围产期酮病、脂肪肝奶牛血液生化指标的研究
|
摘要
本文选取20头年龄、胎次相近(3-5胎,5-8岁),305d的产奶量大于5000kg健康的妊娠荷斯坦奶牛,根据血糖水平,将产前28d、14d和产后1d、14d、28d和56d各阶段分成低血糖组和正常血糖对照组。另选取自然发生酮病牛10头、脂肪肝病牛10头和正常对照组奶牛10头。
通过饲养围产期低血糖奶牛、自然发生酮病和脂肪肝病奶牛试验,旨在研究低血糖、酮病和脂肪肝对围产期奶牛血液生化指标的影响,揭示围产期奶牛能量负平衡及能量代谢障碍过程中代谢变化,为防治奶牛围产期能量代谢障碍性疾病提供科学依据。
实验结果表明:围产期奶牛易发生低血糖,产后呈现亚临床酮病,但是大多逐渐恢复正常。酮病、脂肪肝奶牛伴发低血糖,泌乳量下降,血液多种生化指标、肝脂含量发生不同程度的改变。脂肪肝病牛发生肝功不全。酮病奶牛亦可能存在肝功不全。
In this paper, twenty healthy pregnant Holstein cows with near ages and parities (3-5 parities, 5-8 years old), each of which had much more than 5000kg milk yield in 305 days, were divided into low-blood-sugar group and normal-blood-sugar group at 10 days, 14 days before delivery and at 1day, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days after delivery according to the level of blood sugar. In addition, 10 normal cows and 20 cows respectively suffering from spontaneous ketone disease and fatty liver disease were picked out.
Through the experiment of feeding low-blood sugar cows and cows spontaneously suffering from ketone disease and fatty liver disease during perinatology, the effects of low blood sugar, ketone disease and fatty liver disease on the blood biochemical indexes of cows under perinatology were investigated to clarify the metabolic changes of cow suffering from negative energy balance and energy metabolism disorder. This research would provide scientific basis for preventing and curing the cows suffering from disorder of energy metabolism during perinatology.
The experimental results showed that cows under perinatology were easily subject to hypoglycemia and had subclinical ketone disease after delivery. But most of them would get back to normal gradually. Cows suffering from ketone disease and fatty liver disease would go with hypoglycemia, declining milk yield and changes of blood chemical indexes and fat contents in liver at different degrees. Cows suffering from fat liver disease would have hypohepatia. And it could also happen to cows suffering from ketone disease.
通过饲养围产期低血糖奶牛、自然发生酮病和脂肪肝病奶牛试验,旨在研究低血糖、酮病和脂肪肝对围产期奶牛血液生化指标的影响,揭示围产期奶牛能量负平衡及能量代谢障碍过程中代谢变化,为防治奶牛围产期能量代谢障碍性疾病提供科学依据。
实验结果表明:围产期奶牛易发生低血糖,产后呈现亚临床酮病,但是大多逐渐恢复正常。酮病、脂肪肝奶牛伴发低血糖,泌乳量下降,血液多种生化指标、肝脂含量发生不同程度的改变。脂肪肝病牛发生肝功不全。酮病奶牛亦可能存在肝功不全。
In this paper, twenty healthy pregnant Holstein cows with near ages and parities (3-5 parities, 5-8 years old), each of which had much more than 5000kg milk yield in 305 days, were divided into low-blood-sugar group and normal-blood-sugar group at 10 days, 14 days before delivery and at 1day, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days after delivery according to the level of blood sugar. In addition, 10 normal cows and 20 cows respectively suffering from spontaneous ketone disease and fatty liver disease were picked out.
Through the experiment of feeding low-blood sugar cows and cows spontaneously suffering from ketone disease and fatty liver disease during perinatology, the effects of low blood sugar, ketone disease and fatty liver disease on the blood biochemical indexes of cows under perinatology were investigated to clarify the metabolic changes of cow suffering from negative energy balance and energy metabolism disorder. This research would provide scientific basis for preventing and curing the cows suffering from disorder of energy metabolism during perinatology.
The experimental results showed that cows under perinatology were easily subject to hypoglycemia and had subclinical ketone disease after delivery. But most of them would get back to normal gradually. Cows suffering from ketone disease and fatty liver disease would go with hypoglycemia, declining milk yield and changes of blood chemical indexes and fat contents in liver at different degrees. Cows suffering from fat liver disease would have hypohepatia. And it could also happen to cows suffering from ketone disease.
引文
1. 奥斯伯等著.颜子颖等等译.精编分子生物学实验指南(第一版)[M].科学出版社,1998
2. 陈守春等.定量 PCR 技术研究概述.国外医学流行病学传染病学分册,1998,25(5):231-232
3. 陈代文.奶牛脂肪肝的发病机理及防制措施.中国畜牧兽医,2002,29(3):37-40.
