossary and Guide to TheirClassification in Accordance with the10th Revision of the International Classificationof Diseases—Research Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). Geneva: Author.1993
[25]Dalton K M, Nacewicz B M, Johnstone T, Schaefer H S, Gernsbacher M A, Goldsmith HH. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism[J].Neuroscience,2005,8:519-526.
[26]Hadjikhani N, Joseph R M, Snyder J, Chabris C F, Clark J, Steele S. Activation of thefusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces[J].Neuroimage,2004,22:1141-1150.
[27]Joseph R M, Tanaka J. Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism[J].Child Psychol. Psychiatry,2003,44:529-542.
[28]Langdell T. Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism[J]. ChildPsychol.Psychiatry,1978,19:255-268.
[29]Riby D M, Doherty Sneddon G, Bruce V. The eyes or the mouth? Feature salience andunfamiliar face processing in Williams syndrome and autism[J]. Experiment Psychology,2009,62:189-203.
[30]Rutherford M D, Clements K A, Sekuler A B. Differences in discrimination of eye andmouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders[J]. Vision Research,2007,47:2099-2110.
[31]Spezio M L, Adolphs R, Hurley R, Piven J. Abnormal Use of Facial Information inHigh-Functioning Autism[J]. Autism Development Disorder,2007,37:929-939.
[32]Young G S, Merin N, Rogers S J, Ozonoff S. Gaze behavior and affect at6months:predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infantsand infants at risk for autism Development Science.
[33]Cassel T, Messinger D, Ibanez L, Haltigan J, Acosta S, Buchman A. Early Social andEmotional Communication in the Infant Siblings of Children with Autism SpectrumDisorders: An Examination of the Broad Phenotype[J]. Autism Development Disorder,2007,37:122-132.
[34]Yirmiya N, Gamliel I, Pilowsky T, Feldman R, Baron Cohen S, Sigman M. Thedevelopment of siblings of children with autism at4and14months: social engagement,communication, and cognition[J]. Child Psychology Psychiatry,2006,47:511-523.
[35]Chawarska K, Shic F. Looking but not seeing: Atypical visual scanning and recognitionof faces in2and4-year old children with Autism Spectrum Disorder[J].AutismDevelopment Disorder.
[36] Jemel B, Mottron L, Dawson M. Impaired face processing in autism: fact or artifact?[J].Autism Development Disorder,2006,36:91-106.
[37]Gross A L balif. children’s understanding of emotion from facial expressions andsituations: a review[J]. Development Review,1991,11:368-98
[38]陈顺森,白学军,沈德立,张灵聪.7~10岁自闭症谱系障碍儿童对情绪面孔的觉察与加工[J].心理发展与教育,2011,5:449-457
[39]连福鑫.自闭症儿童面部表情加工实验研究[M].上海:华东师范大学,2010
[40] Morris J S, Ohman A, Dolan R J. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating"unseen" fear. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,1999,96:1680-1685.
[41]Boddaert N et al. Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhoodautism:a voxel-based morphometry MRI study[J]. Neuroimage,2004,1:364-9
[42] Frith C D, Frith U. Interacting minds--a biological basis[J]. Science,1999,286:1692-1695.
[43]Joseph R M, Tanakaa J. Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism,Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2003,44:529-542
[44]Corden B, Chilvers R, Skuse D. Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predictssocial-perceptual impairment in Asperger's syndrome[J]. Neuropsychologia,2008,46:137-147.
[45]Coss R G. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur(Microcebus murinus): The role of two facing eyes[J]. Behaviour,1978,64:248-270.
[46]Hutt C, Ounsted C. The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular referenceto the syndrome of infantile autism[J]. Behaviour. Science,1996,11:346-356.
[47]Dawson G, Webb S J, McPartland J. Understanding the nature of face processingimpairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiologicalstudies[J].Development. Neuropsychology,2005,27:403-424.
[48]Grelotti D J, Gauthier I, Schultz R T. Social interest and the development of cortical facespecialization: what autism teaches us about face processing[J]. DevelopmentPsychobiology,2002,40:213-225.
[49]Kobayashi H, Kohshima S. Unique morphology of the human eye[J]. Nature,1997,387:767-768.
[50] Chouinard PA, Goodale MA. Category-specific neural processing for naming pictures ofanimals and naming pictures of tools: An ALE meta-analysis [J]. Neuropsychologia,2010,48(2):409-418.
[51] van der Geest J N, Kemner C, Verbaten M N, van Engeland H. Gaze behaviour ofchildren with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation timestudy[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2002,43:669-678.
