光纤高温测量研究
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摘要
在炼钢、炼铁过程中，钢水、铁液温度是其中最重要的参数之一。目前，世界上广泛采用消耗型热电偶来测量该温度，可是，采用消耗型热电偶存在如下问题：(1)测温探头为一次性，测温费用较高；(2)每次测量后必须更换探头，难以自动化；(3)不能连续或高频率测温。
现在，开发的消耗型光纤辐射温度计是一种全新的测量熔融金属温度的方法。它的测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，完全可以取代消耗型热电偶。
本文中详细地叙述了辐射测温原理，包括其中的基础理论以及黑体辐射定律。这里面维恩公式是最重要的理论公式。
本文详细地叙述了消耗型光纤辐射温度计的理论及应用。这里结合了比色测温法。比色测温法能大大降低发射率对测温结果的影响，在最佳条件下，该影响可降至零。文中还分类详细介绍了光电比色温度计。
消耗型光纤辐射温度计的设计方案共分为三大部分：光纤测温系统、比色系统、单片机(数据处理)。具体步骤是先用消耗型光纤从钢水内部提出光信号，经过一比色系统转化为一系列数据，然后进行数据处理，最后得出钢水内部真实温度。
设计方案中的前两大部分分别是消耗型光纤和比色测温法的应用。第三大部分的数据处理是先用最小二乘法，然后进行傅立叶变换，可建立波长与功率谱(或能量谱)的关系，求出测温公式中最难测定的东西：B(两选定波长处的光谱辐射亮度—即能量之比)。最后求出钢水的温度。
鉴于目前普遍用热电偶测量钢水温度，在技术上比较成熟。有很大的参考作用，故本文举了一种用消耗型热电偶测温的例子，其测温结果与消耗型光纤辐射温度计的对比放在了总结一章中。
总之，消耗型光纤辐射温度计可以克服许多测温方法上的缺点，其测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，测温费用又可大幅度降低，具有良好的性能价格比。它今后不仅在钢铁工业中，而且可向铸造及汽车领域扩展。
During smelting steel and iron, the temperature for molten steel and liquid iron is one of the most important parameter. At present, its temperature measurement is extensively adopted consumptive thermocouple in the world, but adopting consumptive thermocouple has the following problems: (l)the stretch for measuring temperature forward for a time, so the expenses is higher. (2)after every time measurement, the stretch must be replaced, so it is difficult to realize automation. (3)it can not continually or in high frequency measure the temperature.
Now, the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer developing is a new method of the temperature measurement for melted metal. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of consumptive thermocouple. It can totally take the place of consumptive thermocouple.
In this text the principle of radiation temperature measurement is related in detail. There is included sonic basic theories and the law on the black object radiation.
This text relates the colorimetry in detail and specially mentioned its 'advantage. The colorimetry can largely lower the blast-off rate which influence the result of temperature measurement. Under the best term, the influence can decline to the zero.
This text is detailed to introduce some photo-electricity colorimetry thermometer.
After these introduction is over above the article just enter myself designed scheme: use a consumptive optical fiber to take the light signal from the molten steel, and convert to a series of data by a thermometer system, then use the software method, and finally work out the true temperature of the molten steel.
Here the software method use firstly the least squares method, then proceed Fourier Transform which convert hour field to frequency field, establish the relation of wave-length and power spectrum (or energy spectrum). According to the relation established, it can work out the most difficult measurement thing in measuring temperature formula : B (the ratio between the light spectrum radiation bright both selected wave-length, namely the
ratio between energy. ). Finally the temperature of the molten steel is begged out.
Now that it is widespread to measure the temperature of the molten steel with consumptive thermocouple. This is the comparative maturity on the technique. Using thermocouple to measure the temperature has very high reference value, so this text explains an example in contrast with the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer.
Consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer can overcome the defects in many method of the temperature measurement. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of consumptive thermocouple. It can reduce lots of costs of. the temperature measurement. It has very good ratio of performance to price. It will spread not only in the steel and iron industry but also in the field of foundry and automobile.