4. 陈守春.定量 PCR 技术研究概述.国外医学流行病学,传染病学分册,1998,25(5):231-232
5. 程正江.用统计学方法解释和处理临床定量 PCR 实验结果.数理医药杂志,2003,1:18-21
6. 房晓彤等.奶牛围产期营养与疾病.中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(6):39-41
7. 何生虎等.奶牛酮病的发病机理研究现状及进展.草食家畜(季刊),2004,3(9):15-17
8. 何剑斌等.应用血中生化指标监测围产期奶牛脂肪肝.黑龙江畜牧兽医,1997,6:1-5
9. 贺普宵等.奶牛肝脏代谢障碍的研究[J].中国奶牛,1990,4:53-54
10. 黄燕萍等.荧光定量 PCR 与普通 PCR 检测 HBV DNA 的对照分析,第三军医大学学报,2001,23(8):992-993
11. 金邦荃等,动物脂肪代谢与控制.动物科学与动物医学,2001,18(6):9-12
12. 孔凡德等.激素敏感脂肪酶的研究进展.中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(6):38-40
13. 孔凡德等.日粮对激素敏感脂肪酶活性的影响.饲料博览,2001,2:9-10
14. 刘国文等.围产期奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,8:78-79
15. 卢德勋.反刍动物营养调控理论及其应用[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1993,(增刊):1-6
16. 刘建忠等.人和小鼠肥胖基因及其表达产物瘦蛋白的研究进展.农业生物技术学报,2000,
4:30-35。
17. 连正兴等.利用半定量 PCR 方法分析中国地方猪种内源病毒序列拷贝数的多态性.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(6):521-524
18. 李维辛.Leptin 与内分泌及代谢.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(3):100-103
19. 刘陶文.定量 PCR 技术.国外医学:临床生物化学与检验学分册,1998,19(1):15-17
20. 陆利民等.采用单碱基突变模板作为内对照对组织中 mRNA 水平进行 PCR 定量.生理学报,1997,49(2):235-240
21. 林江等.实时定量 PCR 检测血液恶性肿瘤的微小残留病.中国实验血液学杂志,2001,9(3):277-281
22. 林玲.定量 PCR 技术的研究进展.国外医学遗传学分册,1999,22(3):116-118
23. 刘艳琴等.奶牛泌乳早期能量负平衡的危害及解决措施.中国奶牛,2000,1:31-32
24. 马中富等.以 cDNA 为内参标 RT-PCR 定量检测心肌细胞内 p53 和 Bcl-2 基因 mRNA 表达量的方法研究.中国危重病急救医学,2002,14(10):597-601
25. 马荣群等.实时定量 PCR 方法检测转基因产品.植物检疫,2002,1:61-64
26. 牛艾茹等.定量 DNA 和 IgM 抗体检测 CMV 感染.中国优生与遗传杂志,2002,10(6):40-41
27. 潘敏.脂肪细胞鉴别新进展.生命的化学,1993,13(2):12-14
28. 孙海州.生长肥育羊葡萄糖营养整体优化规律的研究[D].[博士论文].内蒙古农业大学,1999
29. 孙斌等.奶牛酮病及其研究进展[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1999,11(3):48-51。
30. 时浩.神经肽 Y 和下丘脑与能量平衡的调节.国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册,1998,18(1):26-40。
31. 孙志娟等.肥胖的研究进展.生理科学进展,2001,32(1):39-44。
32. 司徒镇强等.细胞培养.世界图书出版西安公司(第一版),2004,3:137-141
33. 沈坤堂等.胰岛素、胰高血糖素和地塞米松调节 PEPCK 启动子活性的体外研究.复旦学报(医学版),2003,Jul,30(4):338-340
34. 胥保华等.肉雏鸡肝细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 RT-PCR 定量分析.中国兽医科技,2003,33(2):24-26
35. 帅小蓉等.定量 PCR 技术的研究现状及应用概述.蚕学通讯,2002,22(4):20-27
36. 田志华等.猪脂肪细胞分化的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2001,6:36-39
37. 王俊锋等.反刍动物葡萄糖的营养代谢研究进展.饲料工业,2004,25(5):7-10
38. 王光文编译.奶牛围产期的营养生理和饲养管理.广西畜牧兽医,2004,120(4):187-189
39. 王宁.定量 PCR 技术研究进展.国外医学:临床生物化学与检验学分册,2000,21(6):314-316
40. 汪启迪.瘦素与其他相关激素间的互调作用.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(5):196-199
41. 王吉峰等.奶牛营养代谢对乳脂合成调控机制的研究进展.中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(2):6-10
42. 肖白等.半定量 PCR 检测致龋性变形链球菌的技术及应用.中国实验诊断学,2003,7(2):109-112
43. 熊云龙.动物营养代谢病[M].吉林科学技术出版社:熊云龙,王哲等,1996,22-29
44. 肖玲等.奶牛酮病研究.乳业科学与技术,2002,3:26-29
45. 杨在清等.猪脂肪沉积相关的生化特征研究.畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(5):390-396
46. 邹志琴等.动物脂肪代谢激素调控分子机理的研究进展.黄牛杂志,1998,24(6):34-36
47. 张立国等.实时定量 PCR 技术的介绍.生物技术,2003,13(2):39-40
48. 张曼等.细胞分裂周期蛋白基因 6 半定量检测方法的条件建立.中华检验医学杂志,2000,26(4):197-199.
