大卫·杰弗里的圣经文学思想研究
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摘要
圣经是人类文明史上最伟大的宗教典籍之一,两千多年来引发的阐释、研究和批评渊源不断。20世纪以来,一些学者开始将圣经视为文学文本来探讨其文学性。大卫·杰弗里是当代西方著名的圣经文学研究者,在此研究领域贡献卓著,成就得到西方学术界的广泛肯定。杰弗里关注基督教视野下的文本理论和文学研究,致力于探讨圣经本身的文学性,以及圣经在西方文学和文化发展中所起到的主导作用和持续的影响力。他认为圣经的文学研究不能简单等同于其它文学作品研究,呼吁要坚守文学研究的道德责任,正确对待圣经的权威地位。杰弗里的思想从上世纪九十年代起逐渐传入我国,已有部分学者对其著作和论文进行翻译、评介,但相关研究还是比较薄弱。以杰弗里的圣经文学思想研究为论题,系统研究其理论背景、思想观点、学术意义,不仅有助于把握杰弗里本人的思想和学术成果,了解西方圣经研究的近况,而且有助于探讨圣经在西方文学和文化发展过程中起到影响和作用,进一步加深对圣经与西方文学关系的探问,从跨学科的角度探讨宗教与文学的关系,为中国学者研究西方文学提供启发。
     论文第一章介绍了杰弗里圣经文学思想形成,包括他个人生平经历、学术背景,以及圣经文学研究的时代困境。杰弗里曾就读于普林斯顿大学,有深厚的语言学、中世纪文学和现代文艺理论的学源背景。西方圣经研究从古代以斯拉对圣经摩西五经的讲解开始,经由中世纪,直到宗教改革时期,主要从宗教视角进行阐释,意在揭示经文的神学内涵。18世纪后,受近代理性主义思潮和科学实证精神的影响,圣经的史学批评兴盛,产生“高级评断”和“低级评断”的研究方法。到20世纪以后,圣经的文学研究才逐渐繁盛起来,并且研究范围从“作为文学的圣经”延伸到“圣经与文学”。随着符号学、叙事学、结构主义、形式主义,解构主义、后殖民主义等现代和后现代理论的层出不穷,圣经作为西方思想和文化的核心作用被忽视,日渐等同于世俗文学作品,成为各种新兴理论的试验场。尤其以哈罗德·布鲁姆为代表的解构主义思想流派,消解了圣经的“逻格斯中心”地位。杰弗里认为,当今理论话语下研究圣经,仍然不能脱离圣经的文本特质及其所承载的基督教文化内涵,应当尊重圣经文本权威。
     论文第二章阐述了杰弗里圣经文学思想的理论渊源。杰弗里的研究主要建立在神学理论和文学理论两方面的基础之上。圣经首先是一部宗教典籍,研究其文学性,需要建立在对其神学地位和意义深入了解的基础上。杰弗里赞赏哲罗姆的贡献,并将其成就吸收到自己的研究当中。哲罗姆准确、忠实的拉丁文翻译,形成了圣经在当时的权威文本,促进了圣经研究和文化融合,为如何正确对待圣经和世俗文学的关系问题提供了可借鉴的思路;他对圣经和真理的严谨追求也使他成为后世“虔诚读者的象征”。奥古斯丁的手法与目的理论,为杰弗里的释经方法和立场提供了启示。尤其是《论基督教教义》和《忏悔录》这两部著作,杰弗里认为前者的释经方法论影响深远,后者是对“伤心的读者”以及阅读观有所启发。圣经研究,不可避免地会涉及宗教教义和派别,杰弗里借鉴C.S.路易斯的“纯粹基督教”观念,主张淡化基督教中不同派别的教义纷争,将各个教派共同认可的教义作为宗教发展史上的既定事实,探究其文化意义。文学思想方面,杰弗里比较赞同阿诺德提出的圣经研究的时代困境,不囿于中世纪仅仅把圣经作为宗教文本的观点,提出“作为文学的圣经”的概念,但同时他也对阿诺德以文化取代宗教的观点表示了质疑。叙事学研究的代表罗伯特·艾尔特以圣经文本为中心,通过细读文本,分析结构布局、人物描述、叙事视角、叙事时间、语言技巧等艺术表现手法对杰弗里的圣经学术研究也有一定的启发。
     论文第三章和第四章论述了杰弗里圣经文学思想的核心内容。由于杰弗里的圣经文学思想丰富,不仅包涵圣经文本文学性,而且广泛涉及其他与之相关的文化内容,论文将其主要内容划分为两个部分。第三章分析了杰弗里圣经文学的文本研究,包括圣经文本观、圣经语言观和圣经叙事观。不同于哈罗德·布鲁姆等解构主义理论家对圣经权威的消解,杰弗里认为圣经文本具有符号性和权威性,圣经对后世文学的影响力是由它所承载的意义而产生,不仅仅是文本本身。他倡导圣经研究方法和立场要重新重视圣经的地位,同时更尊重圣经文本所隐含的信仰权威。从某种意义上说,哲罗姆和威克利夫是在尊重圣经文本权威的基础上阅读的虔诚读者的范例,中世纪有很多绘画艺术作品表现了哲罗姆研读圣经的虔诚。中古时期的西欧,文字与文学的诞生和基督教传教士的来临近乎同步,圣经的传播为日耳曼人提供了语言和书写形式,带动了各民族语言不断成熟、完善、独立,大大推动了欧洲文明的进程,对欧洲文字的诞生,人们读写能力的提高,以及文学的发展起了至关重要的作用。不容忽视的是英王詹姆斯钦定版圣经(KJV)对英语作家语言风格、修辞方式等有重要影响。通过考察圣经文本的叙事特色,杰弗里提出圣经的两种叙事模式,游历叙事和忏悔叙事。游历叙事主题在圣经文本中多次出现,其叙事框架是,主人公处在接连不断的旅行或迁徙过程中,通过人物的旅程经历和所见所闻来安排场景和事件。圣经中的游历本质上是一种精神的朝圣,为了信仰而坚持不懈的追求,在西方后世文学中得到传承和嬗变,成为西方文学中独具特色的一个母题。忏悔叙事是圣经文本中的另一个典型叙述模式,杰弗里认为圣经中忏悔叙述的目的是区别“心刚硬的读者”和“伤心的读者”。后世文学中的忏悔叙述作品多是对圣经的阐释和模仿,从而形成一个文学主题或类型,奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》就是此类型作品的代表。
     论文第四章论述了杰弗里的文学批评道德观和教育观,该方面的研究与圣经密切相关,同时又超出了圣经文本的研究范畴。二十世纪的文学批评理论和文本解读方法呈现出空前繁荣的局面,这从不同角度、不同方面对传统理性主义进行了挑战。杰弗里指出后现代语境下对文学批评道德观的忽视,不利于文学学科本身的发展,把圣经文本当作新理论的试刀对象,亦对圣经研究无益。西方文学史上,“父亲”经常是权威化身份的象征,在某种程度上也是上帝的象征,随着二十世纪反传统潮流的兴起,父亲形象的神圣性和权威性被瓦解甚至被颠覆。杰弗里分析了美国文学中逐渐出现的一批颂扬上帝之爱和父爱的作品,这显示了回归传统的倾向,尊重现世的父亲,才更能认识人们天国的“父亲”。探讨圣经与美国文学的关系时,杰弗里认为初到北美的清教徒用预表法释经,将美国视为上帝应许之地,产生一种高于世界其他民族和宗教的优越感,这实际上是对圣经的误读。美国文学中有不少作家作品对美国神话作出质疑,从赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和霍桑的作品可以窥见一斑。在基督教发展史上,以德尔图良为代表的不少学者划清神圣文学和世俗文学之间的界限,对艺术和文艺持怀疑态度。对此杰弗里提出了“美丽的俘虏”的概念,赞成吸收异教智慧和世俗文学,相互融合以促进文学的繁荣,充分肯定了世俗文学的作用,并在此基础上探讨希伯来文化和古典文化的融合。对于圣经与人文学科的关系,杰弗里认为与圣经研究相关的各学科对教育机构的建立及各种课程的发展起了至关重要的推动作用。圣经在语言的继承,本体论地位,以及释经学方法几个方面推动了人文学科的进步。对于“两希文化”的融合过程,杰弗里大胆的提出“希腊文化的基督教化”,认为西方人文学术的深厚传统在更本质的层面上受到圣经的影响要多于古典文学的影响。