现在，开发的消耗型光纤辐射温度计是一种全新的测量熔融金属温度的方法。它的测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，完全可以取代消耗型热电偶。
本文中详细地叙述了辐射测温原理，包括其中的基础理论以及黑体辐射定律。这里面维恩公式是最重要的理论公式。
本文详细地叙述了消耗型光纤辐射温度计的理论及应用。这里结合了比色测温法。比色测温法能大大降低发射率对测温结果的影响，在最佳条件下，该影响可降至零。文中还分类详细介绍了光电比色温度计。
消耗型光纤辐射温度计的设计方案共分为三大部分：光纤测温系统、比色系统、单片机(数据处理)。具体步骤是先用消耗型光纤从钢水内部提出光信号，经过一比色系统转化为一系列数据，然后进行数据处理，最后得出钢水内部真实温度。
设计方案中的前两大部分分别是消耗型光纤和比色测温法的应用。第三大部分的数据处理是先用最小二乘法，然后进行傅立叶变换，可建立波长与功率谱(或能量谱)的关系，求出测温公式中最难测定的东西：B(两选定波长处的光谱辐射亮度—即能量之比)。最后求出钢水的温度。
鉴于目前普遍用热电偶测量钢水温度，在技术上比较成熟。有很大的参考作用，故本文举了一种用消耗型热电偶测温的例子，其测温结果与消耗型光纤辐射温度计的对比放在了总结一章中。
总之，消耗型光纤辐射温度计可以克服许多测温方法上的缺点，其测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，测温费用又可大幅度降低，具有良好的性能价格比。它今后不仅在钢铁工业中，而且可向铸造及汽车领域扩展。
During smelting steel and iron, the temperature for molten steel and liquid iron is one of the most important parameter. At present, its temperature measurement is extensively adopted consumptive thermocouple in the world, but adopting consumptive thermocouple has the following problems: (l)the stretch for measuring temperature forward for a time, so the expenses is higher. (2)after every time measurement, the stretch must be replaced, so it is difficult to realize automation. (3)it can not continually or in high frequency measure the temperature.
Now, the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer developing is a new method of the temperature measurement for melted metal. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of consumptive thermocouple. It can totally take the place of consumptive thermocouple.
In this text the principle of radiation temperature measurement is related in detail. There is included sonic basic theories and the law on the black object radiation.
This text relates the colorimetry in detail and specially mentioned its 'advantage. The colorimetry can largely lower the blast-off rate which influence the result of temperature measurement. Under the best term, the influence can decline to the zero.
This text is detailed to introduce some photo-electricity colorimetry thermometer.
After these introduction is over above the article just enter myself designed scheme: use a consumptive optical fiber to take the light signal from the molten steel, and convert to a series of data by a thermometer system, then use the software method, and finally work out the true temperature of the molten steel.
Here the software method use firstly the least squares method, then proceed Fourier Transform which convert hour field to frequency field, establish the relation of wave-length and power spectrum (or energy spectrum). According to the relation established, it can work out the most difficult measurement thing in measuring temperature formula : B (the ratio between the light spectrum radiation bright both selected wave-length, namely the
ratio between energy. ). Finally the temperature of the molten steel is begged out.
Now that it is widespread to measure the temperature of the molten steel with consumptive thermocouple. This is the comparative maturity on the technique. Using thermocouple to measure the temperature has very high reference value, so this text explains an example in contrast with the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer.
Consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer can overcome the defects in many method of the temperature measurement. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of consumptive thermocouple. It can reduce lots of costs of. the temperature measurement. It has very good ratio of performance to price. It will spread not only in the steel and iron industry but also in the field of foundry and automobile.