49. 朱晓海等.人前脂肪细胞培养及增殖与分化模型的建立[J].中华整型烧伤外科杂志,1999,15(3):199-202
50. 周鹏等.瘦素研究进展.江苏临床医学杂志,2001,5(4):358-360
51. 张薇.调节食物摄入和能量代谢的信号.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(5):712-971
52. 周建平等.脂肪肝影响围产期奶牛繁殖力的机理研究.畜牧兽医学报,1997,28(2):115-119
53. A.R.HIPEN,etalAlleviation of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows with 14-Day Intravenous Infusions of Glucagon. J.Dairy.Sci, 1999,82:1139-1152,.
54. Actor JK, Limor JR, Hunter RL. A flexible bioluminescent-quantitive polymerase reaction assay for analysis of competitive PCR amplicons. J Clin Lab Anal, 1999,13(1):40-47
55. Anderson KM, Cheung PH, Kell MD. Rapid generation of homologous internal standards and evaluation of data for quantitaion of messenger RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 1997,38:133-140.
56. Annemarie Berger, Wolfgang Preiser. Viral genome quantification as a tool for improving patient management: the example of HIV, HBV, HCV and CMV.J. Antimicrob. Chemother, 2002,49:713–721
57. Abegg R, Eicher R, Lis J,et al. Concentration of volatile fatty acids in digesta samples obtained from healthy cows and cows with cecal dilatation or dislocation[J]. Am J Vet Res, 1999,60(12):1540-1545
58. Andrews AH, Laven R, Maisey I. Treatment and control of an outbreak of fat cow syndrome in a large dairy herd. Vet Rec, 1991,Sep 7,129(10):216-9
59. A. Hayirli, S. J. Bertics and R. R. Grummer, Effects of Slow-release Insulin on Production, Liver Triglyceride, and Metabolic Profiles of Holsteins in Early Lactation, J. Dairy Sci, 2002,85:2180-2191
60. B.D. Strang, S.J.Bertics, R.R.Grummer. etal. Effect of long-chain fatty acids on Triglyceride accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and Ureagenesis in Bovine Hepatocytes [J].. Dairy. Sci, 1998,81:728-739.
61. Block SS.etal. Effect of energy balance on the concentration of plasma leptin in early lactating dairy cows. J Anim.Sci, 2001,78(suppl.1):19(Abs).
62. Berl Munch, Tierarztl Wochenschr. Prevention of bovine ketosis with glucogenic substance and its effect on fertility in Finnish dairy cows.Miettinen PV, 1995,Jan,108(1):14-9
63. Bergman EN. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species[J]. Physiol Rev, 1990,70(2):567-590.
64. Bava L, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM,Effects of a nonforage diet on milk production, energy, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy goats throughout lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2001,84(11):2450-2459.
65. Colleen M.Croniger, Yael Olswang, Lea. Reshef, etal. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK) revisited insights into its metabolic role. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology educution, 2002,30(1):14-20,.
66. Cheng B. Comparing RNA PCR tests. PI Perspect, 1995,(17):15-18
67. Collins S, Kuhn GM, Petro AE. Role of Leptin in fat regulation. Nature. 1996; 380: 677-679
68. Dann, H. M., G. A. Varga, and D. E. Putnam. Improving energy supply to late gestation and early postpartum dairy cows[J]. J. Dairy Sci, 1999,82:1765–1778.
69. D. E. GRUM, J. K. DRACKLEY, R. S. YOUNKER, Nutrition During the Dry Period andHepatic Lipid Metabolism of Periparturient Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1996,79:1850-1864
70. D.P. Lanna,etal. Effect of somatotropin treatment on lipogenesis, lipolysis, and related cellular mechanisms in adipose tissue of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 1995,78(8);1703-1712.
71. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley G H, A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues[J].J Biol Chem, 1957,276:497-5091957,276:497- 509.