     论文第五章总结了杰弗里圣经文学思想的当代意义。杰弗里考察圣经对文学作品,乃至整个西方文学起到的持续影响力,与很多纯文学研究方法相比,杰弗里强调圣经文学研究不能忽视意识形态的作用,他所说的“意识形态”与民族的思维习惯相联系,是一种信仰结构,一种文化得以凝聚并延续的特殊观念。杰弗里力图使信仰危机环境下的人们重新重视文化传统以及圣经作为文化渊源的意义,防止文化断裂。我国的圣经文学研究起步较晚,20世纪八十年代以后才逐渐兴起,并不断发展繁荣,在30年的研究历程中,国内学者在圣经文学理论、圣经文本的文学研究、圣经与世界文学的关系研究等相关领域取得了丰硕的成果,但是大量探讨圣经与文学关系的论文还停留在发掘作品中的圣经元素这样的表层上。杰弗里所提出的释经方法、语言文化、叙事理论、人文学科教育等方面的论题对我国的圣经文学研究,乃至西方文学研究也是有益的借鉴。
The Holy Bible is one of the greatest religious cannons in human history. It has been continuously interpreted, criticized and commented on, since it was created. After 20th century, some scholars study the Bible as literature. David Lyle Jeffrey is a famous scholar on biblical literature in western, who makes great contributions in this field. Jeffrey pays close attention to text theory and literature study in the Christian view, devoted to the Bible's literariness, especially the Bible's influence and leading role. In his opining, the Bible can not be simply equated as other literary works. He appeals for moral responsibility when study, and treating the Bible's authoritative position cautiously. The thoughts by Jeffrey are introduced to China in 1990s. The translation and review appeared in succession, but the related research still weak. Study on Jeffrey's biblical literature thoughts, research his theory background, theoretical views, academic significance, we can understand his thoughts and academic achievements, and investigate the Bible's effluence on western literature and culture, survey the relationship between religion and literature in the view of cross-discipline, and also enlighten to Chinese scholars when study western literature.
     Chapter one generally introduces Jeffrey's life and academic career, as well as the contemporary predicament in biblical literature study. Jeffrey have studied in Princeton University, thus is proficient in linguistics, medieval literature, modern literary theory. The study on the Bible in western began when ancient Ezra interpreted the Moses Law, via middle ages, until the Reformation, religious interpretation is the main method. In the 18th century, influenced by positivism and rationalism, someone use history criticism, including higher criticism and lower criticism. After the 20th century, literature criticism becomes prosperous, and the range of study extends from "the Bible as literature" to "the Bible and literature". With the modern and postmodern theory emerge in endless stream, just as semiotics, narratology, structuralism, formalism, deconstruction, post-colonialism, etc. the Bible's authority in people's mind becomes collapse, and the Bible increasingly equated with secular works, which is proving ground of various theories. Its core role in culture is neglect. Especially the deconstruction, represented by Harold broom, digested the "logos" center position. In Jeffrey's option, studying the Bible in contemporary context, people can not break away the Bible's text identity and the Christian connotation it carries, and people should respect the authority of the Bible.
