砖石古塔的力学性能及鉴定与加固方法的研究
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摘要
中国是一个文明古国,作为中国文化的一部分,古塔在我国建筑的发展史上占有极其重要的地位。据记载,我国历史上共造塔10000座左右,现仅存3000余座。由于地震、风雨、雷电、塔上生长植物等自然因素以及人为的破坏,大部分古塔已满目疮痍,存在结构整体性差、塔身倾斜,部分构件破损等诸多问题,有的已经倒塌,或是到了倒塌的边缘,亟待保护。
我国目前对古塔的保护研究尚处于起步阶段,还没有形成一套科学实用的诊断鉴定与加固的规范章程。随着经济的发展,我国已经具备了对古塔进行鉴定与加固的经济基础。本文通过调研及计算分析,对古塔的受力特点、鉴定与加固技术进行了比较系统深入的研究。主要内容如下:
1、运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对古塔进行计算分析。在了解了古塔受力特点的基础上,根据其控制截面的受力情况给出了三种安全稳定标准,即安全的稳定阶段、非安全的稳定阶段及破坏阶段,并对大像寺塔进行了详细的计算与稳定性分析。
2、首次提出了“古塔材性时区规划表”及“综合指数法”的概念。
古塔结构鉴定工程首先要测定古塔材料的强度,以确定其抗力S,但作为文物的古塔并不允许对其材料进行取样或原位破损性试验,本文给出的“古塔材性时区规划表”,从长远考虑,很好的解决了这个问题。本文建议在塔的维修或重建工程中进行古塔材性的数据采集,作为数据库资料按地区分年代编入“材性时区规划表”,以作日后研究之用。
“综合指数初步诊断法”是结构传统经验鉴定法的程序化过程,它用量化的综合指数γ对古塔结构性能进行综合评判。
3、给出了古塔抗震鉴定的具体步骤及计算方法。
4、本文结合国内外的古塔加固工程实例对纠偏加固技术作了较为详细的探讨。
China is a civilized archaic nation, and, as a part of Chinese culture, ancient pagoda holds an importance status in the develping histry of national architecture, but, now,it is not so satisfactory of the protection and study. By recordation, there are totol 10000 pagodas or so in the history, and now, only about 3000 pagodas are survival.further more, most of those 30 percent of the pagodas are in disrepair. Under the influence of earthquake, wind and cloud, thunder, plant on the pagoda etc, together with the man-made destroy, padogas always have a poor coherence, incline. In 1981, FAMEN temple padoga in FUFENG county broke down; In 1994, BAOBEN temple padoga rebuilt. The collapse of the two padoga brought hugeness losing, leaving behind limitless pity.Now, our nation just sets about studying and protecting the padoga, and has no well-rounded criterion of appraisal and reinforcing. With the rapid develping of the nation, we have the ability to identify and strethen the padoga. Under such a histry background, the paper studys the Mechanics performance, appraisal and reinforcing Technique of bricky & Masonry Ancient Pagoda.By large-scale finite element analysis sofeware, the paper calculated and analyzed padoga, and gave the three steady-going state: safe steady-going state, nonsafety steady-going state and breakage state. The paper analyzed the DAXIANG temple padoga detailedly.For the first time, the paper brings forward the concept of "temporal and zonation table of ancient pagoda material performance"and "compositive exponent method".To appraisal a padoga, we must known its material performance. But, as cultural relic, we cannot get the parameter by ruinous experimentation. The "temporal and zonation table of ancient pagoda material performance" solves the problem primely. The paper advice that we can collect ancient pagoda material performance as data-base in the project of maintain or rebiulting, and
assign the data to the table by defence time and zonation for the further study."compositive exponent method" endows traditional experiential appraisal method determinate process and utilize compositive exponent y to appraise structure performance of ancient pagoda.By applying large-scale finite element analysis sofeware ANSYS in padoga analysis, we learn the padoga mechanics performance; The paper provide basal preparative work for criterion of appraisal and reinforcing; The paper dissertates retification technology combining some internal and overseas project.