72. F Ferre. Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth. Genome Res, 1992,2:1-9
73. Goff, J. P. and R. L. Horst. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J. Dairy Sci, 1997,80:1260-1268.
74. Grummer RR. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow[J]. J Anim Sci, 1995,73(9):2820-2833
75. Gerloff BJ. Dry cow management for the prevention of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows,Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2000,Jul,16(2):283-92
76. Herdth, T.H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance:Influences on the etiology of ketosis1998,38(3):315-330
77. Hurtaud C, Rulquin H, Verite R. Effects of level and type of energy source (volatile fatty acids or glucose) on milk yield, composition and coagulating properties in dairy cows[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1998,38(3):315-330
78. H Dale, L Vik-Mo, and P Fjellheim.A field survey of fat mobilization and liver function of dairy cows during early lactation. Relationship to energy balance, appetite and ketosis. Nord Vet Med, March 1, 1979,31(3):97-105
79. Herdth, T.H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver[J]. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract, 2000,16:215-230.
80. Huhtanen P, Vanhatalo A, Varvikko T. Effects of abomasal infusions of histidine, glucose, and leucine on milk production and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed grass silage diets[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2002,85(1):204-216
81. J.R.Knapp, etal. Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver metabolism in lactating dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci, 1992,Vol 75(4):1025-1035
82. JAMES K. DRACKLEY, Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier?. 1999,J Dairy Sci,82:2259–2273
83. John J e,Andrew S G, Mirr Kun G,etal. Mechanism of hormone-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes;Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase to the lipid storage droplet[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1992,89:8537-8541
84. James C. Paton and Adrienne W. Paton. Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections.Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1998,11:450 – 479
85. J.J. VEENHUREN, J. K. DRACKLEY, M. J. RICHARD, Metabolic Changes in Blood and Liver During Development and Early Treatment of Experimental Fatty Liver and Ketosis in Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1991,74:4238-4253
86. Kaske M., etal. Peripheral responsiveness to insulin in dry cows, lactating cows and cowssuffering from fatty liver: results of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. Abstract-XXII World Buiatrics Congress, 2002
87. Kazutoshi Kaji, Kazuhiro Ueda, Takashi Aoyama. Development of a real-time jump-ratio imaging system equipped with a STEM. Journal of Electron Microscopy, 2001,50:15-21
88. Kazuhisa Tsukamoto, Jane M. Glick, Hepatic apolipoprotein E expression promotes very low density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein B production in vivo in mice,J. Lipid Res, Oct 2000,41:1673-1679.
89. Lean IJ, Bruss ML, Troutt HF, Bovine ketosis and somatotrophin: risk factors for ketosis and effects of ketosis on health and production. Res Vet Sci, 1994,Sep,57(2):200-9
90. Laven RA, Andrews AH. Control of fatty liver syndrome in a Jersey herd by a change of diet and the use of recombinant bovine somatotrophin. Vet Rec, 1998,Jan,10,142(2):36-9
91. Lane MA, Baldwin RL, Jesse BW. Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments[J]. J Anim Sci, 2000,78(7):1990～1996
92. M.Reist, etal. Estimation of energy balance at the individual and herd level using blood and milk traits in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 2002,85(12):3314-3327.
93. M.VAZQUEZ-ANON,etal. Peripartum Dairy Cows. J.Dairy.Sci 1994,77:1521-1528
94. Muriel Bonnet, Christine Leroux, Yannick Faulconnier, Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and mRNA Are Up-Regulated by Refeeding in Adipose Tissue and Cardiac Muscle of Sheep,J. Nutr, Apr 2000,130:749–756
95. M. VAZQUEZ-ANON,1 S. BERTICS, M. LUCK, Peripartum Liver Triglyceride and Plasma Metabolites, In Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1994,77:1521-1528
96. Naomi S. Beswick, John J.Kennelly. The influence of bovine growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factors on acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC) and fatty acid synthase(FAS) in primiparous Holstein cows. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 1998,(120):241-249.
97. Naima Moustaid, Brynm H. Jones and James W. Taylor. Insulin Increases Lipogenic Enzyme Activity in Human Adipocytes Primary Culture. J. Nutri, 1996,(126):865-870,
98. Oba M, Allen MS. Dose-response effects of intrauminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior of lactating cows in early or midlactation[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(9):2922-2931
99. Peters JP, Paulissen JB, Robinson JA.The effects of diet on water flux and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen of growing beef steers fed once daily[J]. J Anim Sci, 1990,68(6):1711-1718
100.Pengxiang She, Masakazu Shiota, Kathy D. Shelton. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Is Necessary for the Integration of Hepatic Energy Metabolism. Molecular and Cellular Biology, September 2000,20(17):6508-6517
101.Pershing RA, Lucy MC, Thatcher WW, Effects of BST on oviductal and uterine genes encoding components of the IGF system in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 2002,Dec,85(12):3260-7.102.P. She, G. L. Lindberg, A. R. Hippen. Regulation of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression for Gluconeogenic Enzymes During Glucagon Infusions into Lactating Cows. J Dairy Sci, Jun 1999,82:1153-1163.