     Chapter two, the dissertation analyses the theoretical origins of Jeffrey's biblical literature thoughts. Jeffrey's study establishes on two aspects, theology and literature. The Bible is religious cannon, when study it as literature, theological position and significance can not be neglect. Jeffrey admires Jerome's contribution, and absorb to his academic study. Jerome translates the Bible into Latin accurately and faithfully, which became the authority edition. He promotes the Bible study and culture fusion, and provides ideas on how to treat the relationship between sacred and secular scripture. Jerome's preciseness on the Bible and truth makes him the pious reader's symbol. Augustine's method and teleology, offer Jeffrey enlightenment, Especially on Christian doctrine and the Confessions. The former has profound influence on exegesis methodology, while the latter enlighten on "the broken-hearted reader" and reading thoughts. Studying on the Bible can not avoid referring to different religious doctrine and faction. Referring C.S.Lewis'thoughts of "mere Christian", Jeffrey stands for weakening the dispute between different factions, emphases their significance on culture. Jeffrey approves of Mathew Arnold's analyzing on the modern position of the Bible study. He does not limited to theological text like medieval age, and present "the Bible as literature". But Jeffrey also queries Arnold's idea that culture would displace religion. Narratology representative Robert alter focus on the Bible text, though cloze reading, analyses the Bible's artistic expression, including structure, characters, narration, language etc. which is a reference for Jeffrey's study.
     Chapter three and chapter four analyses Jeffrey's core content about biblical literature. His thoughts are very rich, not only on the Bible text, but also refer culture widely. Chapter three discusses Jeffrey's literature study on the Bible text, including his thoughts on Bible text, Bible language, and Bible narration. Different from deconstructionist like Harold broom, who digests the Bible's authority in some degree, Jeffrey holds that the Bible text is symbolic sign and has authority. The power of influence originated from its significance, not only text itself. He proposes the method and principle should value the Bible's position, and respect its authority in faith. In a sense, Jerome and Wycliffe is pious reader model who read the Bible base on respect the Bible's authority, therefore many art woks show Jerome's pious. In the middle ancient times, the production of and literature happened simultaneity with the coming of missionary. The propagation of the Bible provides language and written forms for Germanic, push forward national language mature, improve and independency. It is important significant on improving Europe civilization, people's literacy, and western literature. King James Version of the Bible (KJV) influences English writers on language style, rhetoric manner. Though surveying the narrative feature of the Bible, Jeffrey suggests two narrative pattern, pilgrim narration and confession narration. The theme of Pilgrim narration in the Bible shows is obvious, which becomes a designated narrative structure. Character in text travel or migrate constantly, and the works arranges different scene and events thought the character's experience during pilgrim. The essence of the journal is pilgrim, and pursue for faith, which becomes a special motif in western literature, coming down and evaluating in the latter literature. Confession narration is another typically. David Jeffrey considers that it is for distinguishing the hard-hearted reader and the broken-hearted reader. The later confession literature imitates and interprets on the Bible, and forms a literary theme, while Confession by Augustine is its masterpiece. Jeffrey proposes that we shall respect the authority of text, in order to achieve the close contact of reader and text.
     Chapter four analysis Jeffrey's opinion on morality of literary criticism and education. Literary criticism theory in 20th century and text interpretation is flourishing as never before, which challenge traditional logos on different views or aspects. Jeffrey points out that neglect the literary criticism morality in the post-modern context is not benefit for the literature subject itself. By the same, taking the Bible as testing field does not benefit for the Bible study. In western literature history, father usually emblematizes authoritative degree, while emblematizes god sometimes. With the anti-traditional thought trends, the sanctity of the father is collapsed, even overthrow, Jeffrey analysis some American works appearing progressively that advocate god's love and father's love. About the relationship between the Bible and American literature, Jeffrey points out that puritan who came to American early exegesis the Bible with typological interpretation. They consider America as the Promised Land, thus arise superiority feeling higher than other nations and religions, which is a kind of misread. There are some writers who doubt the American myth, just as Herman Melville and Horton's works. In the history of Christian, many scholars divided secular literature and scare literature clearly as Tertullian, and doubt secular art and literature. With "beautiful caption", Jeffrey agrees paganism wisdom and secular literature, in order to prove literary flourish, and bases on which he discuss the blend between Hebrew and Greek culture. As for the relation between the Bible and humanities, the courses related to the Bible promoted the found of education institutions. The Bible promotes humanities on language, ontology and hermeneutics etc. Jeffrey promotes audaciously "make Greek culture Hebraic", western humanistic tradition influenced more by the Bible than that of classic literature essentially.
     Chapter five summarizes the contemporary significance of the thought of Jeffrey. Surveying the influence of the Bible to literary works, even to whole western literature, Jeffrey devote himself to make people appreciate culture tradition again, as well as the Bible as western culture origin, preventing culture crack. The subjects he provides, like exegesis method, language, narrative theory, humanities education, are benefit enlightenment to our study on the Bible.