我国目前对古塔的保护研究尚处于起步阶段,还没有形成一套科学实用的诊断鉴定与加固的规范章程。随着经济的发展,我国已经具备了对古塔进行鉴定与加固的经济基础。本文通过调研及计算分析,对古塔的受力特点、鉴定与加固技术进行了比较系统深入的研究。主要内容如下:
1、运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对古塔进行计算分析。在了解了古塔受力特点的基础上,根据其控制截面的受力情况给出了三种安全稳定标准,即安全的稳定阶段、非安全的稳定阶段及破坏阶段,并对大像寺塔进行了详细的计算与稳定性分析。
2、首次提出了“古塔材性时区规划表”及“综合指数法”的概念。
古塔结构鉴定工程首先要测定古塔材料的强度,以确定其抗力S,但作为文物的古塔并不允许对其材料进行取样或原位破损性试验,本文给出的“古塔材性时区规划表”,从长远考虑,很好的解决了这个问题。本文建议在塔的维修或重建工程中进行古塔材性的数据采集,作为数据库资料按地区分年代编入“材性时区规划表”,以作日后研究之用。
“综合指数初步诊断法”是结构传统经验鉴定法的程序化过程,它用量化的综合指数γ对古塔结构性能进行综合评判。
3、给出了古塔抗震鉴定的具体步骤及计算方法。
4、本文结合国内外的古塔加固工程实例对纠偏加固技术作了较为详细的探讨。
China is a civilized archaic nation, and, as a part of Chinese culture, ancient pagoda holds an importance status in the develping histry of national architecture, but, now,it is not so satisfactory of the protection and study. By recordation, there are totol 10000 pagodas or so in the history, and now, only about 3000 pagodas are survival.further more, most of those 30 percent of the pagodas are in disrepair. Under the influence of earthquake, wind and cloud, thunder, plant on the pagoda etc, together with the man-made destroy, padogas always have a poor coherence, incline. In 1981, FAMEN temple padoga in FUFENG county broke down; In 1994, BAOBEN temple padoga rebuilt. The collapse of the two padoga brought hugeness losing, leaving behind limitless pity.Now, our nation just sets about studying and protecting the padoga, and has no well-rounded criterion of appraisal and reinforcing. With the rapid develping of the nation, we have the ability to identify and strethen the padoga. Under such a histry background, the paper studys the Mechanics performance, appraisal and reinforcing Technique of bricky & Masonry Ancient Pagoda.By large-scale finite element analysis sofeware, the paper calculated and analyzed padoga, and gave the three steady-going state: safe steady-going state, nonsafety steady-going state and breakage state. The paper analyzed the DAXIANG temple padoga detailedly.For the first time, the paper brings forward the concept of "temporal and zonation table of ancient pagoda material performance"and "compositive exponent method".To appraisal a padoga, we must known its material performance. But, as cultural relic, we cannot get the parameter by ruinous experimentation. The "temporal and zonation table of ancient pagoda material performance" solves the problem primely. The paper advice that we can collect ancient pagoda material performance as data-base in the project of maintain or rebiulting, and
assign the data to the table by defence time and zonation for the further study."compositive exponent method" endows traditional experiential appraisal method determinate process and utilize compositive exponent y to appraise structure performance of ancient pagoda.By applying large-scale finite element analysis sofeware ANSYS in padoga analysis, we learn the padoga mechanics performance; The paper provide basal preparative work for criterion of appraisal and reinforcing; The paper dissertates retification technology combining some internal and overseas project.
引文
[1] 张驭寰.中国塔[M].山西人民出版社,2000
[2] 徐华铛.中国古塔[M].轻工业出版社,1986
[3] 罗哲文.罗哲文古建筑文集[M].文物出版社,北京,1998
[4] 罗哲文.中国古塔[M].中国青年出版社,1985
[5] 姚承祖等.营造法原[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1986
[6] Rampello, Sebastiano, Callisto, Luigi. Study on the subsoil of the Tower of Pisa based on results from standard and high-quality samples. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Rome, Italy. Canadian Geotechnical Journal v35 n6 1998. p 1074-1092
[7] 李德虎,魏琏.砖石古塔的历史震害与抗震机制[M],中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,1989.7
[8] 程平.陕西古塔[M],陕西科学技术出版社,1994
[9] 任重.ANSYS实用分析教程[M].北京大学出版社,2003
[10] Bathe, K. J., Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1982).