103.Rigout S, Hurtaud C, Lemosquet S, et al. Lactational effect of propionic acid and duodenal glucose in cows[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(1):243-253
104.S.C.Liefers,etal. Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance,milk yield, intske,live weight,and estrus in dairy cows.J.Dairy Sci, 2003,86(3):799-807.
105.S.S. Donkin and L.E.Armentano. Preparation of Extended In Vitro Culture of Bovine Hepatocytes That Are Hormonally Responsive[J].Anim.Sci, 1993,71:2218-2227.
106.Schnell S, Mendoza C. Enzymological considerations for a theoretical description of the quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR). J Theor Biol, 1997,184(4):433-440
107.Sutton JD, Dhanoa MS, Morant SV, et al. Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(11):3620-3633
108.T. R. SMITH, A. R. HIPPEN, D. C. BEITZ, Metabolic Characteristics of Induced Ketosis in Normal and Obese Dairy Cows, 1997,J Dairy Sci,80:1569–1581
109.TF Duffield, DF Kelton, KE Leslie,Use of test day milk fat and milk protein to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle in Ontario.Can Vet J, November 1, 1997,38(11):713-8.
110.THEERA RUKKWAMSUK, THEO WENSING and MATH J. H. GEELEN,Effect of Fatty Liver on Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Periparturient Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1999,82:500–505
111. T. A. Brown. Essential Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, 2nd edn Oxford University Press (2001)
112.Van Kessel JS, Nedoluha PC, Williams CA, et al. Effects of ruminal and postruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate or glucose on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract in growing steers[J]. J Anim Sci, 2002,80(11):3027-3034
113.Vivian Chan, Ben Yip, Y. H. Lam, H. Y. Quantitative polmerase chain reaction for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of homozygous α-thalassaemia (Hb Barts hydrops fetalis) British Journal of Haematology, 2001,115(2):341-345
114.Xu Y, Brorson K. An overview of quantitative PCR assays for biologicals: quality and safety evaluation. Dev Biol (Basel), 2003,113:89-98
115.Y.Chilliard, , M. Bonnet, C. Delavaud, etal . Leptin in ruminants. Gene expression in adipose tissue and mammary gland, and regulation of plasma concentration. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol, 2001,21:271–295
2. 陈守春等.定量 PCR 技术研究概述.国外医学流行病学传染病学分册,1998,25(5):231-232
3. 陈代文.奶牛脂肪肝的发病机理及防制措施.中国畜牧兽医,2002,29(3):37-40.
4. 陈守春.定量 PCR 技术研究概述.国外医学流行病学,传染病学分册,1998,25(5):231-232
5. 程正江.用统计学方法解释和处理临床定量 PCR 实验结果.数理医药杂志,2003,1:18-21
6. 房晓彤等.奶牛围产期营养与疾病.中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(6):39-41
7. 何生虎等.奶牛酮病的发病机理研究现状及进展.草食家畜(季刊),2004,3(9):15-17
8. 何剑斌等.应用血中生化指标监测围产期奶牛脂肪肝.黑龙江畜牧兽医,1997,6:1-5
9. 贺普宵等.奶牛肝脏代谢障碍的研究[J].中国奶牛,1990,4:53-54
10. 黄燕萍等.荧光定量 PCR 与普通 PCR 检测 HBV DNA 的对照分析,第三军医大学学报,2001,23(8):992-993
11. 金邦荃等,动物脂肪代谢与控制.动物科学与动物医学,2001,18(6):9-12
12. 孔凡德等.激素敏感脂肪酶的研究进展.中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(6):38-40
13. 孔凡德等.日粮对激素敏感脂肪酶活性的影响.饲料博览,2001,2:9-10
14. 刘国文等.围产期奶牛能量代谢障碍性疾病的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,8:78-79
15. 卢德勋.反刍动物营养调控理论及其应用[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1993,(增刊):1-6
16. 刘建忠等.人和小鼠肥胖基因及其表达产物瘦蛋白的研究进展.农业生物技术学报,2000,
4:30-35。
17. 连正兴等.利用半定量 PCR 方法分析中国地方猪种内源病毒序列拷贝数的多态性.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(6):521-524
18. 李维辛.Leptin 与内分泌及代谢.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(3):100-103
19. 刘陶文.定量 PCR 技术.国外医学:临床生物化学与检验学分册,1998,19(1):15-17