引文
①大卫·杰弗里(David Lyle Jeffrey),也有人译作“谢大卫”、“大卫·赖尔·杰弗里”、“戴维·L.杰弗里”。
    ②梁工:《圣经文学研究与比较文学》,中国比较文学,2001年第4期,第117-121页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible as Literature in the 1980s:a Guide for the Perplexed", University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p570
    ② Leland Ryken and Tremper Longman ed. A CompleteLiterary Guide to the Bible, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House,1992, p12
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25. p17
    ①刘意青:《圣经的阐释与对西方对待希伯来传统的态度》,外国文学评论,2003(1),第26-33页。
    ②刘意青:《略论文学研究的道德承载》,浙江师范大学学报,2006(2),第20-25页。
    ③刘意青:《圣经的文学阐释——理论与实践》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第12页。
    ④刘意青:《略论圣经文学研究的当代意义》,河南大学学报,2009(3),第84-87页。
    ⑤姜桂栩:《西方文学与基督教国际学术研讨会评述》,参见《基督教文化视野中的欧美文学》,谭好哲主编,北京:中国盲文出版社,2004年,第284-285页。
    ①郭慧华,崔秀云:《基督教的“文本理论”——读圣书的子民》,基督教文化学刊(第18辑),2007年,第367页。
    ②梁工:《圣经文学研究意义之所在》,河南大学学报,2009(3),第87-90页。
    ③梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,124页。
    ④梁工主编,《圣经文学研究》(第一辑),北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第373-375页。
    ① William M. Johnston, Recent reference books in religion:a guide for students, scholars, researchers, buys & readers, pp.107-109
    ② Yu Anthony C., "A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature", Church History, Sep 1996; 65; 3; Academic Research Library, pp.563-564
    ③ William M. Johnston, Recent reference books in religion:a guide for students, scholars, researchers, buys & readers, pp.107-109
    ① Fred Mench, "A dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature by David Lyle Jeffrey", The classical world, vol.87, No.6, (jul-aug,1994),pp.533-534
    ② Miles Jack Critics, "choices for Christmas-a dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature", Commonweal, New York; dec1,1995; 122; 21; pp20 Drury J. "A dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature", Journal of Theological Studies, n.s.:45,1994 Lawrence Besserman, "A dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature", Speculum, published by:Medieval academy of America, vol.69, No.4,oct,1994,pp.1186-1188 Garrison, James D. "A dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature", Libraries and Culture,29:3,1994: Summer, pp.357-359
    ③ Philip C Rule, "People of the book:Christian identity and literary culture", Theological Studies; Jun 1997; 58; 2; Academic Research Library, pp.347-348
    ④ Wesley A Kort, "People of the book:Christian identity and literary culture", Church History; Sep 1998; 67; 3; Academic Research Library, pp.623-624
    ① Alan Jacob, "The Bible Tells Me So", First things 76, Oct 1997, pp.64-68
    ② C.S.Cox, University of Pittsburgh, "Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture", Choice; Oct 2004; Academic Research Library, pp.42-43
    ①希罗尼穆斯·博斯,(Hieronymus Bosch,1450-1516年),属文艺复兴北派画家。以善于表现地狱、妖魔鬼怪为名,作品经常充满了神秘和的怪诞想像。
    ③ Martin J Medhurst, "Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture", Rhetoric and Public Affairs; summer 2004; vol2 iss7 Academic Research Library, pp.253-257
    ②勒兰德·莱肯:《圣经文学》,徐钟等译,沈阳:春风文艺出版社,1988年,第1页。
    ③诺斯诺普·弗莱:《伟大的代码》,北京:北京大学出版社,1998年,第2页。
    ①梁工:《圣经视域中的东西方文学》,北京:中华书局,2007年,第42页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "On Being a Slow Learner," in Paul. M. Anderson, ed., Professors Who Believe:The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty (Carol Stream, IL:InterVarsity Press,1998),217-224. p219
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "On Being a Slow Learner," in Paul. M. Anderson, ed., Professors Who Believe:The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty (Carol Stream, IL:InterVarsity Press,1998),217-224. p220
    ①弗兰纳里·奥康纳(Flanner O'Conner,1925-1964),当代美国南方女作家,代表作有《好人难寻》《水到渠成》,1957年获得欧·亨利短篇小说奖。
    ②温德尔·贝瑞(Wendell Berry,1934—),美国诗人、随笔作家和小说家,致力于生态问题和生态文学
    ③David Lyle Jeffrey, "On Being a Slow Learner," in Paul. M. Anderson, ed., Professors Who Believe:The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty (Carol Stream, IL:InterVarsity Press,1998),217-224. p222
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "On Being a Slow Learner," in Paul. M. Anderson, ed., Professors Who Believe:The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty (Carol Stream, IL:InterVarsity Press,1998),217-224. p218
    ②梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第13页。
    ①梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第15页。
    ②赵敦华著,《基督教哲学1500年》,北京:人民出版社,1994年,第98页。
    ③梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第16页。
    ④许列民:《从Exegesis到Hermeneutics——基督宗教诠释理论的螺旋式发展》,基督教思想评论(第二辑),2004年。
    ①许列民:《从Exegesis到Hermeneutics-——基督宗教诠释理论的螺旋式发展》,基督教思想评论(第二辑),2004年。
    ② L.Berkhof, The Principle of Biblical Interpretation:Sacred Hermeneutics, Grand Rapids:Baker Book House, 1952, p26
    ③梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第20页。
    ①洛斯,(Robert Lowth,1710),英国人,1737年在牛津大学获得文学硕士学位。
    ②详见J.B.加百尔等著,梁鸿鹰、莫卫生译:《圣经中的犹太行迹》,上海:三联书店,1991年,第38-43页。
    ③梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第24页。
    ①参见卓新平主编:《基督教辞典》,“圣经评断学”词条,上海辞书出版社,2006年。
    ② Mark Allan Powell, the Bible and Modern Literature Criticism:a Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography, New York, Westport, London:Greenwood Press,1992, pp.1-20