引文
1．颜华，比色／单色两用式光线辐射温度计．沈阳工业大学学报．1996．12(4)
2．王魁汉、邓洪君．消耗型光纤辐射温度计的新动向．自动化仪表．2000．4(4)
3．陈焕生．温度测试技术及仪表，水利电力出版社．1987．224～231
4．陈永，胡晓清等．板坯连铸中间罐钢水温度连续测量．连铸．2002．(3)
5．王俊杰，王家桢．检测技术与仪表．[武汉]武汉理工大学出版社．2002．59～70
6. Werner R.Kriesel,Otto W. Madelung(Eds.). As-Interface the Actutator-Sensor-Interface for Automation. Carl Hanser Verlag Muenchen Wien. 1999
7. Mauris G, Benoit E, Foulloy L. Fuzzy symbolic sensors from concept to applications. Measurement, 1994(12): 357～384
8．吴晓东 职建军等．宝钢炼钢厂连铸中间包钢水温度的测量，钢铁2001．36(8)
9．周刚．三炼钢厂钢水温度监测与控制．涟钢科技与管理．2000．(1)
10．刘浏，杨强等．RH精炼钢水温度预报模型．钢铁研究学报．2000．12(2)
11．龙和平．涟钢20t转炉出钢过程钢流温降规律的研究．钢铁研究．2000．(6)
12．南海，修吉平．铁液温度的检测．中国铸造装备与技术．1999．(1)
13．谢永明．对转炉钢水温度控制的思考．冶金丛刊．1998，(5)
14．李晶，毕其富．钢包精炼过程中钢水成分微调及温度预报．钢铁研究学报．1999．11(2)
15．彭明跃．优钢连铸中钢水温度的控制．连铸．1998．(1)
16．陈永．攀钢板坯连铸钢水过程温度变化的数值模拟．连铸．1999．(5)
17．井口征士[日]，蔡萍等译．传感工程．[北京]科学出版社．2001．57～76
18．徐红，周汉香．中间包钢水的连续测量技术．炼钢．1999．15(5)
19．么秋杨，黄道鑫．高速连铸钢水温度控制．钢铁钒钛．1999．20(2)
20．张务林．连铸过程钢液温度的控制．工业加热．1999．(5)
21. Aggarwal J.K. Multiple sensor integration and fusion through image processing: A Review, Opt. Eng., 25(3): 380～386
22．王玉辉，宋蕴兴等，人工智能技术在钢水温度预报中的应用．天津轻工业学院学报．2002
23．肖勇 罗双喜，钢水快速测量偶头的研制和应用．武钢技术，2002
24．武拥军，姜周华等．LE炉精炼过程钢水温度预报技术．东北大学学报：自然科学版．2002
25. Khan A.A. and Gupta R.S. A Linear Tbermister Based Temperature-to-Frequency Converter Using a Delay Network IEEE Trans. Vol. IM-34, No.1, March 1985: 85～86
26．王永仲，琚新军，胡心．智能光电系统．[北京]科学出版社．1999．135～139
27．崔志尚．常用辐射测温仪器及其检定．计量出版社．1986．23～36
28．史华明．钢水的温度测量及数学处理．自动化，1990．11(4)
29. R.J.Hughes, G.L.Morgan. Quantum key distribution over a 48 km optical fiber network. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.2-3
30. S.selvakennedy, P. Poopalan. Gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifier for wavelength division multiplexed systems. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.9
31. H.F. Tayor, Fiber optic sensors conference on Integrated Optics, London, England
32. G.pedrini, S.schedin and H.J.Tiziani. Spatial filtering in digital holographic microscopy. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.8
33. Third International conference on Optical Fiber sensors, U.S.A
34. Y. Xu, N.B.Jones. Analytical estimates of the characteristics of
surface plasmon reaonance fiber-optic sensors . Journal of modern optics 2000 No.6
35． A .Bhatti , H.s.Al-Raweshidy . Finite element analysis of an optical fiber electric field sensor using piezoelectric polymer coating . Journal of modern optics 2000 No.4
36． 万雅竞，吴延甫.钢水温度的连续测量．冶金自动化．1992． 16(5)
37． D.Amroun , A.kellou . Suppression of self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers with electronic control. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.7
38． W.J.Bock and T.A.Eftimov . Low-noise bimodal all-fiber sensor using depolarized light. Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 12
39． R.Spencer , L.Hu . The use of optical fibers in radio astronomy . Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 11
40． E.shafir and Y.weissman. Effects of chromatic dispersion on microwave and millimeter wave carrier transmission in optical fibers. Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 15
41． M.D.Sharma and C.J.R.Sheppard . Effects of system geometry on the axial response of the fiber-optical confocal microscope . Journal of modern optics 1999 No. 15
42． 任至舒．钨-铼热电偶测温经验．工业计量.1998． 8(6)
43． 赵来胜,张广军.连铸过程钢水温度的测定与控制．特殊钢．1998． 19(5)
44． 沈钢．影响连钢水温度诸因素分析．炼钢．1991． 7(3)
45． Sillen R V. Optimizing Iron Quality Through Artificial Intelligence . Modern Casting. 1996(11)