20. 陆利民等.采用单碱基突变模板作为内对照对组织中 mRNA 水平进行 PCR 定量.生理学报,1997,49(2):235-240
21. 林江等.实时定量 PCR 检测血液恶性肿瘤的微小残留病.中国实验血液学杂志,2001,9(3):277-281
22. 林玲.定量 PCR 技术的研究进展.国外医学遗传学分册,1999,22(3):116-118
23. 刘艳琴等.奶牛泌乳早期能量负平衡的危害及解决措施.中国奶牛,2000,1:31-32
24. 马中富等.以 cDNA 为内参标 RT-PCR 定量检测心肌细胞内 p53 和 Bcl-2 基因 mRNA 表达量的方法研究.中国危重病急救医学,2002,14(10):597-601
25. 马荣群等.实时定量 PCR 方法检测转基因产品.植物检疫,2002,1:61-64
26. 牛艾茹等.定量 DNA 和 IgM 抗体检测 CMV 感染.中国优生与遗传杂志,2002,10(6):40-41
27. 潘敏.脂肪细胞鉴别新进展.生命的化学,1993,13(2):12-14
28. 孙海州.生长肥育羊葡萄糖营养整体优化规律的研究[D].[博士论文].内蒙古农业大学,1999
29. 孙斌等.奶牛酮病及其研究进展[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1999,11(3):48-51。
30. 时浩.神经肽 Y 和下丘脑与能量平衡的调节.国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册,1998,18(1):26-40。
31. 孙志娟等.肥胖的研究进展.生理科学进展,2001,32(1):39-44。
32. 司徒镇强等.细胞培养.世界图书出版西安公司(第一版),2004,3:137-141
33. 沈坤堂等.胰岛素、胰高血糖素和地塞米松调节 PEPCK 启动子活性的体外研究.复旦学报(医学版),2003,Jul,30(4):338-340
34. 胥保华等.肉雏鸡肝细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 RT-PCR 定量分析.中国兽医科技,2003,33(2):24-26
35. 帅小蓉等.定量 PCR 技术的研究现状及应用概述.蚕学通讯,2002,22(4):20-27
36. 田志华等.猪脂肪细胞分化的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2001,6:36-39
37. 王俊锋等.反刍动物葡萄糖的营养代谢研究进展.饲料工业,2004,25(5):7-10
38. 王光文编译.奶牛围产期的营养生理和饲养管理.广西畜牧兽医,2004,120(4):187-189
39. 王宁.定量 PCR 技术研究进展.国外医学:临床生物化学与检验学分册,2000,21(6):314-316
40. 汪启迪.瘦素与其他相关激素间的互调作用.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(5):196-199
41. 王吉峰等.奶牛营养代谢对乳脂合成调控机制的研究进展.中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(2):6-10
42. 肖白等.半定量 PCR 检测致龋性变形链球菌的技术及应用.中国实验诊断学,2003,7(2):109-112
43. 熊云龙.动物营养代谢病[M].吉林科学技术出版社:熊云龙,王哲等,1996,22-29
44. 肖玲等.奶牛酮病研究.乳业科学与技术,2002,3:26-29
45. 杨在清等.猪脂肪沉积相关的生化特征研究.畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(5):390-396
46. 邹志琴等.动物脂肪代谢激素调控分子机理的研究进展.黄牛杂志,1998,24(6):34-36
47. 张立国等.实时定量 PCR 技术的介绍.生物技术,2003,13(2):39-40
48. 张曼等.细胞分裂周期蛋白基因 6 半定量检测方法的条件建立.中华检验医学杂志,2000,26(4):197-199.
49. 朱晓海等.人前脂肪细胞培养及增殖与分化模型的建立[J].中华整型烧伤外科杂志,1999,15(3):199-202
50. 周鹏等.瘦素研究进展.江苏临床医学杂志,2001,5(4):358-360
51. 张薇.调节食物摄入和能量代谢的信号.国外医学内分泌学分册,1999,19(5):712-971
52. 周建平等.脂肪肝影响围产期奶牛繁殖力的机理研究.畜牧兽医学报,1997,28(2):115-119
53. A.R.HIPEN,etalAlleviation of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows with 14-Day Intravenous Infusions of Glucagon. J.Dairy.Sci, 1999,82:1139-1152,.
54. Actor JK, Limor JR, Hunter RL. A flexible bioluminescent-quantitive polymerase reaction assay for analysis of competitive PCR amplicons. J Clin Lab Anal, 1999,13(1):40-47
55. Anderson KM, Cheung PH, Kell MD. Rapid generation of homologous internal standards and evaluation of data for quantitaion of messenger RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 1997,38:133-140.
56. Annemarie Berger, Wolfgang Preiser. Viral genome quantification as a tool for improving patient management: the example of HIV, HBV, HCV and CMV.J. Antimicrob. Chemother, 2002,49:713–721
57. Abegg R, Eicher R, Lis J,et al. Concentration of volatile fatty acids in digesta samples obtained from healthy cows and cows with cecal dilatation or dislocation[J]. Am J Vet Res, 1999,60(12):1540-1545
58. Andrews AH, Laven R, Maisey I. Treatment and control of an outbreak of fat cow syndrome in a large dairy herd. Vet Rec, 1991,Sep 7,129(10):216-9
59. A. Hayirli, S. J. Bertics and R. R. Grummer, Effects of Slow-release Insulin on Production, Liver Triglyceride, and Metabolic Profiles of Holsteins in Early Lactation, J. Dairy Sci, 2002,85:2180-2191
60. B.D. Strang, S.J.Bertics, R.R.Grummer. etal. Effect of long-chain fatty acids on Triglyceride accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and Ureagenesis in Bovine Hepatocytes [J].. Dairy. Sci, 1998,81:728-739.