    ③ Mier Weiss, the Bible from Within:the Method of Total Interpretation, Jerusalem; the Magnes Press, the Hebrew University,1984
    ①粱工:《圣经视域中的东西方文学》,北京:中华书局,2007年,第11页。
    ① Northrop Frey, Anatomy of Criticism,135.引自勒兰德·莱肯:《经与文学研究》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第一辑),北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第1-17页。
    ② C.S.Lewis, the Literary Influence of the Authorized Version, p15
    ③勒兰德·莱肯:《经与文学研究》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第一辑),北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第13页。
    ④ Robert Alter, Frank Kermode, "General Introduction", the Literary Guide to the Bible, ed. Alter and Kermode, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1987, p3
    ①梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第121页。
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible as Literature in the 1980s:a Guide for the Perplexed", University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p570
    ②马修·阿诺德,韩敏中译,《文化与无政府状态》,北京:三联书店,2002年, 第52页。
    ③刘意青:《圣经的文学阐释——理论与实践》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第5页。
    ① Gabriel Josipovici, The Book of God:A Response to the Bible, New Haven:Yale University Press,1988
    ② Patrick Grant, Reading the New Testament, Landon:Macmillan; Grand Rapids:Eerdmans,1988
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed, University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p573
    ④ Robert Alter, the Art of Biblical Narrative, Basic Books,1983
    ⑤ Robert Alter, the Art of Biblical Poetry, Basic Books,1987
    ⑥ David Lyle Jeffrey, The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed, University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p574
    ⑦刘意青:《圣经的文学阐释——理论与实践》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第8页。
    ⑧ John B. Gabel, the Bible as Literature:an Introduction, New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986,本书由梁工等人翻译,名为《圣经中的犹太行迹》,上海:三联书店,1991年出版。
    ⑨同时期的圣经文学批评手册还有,K.R.R.Gros Louis, Literary Interpretations of Biblical Narratives, Nashville: Abingdon Press,1978, Leland Ryken, the Literature of the Bible, Grand Rapids:Zondervan,1974; John Maier, Vincent Toilers, the Bible in its Literary Milieu, Grand Rapids:Eerdmans,1979
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed, University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p577
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed, University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p578
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed, University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p580
    ①梁工:《西方圣经文学批评》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第117页。
    ②哈罗德·布鲁姆:《西方正典:伟大的作家和不朽的作品》,江宁康译,南京:译林出版社,2005年,第3页。
    ③梁工:《上帝=文学人物?——哈罗德·布鲁姆的圣经解读》,博览群书,2008(8),第31-35页。
    ①哈罗德·布鲁姆:《西方正典:伟大的作家和不朽的作品》,江宁康译,南京:译林出版社,2005年,第4页。
    ②哈罗德·布鲁姆:《西方正典:伟大的作家和不朽的作品》,江宁康译,南京:译林出版社,2005年,第4页。
    ③哈罗德·布鲁姆:《批评、正典结构与预言》,吴琼译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年,第103页。
    ④ Harold Broom, "the Breaking of Form, de-Construction and Criticism", the Continuum Publish Corporation, 1979,pp.1-37
    ⑤ Jennifer Green, "The Education of David Jeffrey", Deborah Gyapong 2006, the Ottawa citizen, published:a Saturday, June 24,2006
    ⑥ David Lyle Jeffrey, Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture, Martin J Medhurst, Rhetoric and Public Affairs; Summer 2004; vol2 iss7 Academic Research Library, pp.253-257
    ①David Lyle Jeffrey, Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture,Reading Culture, Martin J Medhurst, Rhetoric and Public Affairs; Summer 2004; vol2 iss7 Academic Research Library pp.253-257
    ①王晓朝:《信仰与理性——古代基督教教父思想家评传》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第244-265页。
    ②王晓朝:《信仰与理性——古代基督教教父思想家评传》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第258页。
    ①王晓朝:《信仰与理性——古代基督教教父思想家评传》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第264页。
    ① Robert Edwards, Augustine and Ovid to Chaucer, London:Palgrave Macmillan,2006
    ②《异端的行迹》,参见王晓朝:《信仰与理性——古代基督教教父思想家评传》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第258页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第74页。
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第76页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第83页。
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第82页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature, vol.56 no.l Fall 2006
    ①C.S.路易斯:《返璞归真》,汪咏梅译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007年,第11页。
    ②C.S.路易斯:《返璞归真》,汪咏梅译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007年,第13页。
    ③C.S.路易斯:《返璞归真》,汪咏梅译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007年,第13页。
    ④C.S.路易斯:《返璞归真》,汪咏梅译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007年,第16页。
    ⑤C.S. Lewis, "the Bible and its Literary Critics," Christianity and Literature 50.1 2000, pp.95-110
    ①相关论文有"C. S. Lewis the Medievalist," in Thomas Martin, ed., Reading Literature with C. S. Lewis (Chicago:Crossways,2000), pp.72-86; C.S. Lewis, "the Bible and its Literary Critics," Christianity and Literature 50.1 (2000):95-110.; "How Form Matters in Lewis" (review of The Longing for a Form:Essays on the Fiction of C.S. Lewis, ed. Peter Schakel), The Reformed Journal 28, No.9 (1978), pp.31-32.