[52]Hobson R P, Ouston J, Lee A. What’s in a face? The case of autism[J].British Journal ofPsychology.1988,79:441-453
[53]Boutheina Jemel Laurent Mottron Michelle Dawson. Impaired face processing inautism:fact or artifact[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2006,12006(1)
[54]李雪荣主编.现代儿童精神医学[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1994,174.
[55]陈顺森,白学军,张日昇.自闭症谱系障碍的症状、诊断与干预[J].心理科学进展,2011,19（1）:1-13.
[56]徐大真,侯佳.儿童自闭症治疗技术与方法的研究进展[J].消费导刊,2008,12:188-190.
[57]孙晓勉,王懿,李萍.孤独症和社交障碍儿童的行为训练—结构化教育(TEACCH)[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2001,12(3),141–143.
[58]高雷.对八例自闭症障碍谱系儿童的箱庭治疗[M],河北:河北大学,2010
[59]Bellini S, Peters J, Benner L, Hopf. A meta-analysis of school-based social skillsinterventions for children with autism spectrum disorders[J]. Remedial and SpecialEducation,2007,28(3):153–162.
[60]White S, Koenig K, Scahill L. Social skills development in children with autism spectrumdisorders: A review of the intervention research[J]. Journal of Autism andDevelopmental Disorders,2007,37:1858–1868.
[61]王和平,杜晓新,曹静萍.特殊儿童音乐治疗机制、功能及实施原则[J].中国特殊教育,2004(2):80-84.
[62]连赟,胡世红.中国传统音乐在儿童孤独症干预性治疗中的理论与实验研究[J].艺术百家,2009,7:222–227.
[63]张鸿懿.发展中的音乐治疗[J].北京:中央音乐学院学报,2000,(2):85-88.
[64]严文华.心理画外音[M].上海:上海画报出版社,2003,262～264}
[65]Kanareff R L. Utilizing Group Art Therapy to Enhance the Social Skills of Children Withautismand Down Syndome USA:Ursuline College2002:180-199.
[66]Debra P. Reflection:Animal-Assisted Therapy in Mental Health Settings[J].CounsValues,2003,48:47-56·
[63]Serpell JA. Beneficial Effects of Pet Ownership on some Aspects of Human Health andBehavior[J].RoyalSocMed,1991,84:717-72
[67]Kathryn H. Animal-assisted Therapy and the Severely Disable Child: aQuantitativeStudy[J].JRehabil2000,67:48-54·
[68]Kogan L, Granger B. The Human-Animal Team Approach for Children with EmotionDisorders: Two Case Studies[J].Child Youth Care Forum,1999,28:105-120·
[69]刘敏娜,黄钢,等.儿童游戏治疗的研究进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,(15):2908-2909.
[70] Timberlake E M. Cutler M M.临床社会工作游戏治疗(肖萍,包雪华,荆春燕译).上海:华东理工大学出版社.2004
[71]Sue B, Dee R. What the research show about play therapy[J]. Intern J PlayTherapy,2000,9.
[72]张日昇.箱庭疗法[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2006
[73]樱井素子,张日昇.在澳大利亚某重度语言障碍学校进行箱庭疗法的尝试—爱玩砂的8岁男孩的箱庭疗法过程[J].心理科学,1999,4:350–353.
[74]吴怡娜.自闭症儿童的家庭教养方式与箱庭治疗[M].河北:河北大学,2009
[75]金丽,陈顺森.自闭症儿童面孔加工的异常：来自眼动的证据[J].漳州师范学院学报.2011,(4):128-132
[76]Olaf R P, Bininda Emonds, Marcel Cardillo, Kate E, Jones Ross D E, MacPhee Robin MD, Beck Richard, Grenyer Samantha A, Price Rutger A, John L, Gittleman, Andy Purvis.The delayed rise of present-day mammals[J]. Nature.2007,446(3)
[77] Atsushi Senju, Mark H Johnson. Atypical eye contact in autism: models, mechanismsand development. In press, Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews
[78]Kleinke C L. Gaze and eye contact: a research review. Psychology.1986,100:78-100.
[79] Emery N J. The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze[J].Neuroscience Biobehaviour. Review,2000,24:581-604.
[80]Speer L L, Cook A E, McMahon W M&Clark E. Face processing in children withautism: Effects of stimulus contents and type[J]. Autism,2007,11:265–277.
[81]陈顺森,徐洁,张日昇.箱庭疗法缓解初中生考试焦虑的有效性[J].心理科学,2006,29(5):1186-1189
[82]Sara J, Webb, Geraldine D, Raphael B, Heracles P. ERP evidence of atypical faceprocessing in young children with autism[J]. Journal of Autism and DevelopmentalDisorders,2006
[83]Herbart,J.F. Outlines of educational doctrine[M].New York:Macmillan.1901
[84] Kalff. Twenty points to be considered in the interpretation of a sandplay[J].19932:2.17-35