61. Block SS.etal. Effect of energy balance on the concentration of plasma leptin in early lactating dairy cows. J Anim.Sci, 2001,78(suppl.1):19(Abs).
62. Berl Munch, Tierarztl Wochenschr. Prevention of bovine ketosis with glucogenic substance and its effect on fertility in Finnish dairy cows.Miettinen PV, 1995,Jan,108(1):14-9
63. Bergman EN. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species[J]. Physiol Rev, 1990,70(2):567-590.
64. Bava L, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM,Effects of a nonforage diet on milk production, energy, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy goats throughout lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2001,84(11):2450-2459.
65. Colleen M.Croniger, Yael Olswang, Lea. Reshef, etal. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK) revisited insights into its metabolic role. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology educution, 2002,30(1):14-20,.
66. Cheng B. Comparing RNA PCR tests. PI Perspect, 1995,(17):15-18
67. Collins S, Kuhn GM, Petro AE. Role of Leptin in fat regulation. Nature. 1996; 380: 677-679
68. Dann, H. M., G. A. Varga, and D. E. Putnam. Improving energy supply to late gestation and early postpartum dairy cows[J]. J. Dairy Sci, 1999,82:1765–1778.
69. D. E. GRUM, J. K. DRACKLEY, R. S. YOUNKER, Nutrition During the Dry Period andHepatic Lipid Metabolism of Periparturient Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1996,79:1850-1864
70. D.P. Lanna,etal. Effect of somatotropin treatment on lipogenesis, lipolysis, and related cellular mechanisms in adipose tissue of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 1995,78(8);1703-1712.
71. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley G H, A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues[J].J Biol Chem, 1957,276:497-5091957,276:497- 509.
72. F Ferre. Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth. Genome Res, 1992,2:1-9
73. Goff, J. P. and R. L. Horst. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J. Dairy Sci, 1997,80:1260-1268.
74. Grummer RR. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow[J]. J Anim Sci, 1995,73(9):2820-2833
75. Gerloff BJ. Dry cow management for the prevention of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows,Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2000,Jul,16(2):283-92
76. Herdth, T.H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance:Influences on the etiology of ketosis1998,38(3):315-330
77. Hurtaud C, Rulquin H, Verite R. Effects of level and type of energy source (volatile fatty acids or glucose) on milk yield, composition and coagulating properties in dairy cows[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1998,38(3):315-330
78. H Dale, L Vik-Mo, and P Fjellheim.A field survey of fat mobilization and liver function of dairy cows during early lactation. Relationship to energy balance, appetite and ketosis. Nord Vet Med, March 1, 1979,31(3):97-105
79. Herdth, T.H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver[J]. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract, 2000,16:215-230.
80. Huhtanen P, Vanhatalo A, Varvikko T. Effects of abomasal infusions of histidine, glucose, and leucine on milk production and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed grass silage diets[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2002,85(1):204-216
81. J.R.Knapp, etal. Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver metabolism in lactating dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci, 1992,Vol 75(4):1025-1035
82. JAMES K. DRACKLEY, Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier?. 1999,J Dairy Sci,82:2259–2273
83. John J e,Andrew S G, Mirr Kun G,etal. Mechanism of hormone-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes;Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase to the lipid storage droplet[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1992,89:8537-8541
84. James C. Paton and Adrienne W. Paton. Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections.Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1998,11:450 – 479
85. J.J. VEENHUREN, J. K. DRACKLEY, M. J. RICHARD, Metabolic Changes in Blood and Liver During Development and Early Treatment of Experimental Fatty Liver and Ketosis in Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1991,74:4238-4253
86. Kaske M., etal. Peripheral responsiveness to insulin in dry cows, lactating cows and cowssuffering from fatty liver: results of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. Abstract-XXII World Buiatrics Congress, 2002
87. Kazutoshi Kaji, Kazuhiro Ueda, Takashi Aoyama. Development of a real-time jump-ratio imaging system equipped with a STEM. Journal of Electron Microscopy, 2001,50:15-21
88. Kazuhisa Tsukamoto, Jane M. Glick, Hepatic apolipoprotein E expression promotes very low density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein B production in vivo in mice,J. Lipid Res, Oct 2000,41:1673-1679.