    ② Alan Jacob, The Bible Tells Me So, First things 76, Oct 1997, pp.64-68
    ③ Wesley A Kort, "Houses of interpretation:reading scripture, reading culture', Theology Today; Oct 2004; 61; 3; Academic Research Library, pp.386-388
    ①刘峰:《<圣经>的文学性诠释与希伯来精神的探求》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第11页。
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第285页。
    ③马修·阿诺德:《文化与无政府状态》,韩敏中译,北京:三联书店,2002年,第120页。
    ①刘峰:《<圣经>的文学性诠释与希伯来精神的探求》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第12页。
    ②Matthew Arnold, Literature and Dogma, London:Smith,1895, p80
    ③Matthew Arnold, God and Bible, London:Smith,1887, p235
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第286页。
    ① Pricket, Words and the Word,63 see David J. Delaura, Hebrew in Victorian England:Newman, Arnold and Pater, Austin:University of Taxes Press,1969
    ② Eliot, selected essays, p434, p436
    ③艾略特:《阿诺德与佩特》,参见《艾略特论文集》,李富宁译,天津:百花文艺出版社,1994年,第213页。
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第290页。
    ① Robert alter, Frank Kermode, "general introduction", the Literary Guide to the Bible, ed. Alter and Kermode, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1987, p3
    ② Robert Alter, the Art of Biblical Narrative, p19
    ③梁工:《圣经文学研究:原理和实践》,见《圣经文学研究》(第一辑),2006年,第22页。
    ④ David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed", University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p574
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Genesis:warts and all, What Christians can learn from Jews about the Bible's first book?" Christianity Today, carol stream:Apr 26,1999 vol.43, iss5, p79
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "Genesis:warts and all, What Christians can learn from Jews about the Bible's first book?" Christianity Today, carol stream:Apr 26,1999 vol.43, iss5, p80
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "Genesis:warts and all, What Christians can learn from Jews about the Bible's first book?" Christianity Today, carol stream:Apr 26,1999 vol.43, iss5, p81
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第82页。
    ②奥古斯丁:《论灵魂及其起源》,石敏敏译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002,第16页。
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第224页。
    ④奥古斯丁:《论灵魂及其起源》,石敏敏译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年,第26页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第78页。
    ②奥古斯丁:《论灵魂及其起源》,石敏敏译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年,第66页。
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第78页。
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第5页。
    ⑤ David Lyle Jeffrey, "On Being a Slow Learner," in Paul. M. Anderson, ed., Professors Who Believe:The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty (Carol Stream, IL:InterVarsity Press,1998), p223
    ⑥郭慧华,崔秀云:《基督教的“文本理论”》,基督教文化学刊,2007秋(第18辑),第358-369页。
    ①参见Hans Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative:A Study of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics, New Haven:Yale,1974, Stephen Pricket, Words and the Word:Language, Poetics and Biblical Interpretation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第85页。
    ③郭慧华,崔秀云:《基督教的“文本理论”》,基督教文化学刊,2007秋(第18辑),第361页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第87页。
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "Knowing Truth in the Present Age", The Way of Truth in the Present Age, Edited by Craig M. Gay and C. Peter Malloy, Regent College Publishing,1999, p119
    ③奥古斯丁:《忏悔录》,周士良译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第203页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Knowing truth in the present age", The Way of Truth in the Present Age, Edited by Craig M Gay and C peter Malloy, Regent College Publishing 1999, p126
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第142页。
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第81页。
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第81页。
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第158页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "John Wyclif and the Hermeneutics of Reader Response", Interpretation 39, no.3,1985, pp.272-287
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第219页。
    ② Craig R. Thompson, "Jerome and the testimony of Erasmus in disputes over the vernacular Bible," proceedings of the patristic, Medieval and Renaissance Conference 6, Villanova University,1981, pp.1-36
    ③法布里阿诺(Gentile da Fabriano),意大利哥特派画家,他的作品有威尼斯多奇宫的壁画,罗马圣拉兰特教堂的壁画,蛋彩画《贤士来朝》等。
    ④卡尔帕乔(Vittore Carpaccio),威尼斯画派的叙事体画家。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第200页。
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第214页。
    ③有关动词“阅读”的双重词义延续到18世纪的情况,见Anne Ferry, the Art of Naming, Chicago University Press,1990,30,38, pp.156-188
    ④ David Lyle Jeffrey, ed. A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature, Grand Rapids:Eerdmans,1992, harp, p209
    ①该诗以西撒克斯(Wessex)方言写成。
    ②参见塔德的《野蛮人的日常生活》Madcom Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians:Goths, Franks and Vandals, New York:Dorset,1988
    ③ Gwynn Jones, a history of the Vikings, London, Oxford University Press,1968, p29
    ④杰弗里考察到的相关书籍资料Francis Owen, the Germanic People, New York:Bookman,1960; Gwynn Jones, a History of the Vikings, Landon:Oxford University Press,1968; Tacitus, Germanae,9; turville-petre, Myth and Religion, pp.252-253
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, The gift of literacy, Christianity today, carol stream:Dec 6,1999, vol 43, iss.14, pp.54-56
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第104页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25
    ①杨慧林黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》,南京:译林出版社,2001年,第18页。
    ②David Lyle Jeffrey, "Why the Bible had such a Foundational Impact on Western Literature," in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University Press,1996),26-35
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Why the Bible had such a Foundational Impact on Western Literature," in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University Press,1996),26-35.