[11] Zhou, Z.; Ogot, M.; Schwartz, L. A finite element analysis of the effects of an increasing angle on the tower of Pisa. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design v37 n11 October 2001. p 901-911, Publication Year: 2001
[12] 王焕定、吴德伦等.有限单元法及计算程序[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[13] 建筑结构荷载规范(GB 50009-2001),中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[14] 戴轶苏、曹双寅、王茂龙.倾斜古塔结构的安全性与稳定性分析[J].特种结构,2002,12
[15] 丁大钧.砌体结构学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[16] 郑灿阳,雷俊才.浅谈法门寺塔的倒塌[J].工程抗震 1990(3)43
[17] 袁海军,姜红等.建筑结构检测鉴定与加固手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[18] 陈平,姚谦峰,赵冬.西安大雁塔抗震能力研究[J].建筑结构学报,1999,1
[19] 陈平,赵冬,姚谦峰.西安小雁塔抗震能力探讨[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,1999,2
[20] 李丽娟等.大雁塔地震可靠性分析[J].应用力学学报,1994,2
[21] 曹双寅,邱洪兴,李一平.古塔结构可靠性诊断的系统方法及应用[J].特种结构,1999,4
[22] 袁建力,李胜才,陆启玉,刘大奇.砖石古塔动力特性建模方法的研究[J].工程抗震,1998,1
[23] 袁建力,李胜才,陆启玉,刘大奇.砖石古塔抗震鉴定方法的研究与应用[J].扬州大学 学报,1998,3
, #91
[24] 建筑抗震设计规范(GB 50011-2001),中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[25] 何肇弘,胡士耀.既有建筑物质量检验与可靠性评定[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1992
[26] 傅熹年.中国古代建筑史[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001第二卷(唐)
[27] 叶书麟,韩杰.地基处理与托换技术(第二版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1994
[28] 叶观宝等.地基处理与托换技术(第三版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[29] Grabe, Juergen; Gudehus, Gerd. Leaning tower of Pisa. Geotechnical theory and model tests. Soils and Foundations v32 n3 Sep 1992 p130-136. 1992
[30] 刘祖德,叶勇.比撒斜塔的最新动向及纠偏方案[J].土工基础,2000,3
[31] 陈东佐,康玉庆.浅谈山西太原双塔的复位纠偏与保护[J].山西地震,2000,7
[32] 凌均安.组合纠偏法扶正兰州白塔[J].施工技术,1999,2
[33] 陈平,赵冬,王伟,候卫东.眉县净光寺塔纠偏工程[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2003,3
[2] 徐华铛.中国古塔[M].轻工业出版社,1986
[3] 罗哲文.罗哲文古建筑文集[M].文物出版社,北京,1998
[4] 罗哲文.中国古塔[M].中国青年出版社,1985
[5] 姚承祖等.营造法原[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1986
[6] Rampello, Sebastiano, Callisto, Luigi. Study on the subsoil of the Tower of Pisa based on results from standard and high-quality samples. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Rome, Italy. Canadian Geotechnical Journal v35 n6 1998. p 1074-1092
[7] 李德虎,魏琏.砖石古塔的历史震害与抗震机制[M],中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,1989.7
[8] 程平.陕西古塔[M],陕西科学技术出版社,1994
[9] 任重.ANSYS实用分析教程[M].北京大学出版社,2003
[10] Bathe, K. J., Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1982).
[11] Zhou, Z.; Ogot, M.; Schwartz, L. A finite element analysis of the effects of an increasing angle on the tower of Pisa. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design v37 n11 October 2001. p 901-911, Publication Year: 2001
[12] 王焕定、吴德伦等.有限单元法及计算程序[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[13] 建筑结构荷载规范(GB 50009-2001),中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[14] 戴轶苏、曹双寅、王茂龙.倾斜古塔结构的安全性与稳定性分析[J].特种结构,2002,12
[15] 丁大钧.砌体结构学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[16] 郑灿阳,雷俊才.浅谈法门寺塔的倒塌[J].工程抗震 1990(3)43
[17] 袁海军,姜红等.建筑结构检测鉴定与加固手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[18] 陈平,姚谦峰,赵冬.西安大雁塔抗震能力研究[J].建筑结构学报,1999,1
[19] 陈平,赵冬,姚谦峰.西安小雁塔抗震能力探讨[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,1999,2
[20] 李丽娟等.大雁塔地震可靠性分析[J].应用力学学报,1994,2
[21] 曹双寅,邱洪兴,李一平.古塔结构可靠性诊断的系统方法及应用[J].特种结构,1999,4
[22] 袁建力,李胜才,陆启玉,刘大奇.砖石古塔动力特性建模方法的研究[J].工程抗震,1998,1
[23] 袁建力,李胜才,陆启玉,刘大奇.砖石古塔抗震鉴定方法的研究与应用[J].扬州大学 学报,1998,3
, #91
[24] 建筑抗震设计规范(GB 50011-2001),中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[25] 何肇弘,胡士耀.既有建筑物质量检验与可靠性评定[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1992
[26] 傅熹年.中国古代建筑史[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001第二卷(唐)
[27] 叶书麟,韩杰.地基处理与托换技术(第二版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1994
[28] 叶观宝等.地基处理与托换技术(第三版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[29] Grabe, Juergen; Gudehus, Gerd. Leaning tower of Pisa. Geotechnical theory and model tests. Soils and Foundations v32 n3 Sep 1992 p130-136. 1992
[30] 刘祖德,叶勇.比撒斜塔的最新动向及纠偏方案[J].土工基础,2000,3
[31] 陈东佐,康玉庆.浅谈山西太原双塔的复位纠偏与保护[J].山西地震,2000,7
[32] 凌均安.组合纠偏法扶正兰州白塔[J].施工技术,1999,2
[33] 陈平,赵冬,王伟,候卫东.眉县净光寺塔纠偏工程[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2003,3