89. Lean IJ, Bruss ML, Troutt HF, Bovine ketosis and somatotrophin: risk factors for ketosis and effects of ketosis on health and production. Res Vet Sci, 1994,Sep,57(2):200-9
90. Laven RA, Andrews AH. Control of fatty liver syndrome in a Jersey herd by a change of diet and the use of recombinant bovine somatotrophin. Vet Rec, 1998,Jan,10,142(2):36-9
91. Lane MA, Baldwin RL, Jesse BW. Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments[J]. J Anim Sci, 2000,78(7):1990～1996
92. M.Reist, etal. Estimation of energy balance at the individual and herd level using blood and milk traits in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 2002,85(12):3314-3327.
93. M.VAZQUEZ-ANON,etal. Peripartum Dairy Cows. J.Dairy.Sci 1994,77:1521-1528
94. Muriel Bonnet, Christine Leroux, Yannick Faulconnier, Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and mRNA Are Up-Regulated by Refeeding in Adipose Tissue and Cardiac Muscle of Sheep,J. Nutr, Apr 2000,130:749–756
95. M. VAZQUEZ-ANON,1 S. BERTICS, M. LUCK, Peripartum Liver Triglyceride and Plasma Metabolites, In Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1994,77:1521-1528
96. Naomi S. Beswick, John J.Kennelly. The influence of bovine growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factors on acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC) and fatty acid synthase(FAS) in primiparous Holstein cows. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 1998,(120):241-249.
97. Naima Moustaid, Brynm H. Jones and James W. Taylor. Insulin Increases Lipogenic Enzyme Activity in Human Adipocytes Primary Culture. J. Nutri, 1996,(126):865-870,
98. Oba M, Allen MS. Dose-response effects of intrauminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior of lactating cows in early or midlactation[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(9):2922-2931
99. Peters JP, Paulissen JB, Robinson JA.The effects of diet on water flux and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen of growing beef steers fed once daily[J]. J Anim Sci, 1990,68(6):1711-1718
100.Pengxiang She, Masakazu Shiota, Kathy D. Shelton. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Is Necessary for the Integration of Hepatic Energy Metabolism. Molecular and Cellular Biology, September 2000,20(17):6508-6517
101.Pershing RA, Lucy MC, Thatcher WW, Effects of BST on oviductal and uterine genes encoding components of the IGF system in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 2002,Dec,85(12):3260-7.102.P. She, G. L. Lindberg, A. R. Hippen. Regulation of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression for Gluconeogenic Enzymes During Glucagon Infusions into Lactating Cows. J Dairy Sci, Jun 1999,82:1153-1163.
103.Rigout S, Hurtaud C, Lemosquet S, et al. Lactational effect of propionic acid and duodenal glucose in cows[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(1):243-253
104.S.C.Liefers,etal. Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance,milk yield, intske,live weight,and estrus in dairy cows.J.Dairy Sci, 2003,86(3):799-807.
105.S.S. Donkin and L.E.Armentano. Preparation of Extended In Vitro Culture of Bovine Hepatocytes That Are Hormonally Responsive[J].Anim.Sci, 1993,71:2218-2227.
106.Schnell S, Mendoza C. Enzymological considerations for a theoretical description of the quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR). J Theor Biol, 1997,184(4):433-440
107.Sutton JD, Dhanoa MS, Morant SV, et al. Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(11):3620-3633
108.T. R. SMITH, A. R. HIPPEN, D. C. BEITZ, Metabolic Characteristics of Induced Ketosis in Normal and Obese Dairy Cows, 1997,J Dairy Sci,80:1569–1581
109.TF Duffield, DF Kelton, KE Leslie,Use of test day milk fat and milk protein to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle in Ontario.Can Vet J, November 1, 1997,38(11):713-8.
110.THEERA RUKKWAMSUK, THEO WENSING and MATH J. H. GEELEN,Effect of Fatty Liver on Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Periparturient Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci, 1999,82:500–505
111. T. A. Brown. Essential Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, 2nd edn Oxford University Press (2001)
112.Van Kessel JS, Nedoluha PC, Williams CA, et al. Effects of ruminal and postruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate or glucose on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract in growing steers[J]. J Anim Sci, 2002,80(11):3027-3034
113.Vivian Chan, Ben Yip, Y. H. Lam, H. Y. Quantitative polmerase chain reaction for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of homozygous α-thalassaemia (Hb Barts hydrops fetalis) British Journal of Haematology, 2001,115(2):341-345
114.Xu Y, Brorson K. An overview of quantitative PCR assays for biologicals: quality and safety evaluation. Dev Biol (Basel), 2003,113:89-98
115.Y.Chilliard, , M. Bonnet, C. Delavaud, etal . Leptin in ruminants. Gene expression in adipose tissue and mammary gland, and regulation of plasma concentration. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol, 2001,21:271–295