    ②杨慧林 黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》,南京:译林出版社,2001年,第18页。
    ③ Asser's life of king Alfred, trans D.W. Robertson, in the literature of medieval England, p107
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第122页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, The gift of literacy, Christianity Today, Carol Stream:Dec 6,1999, vol 43, iss.14,54-56
    ②常见圣经英文译本有KJV、NKJV、ASV、NASB、ESV、NIV。 New King James Version (NKJV) NKJV是由近代普遍使用的King James Version (KJV)修订、以字义释经的原则翻译而成。此译本重新用现代流行的美式英语翻译。New International Version (NIV) NIV是重新用原文翻译的译本,由超过来自世界各地的英语国家的一百多个福音派(Evangelical)圣经学者合力译成。它的特色是融合直译与意译方法,把原作者的思想以英语表达出来,一方面能保留原文的精髓,另一方面又能使读者明白原意,是很适合个人研读之用的译本。ESV (English Standard version)是福音出版社的十字架道路圣经部于2001年出版的,基本上是直译,它尽可能寻求得到原始文本的精确词义和每一圣经作者的个人风格。着重于“词与词”的对应,寻求原始文本的透明度。
    ③ George Sainsbury, A history of English prose rhythms, London, Macmillan,1912, pp.157-158
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《日常乐章:英王詹姆斯钦定版圣经与英语文学》,参见《圣经文学研究》第一辑,北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第46页。"Habitual Music:The King James Bible and English Literature," in David G Burke, ed. Translation That Openeth the Window:Reflections on the History and Legacy of the King James Bible (New York:American Bible Society, 2007)
    ② Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems, San Diego, New York, London:Harvest/HBJ,1988, p225
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, ed. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25,.p17
    ② George Bernard Shaw, Everybody's political what's what, London:constable,1944, p181
    ③ D.H. Lawrence, A Apocalypse, London,1913, Mara kalians ed, Cambridge:Cambridge university press,1980, pp.59-60
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《日常乐章:英王詹姆斯钦定版圣经与英语文学》,参见《圣经文学研究》第一辑,北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第52页。
    ②George P. Eckman, the Literary of the Bible, New York:Methodist Book Concern,1915,39, p162
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《日常乐章:英王詹姆斯钦定版圣经与英语文学》,参见《圣经文学研究》第一辑,北京:人民文学出版社,2007年,第57页。
    ②eorge Gregory Robert Lowth, lectures on the sacred poetry of the Hebrew,2vol, London,1787, p137
    ③杰弗里详细考察的作品有H.S. Milford, the Poetical Works of William Cowper,4th ed. London:Oxford University Press,1934,166,108-111. William Cowper, "the task", the Task and Selected Other Poems, London: Longman,1994,5733-4. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, plate 12. William Blake, the Poetry and Prose, Garden City, New York:Doubleday and co,1965, p38
    ① John Ruskin, Praetorian, London,1885-1889, p31;参见Mary, Ellen Gibbs, the Bible References in John Ruskin, New York:Oxford University,1898
    ① Leland Ryken, The Literature of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Mich:Zondervan Publishing House,1974
    ①刘洪一:《走向文化诗学:美国犹太小说研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第208页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, Masterplot and meaning in biblical narrative, Houses of the interpreter:reading scripture, reading culture, pp.15-38
    ②弗莱:《圣经和神话》,引自叶舒宪《神话-原型批评》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,1986年,第406页。
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "Journey to the West/Journey to the East:Comparative Masterplots," in Kevin Yan, ed., European Literature in the Chinese Context (Beijing:Nationalities Press,2002) [appearing in English and Chinese both]; Also in Dangdai Ouzhou Wenxie Zonghengtan (Beijing:Ethnic Publishing House,2003), 176-184 (Chinese only).
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质的文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版,2005年,第11页。
    ②Donald R. Howard, The Ideal of the Canterbury Tales, Berkeley:University of California Press,1976, p29
    ①李萍:《永恒显现的“追寻”主题》,齐齐哈尔师范学院学报,1996(4),第40—42页。
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "The gift literacy", Christianity today, carol stream:Dec 6,1999, vol 43, iss.14, pp.54-56
    ③杰弗里列举的例子还有,Guillaume de Guilville, pelerinage de la vie humaine, jean de meun; guilaume de lorries, roman de la rose
    ④ David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Self and The Book:Reference and Recognition in Medieval Thought," in By Things Seen:Reference and Recognition in Medieval Thought (Ottawa:University of Ottawa Press,1979), pp.1-20
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "the Friar's Rent," Journal of English and Germanic Philology,1971, pp.600-607 "Chaucer's Maniple's Tale:the Form of Conclusion," English Studies in Canada (1976), pp.249-63.
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Journey to the West/Journey to the East:Comparative Masterplots," in Kevin Yan, ed., European Literature in the Chinese Context (Beijing:Nationalities Press,2002) [appearing in English and Chinese both]; Also in Dangdai Ouzhou Wenxie Zonghengtan (Beijing:Ethnic Publishing House,2003), pp.176-184.