2．王魁汉、邓洪君．消耗型光纤辐射温度计的新动向．自动化仪表．2000．4(4)
3．陈焕生．温度测试技术及仪表，水利电力出版社．1987．224～231
4．陈永，胡晓清等．板坯连铸中间罐钢水温度连续测量．连铸．2002．(3)
5．王俊杰，王家桢．检测技术与仪表．[武汉]武汉理工大学出版社．2002．59～70
6. Werner R.Kriesel,Otto W. Madelung(Eds.). As-Interface the Actutator-Sensor-Interface for Automation. Carl Hanser Verlag Muenchen Wien. 1999
7. Mauris G, Benoit E, Foulloy L. Fuzzy symbolic sensors from concept to applications. Measurement, 1994(12): 357～384
8．吴晓东 职建军等．宝钢炼钢厂连铸中间包钢水温度的测量，钢铁2001．36(8)
9．周刚．三炼钢厂钢水温度监测与控制．涟钢科技与管理．2000．(1)
10．刘浏，杨强等．RH精炼钢水温度预报模型．钢铁研究学报．2000．12(2)
11．龙和平．涟钢20t转炉出钢过程钢流温降规律的研究．钢铁研究．2000．(6)
12．南海，修吉平．铁液温度的检测．中国铸造装备与技术．1999．(1)
13．谢永明．对转炉钢水温度控制的思考．冶金丛刊．1998，(5)
14．李晶，毕其富．钢包精炼过程中钢水成分微调及温度预报．钢铁研究学报．1999．11(2)
15．彭明跃．优钢连铸中钢水温度的控制．连铸．1998．(1)
16．陈永．攀钢板坯连铸钢水过程温度变化的数值模拟．连铸．1999．(5)
17．井口征士[日]，蔡萍等译．传感工程．[北京]科学出版社．2001．57～76
18．徐红，周汉香．中间包钢水的连续测量技术．炼钢．1999．15(5)
19．么秋杨，黄道鑫．高速连铸钢水温度控制．钢铁钒钛．1999．20(2)
20．张务林．连铸过程钢液温度的控制．工业加热．1999．(5)
21. Aggarwal J.K. Multiple sensor integration and fusion through image processing: A Review, Opt. Eng., 25(3): 380～386
22．王玉辉，宋蕴兴等，人工智能技术在钢水温度预报中的应用．天津轻工业学院学报．2002
23．肖勇 罗双喜，钢水快速测量偶头的研制和应用．武钢技术，2002
24．武拥军，姜周华等．LE炉精炼过程钢水温度预报技术．东北大学学报：自然科学版．2002
25. Khan A.A. and Gupta R.S. A Linear Tbermister Based Temperature-to-Frequency Converter Using a Delay Network IEEE Trans. Vol. IM-34, No.1, March 1985: 85～86
26．王永仲，琚新军，胡心．智能光电系统．[北京]科学出版社．1999．135～139
27．崔志尚．常用辐射测温仪器及其检定．计量出版社．1986．23～36
28．史华明．钢水的温度测量及数学处理．自动化，1990．11(4)
29. R.J.Hughes, G.L.Morgan. Quantum key distribution over a 48 km optical fiber network. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.2-3
30. S.selvakennedy, P. Poopalan. Gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifier for wavelength division multiplexed systems. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.9
31. H.F. Tayor, Fiber optic sensors conference on Integrated Optics, London, England
32. G.pedrini, S.schedin and H.J.Tiziani. Spatial filtering in digital holographic microscopy. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.8
33. Third International conference on Optical Fiber sensors, U.S.A
34. Y. Xu, N.B.Jones. Analytical estimates of the characteristics of
surface plasmon reaonance fiber-optic sensors . Journal of modern optics 2000 No.6
35． A .Bhatti , H.s.Al-Raweshidy . Finite element analysis of an optical fiber electric field sensor using piezoelectric polymer coating . Journal of modern optics 2000 No.4
36． 万雅竞，吴延甫.钢水温度的连续测量．冶金自动化．1992． 16(5)
37． D.Amroun , A.kellou . Suppression of self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers with electronic control. Journal of modern optics 2000 No.7
38． W.J.Bock and T.A.Eftimov . Low-noise bimodal all-fiber sensor using depolarized light. Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 12
39． R.Spencer , L.Hu . The use of optical fibers in radio astronomy . Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 11
40． E.shafir and Y.weissman. Effects of chromatic dispersion on microwave and millimeter wave carrier transmission in optical fibers. Journal of modern optics 2000 No. 15
41． M.D.Sharma and C.J.R.Sheppard . Effects of system geometry on the axial response of the fiber-optical confocal microscope . Journal of modern optics 1999 No. 15
42． 任至舒．钨-铼热电偶测温经验．工业计量.1998． 8(6)
43． 赵来胜,张广军.连铸过程钢水温度的测定与控制．特殊钢．1998． 19(5)
44． 沈钢．影响连钢水温度诸因素分析．炼钢．1991． 7(3)
45． Sillen R V. Optimizing Iron Quality Through Artificial Intelligence . Modern Casting. 1996(11)