    ①徐新,凌继尧:《犹太百科全书》,上海:上海人民出版社,1993年,第410页。
    ②陈双庆:《犹太教理念与巴勒斯坦地域争端的关系》,西亚非洲,2003(4),第13—17页。
    ③杨正润:《传记文学史纲》,南京:江苏教育出版社,1994年,第132页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第330页。
    ②李咏吟:《奥古斯丁与忏悔体文学的兴起》,国外文学,2001(4),第19页。
    ③ Mike Heyworth, Bryan Sterner, Confession:Studies in Deviance and Religion,1982. pp.200
    ④ A.S. Herbert, "the parable (masal) in the old testament", Scottish Journal of Theology, vol7,1954, pp180-196
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第334页。
    ②Frank Kermode, the Genesis of Secrecy:on the Interpretation of Narrative, Harvard University Press,1979
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第335页。
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第335页。
    ③参见《出埃及记》10:20但耶和华使法老的心刚硬,不容以色列人去;《诗篇》34:18耶和华靠近伤心的人,拯救灵性痛悔的人。
    ① Pinches H. Peli, Soloveitchik on Repentance:the Thought and Oral Discourses of Rabbi, Joseph B. Soloveitchik, New York:Paulist Press,1984, pp.49-52
    ②李咏吟:《奥古斯丁与忏悔体文学的兴起》,国外文学,2001(4),第19页。
    ③奥古斯丁:《忏悔录》,周士良译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第51页。
    ①奥古斯丁:《忏悔录》,周士良译,北京:商务印书馆,1963,第201页。
    ②奥古斯丁:《忏悔录》,周士良译,北京:商务印书馆,1963,第204页。
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "Self-examination and the Examination of Text:Augustine's Confessions and on Christian Doctrine", Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture, Waco, TX:Baylor University Press, 2003, p50
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第339页。
    ⑤ Alasdair Macintyre, After Virtue:a Study in Moral Theory,2nd ed. Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame, 1984,pp.214-217
    ⑥ William Cowper, Memoir of the Early William Cowper, London:R. Edward,1816, p57
    ① John Newton, the work of the rev. late rector of the united parishes of st. Mary wool church haw, London, vol.9 London. Haddon,1822
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "Self-examination and the Examination of Text:Augustine's Confessions and on Christian Doctrine", Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture (Waco, TX:Baylor University Press, 2003), p50
    ③ George Steiner:George Steiner:a Reader, New York:Oxford University Press,1984, pp.67-98
    ④ Philip C Rule, "People of the book:Christian identity and literary culture", Theological Studies; Jun 1997; 58; 2; Academic Research Library, pp.347-348
    ①戴维·L.杰弗里:《后理论语境中的文学研究》,国外文学,2007(4),第30页。
    ②董学文、张永刚:《文学原理》,北京大学出版社,2001年,第256页。
    ③柏拉图:《柏拉图全集》第2卷,王晓朝译。北京:人民出版社,2003年,340页。
    ④柏拉图:《柏拉图全集》第2卷,王晓朝译。北京:人民出版社,2003年,349页。
    ①聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评与道德批评》,外国文学研究,2006(2),第10页。
    ②高楠:《文学的道德价值》,文学评论,2009(1),第56页。
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第33页。
    ④刘意青:《从圣经的文学阐释看文学批评的真理权威性》,国外文学,2004(4),第22-30页。
    ①恩斯特·卡西尔:《人论》,上海译文出版社,1985年,第29页。
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible as literature in the 1980s:a guide for the perplexed", University of Toronto Quarterly, vol.59, No.4,1990, p570
    ③ William B. Warner. Reading Clarissa:The Struggles of Interpretation, New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1979
    ①戴维·L.杰弗里:《后理论语境中的文学研究》,国外文学,2007(4),第31页。
    ②戴维·L.杰弗里:《后理论语境中的文学研究》,国外文学,2007(4),第37页。
    ③戴维·L.杰弗里:《后理论语境中的文学研究》,国外文学,2007(4),第32页。
    ④ David Lyle Jeffrey, Dominic Manganiello, Rethinking the Future of the University, University of Ottawa Press, 1998, p4
    ①Alan Jacob,"the Bible tells me so,view on the people of the book",First things 76,Oct 1997,pp.64-68
    ②David Lyle Jeffrey,"The Bible and Western Literature",in Western Literature and Christianity,ed.Zhu Wei Zhi(Beijing:Peking University,1996),pp.5-25.
    ③辛普森一家是美国电视史上播放时间最长的动画片,到目前为止共20季,约400-500集。用辛辣的讽刺攻击权威,主要讽刺美国中部的生活方式。
    ④Charles Colson,"Rebuilding the Foundation of Beauty and a Father's Love",Sep.4,2008
    ⑤Jeffrey's lecture,"Of Beauty and a Father's Love",Keynote Lecture,C.S.Lewis Institute 'Oxbridge'conference, Christ College,Oxford,July 25,2005.
    ①David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature,2006, vol56.no1, p122
    ②罗杰·加洛蒂:《论无边的现实主义》,吴岳添译,上海:上海文艺出版社,1986年,第108页。
    ③乔伊斯:《一个青年艺术家的肖像》,南京:译林出版社,1996年,第48页。
    ① David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature,2006, vol56.no1, p121
    ② Charles Colson, "Rebuilding the Foundation of Beauty and a Father's Love", Sep.4,2008
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature,2006, vol56.no1, p121
    ④伯尔特·那格尔:《卡夫卡思想与艺术的渊源》,载克劳斯·瓦根巴赫《卡夫卡传》中译本,北京十月出版社,1988年,第267页。
    ⑤米兰·昆德拉:《被背叛的遗嘱》,上海:上海人民出版社,1995年,第7页。
    ①罗杰·加洛蒂:《论无边的现实主义》,吴岳添译,上海:上海文艺出版社,1986年,第108页。
    ②叶廷芳编:《论卡夫卡》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,,1988年,第218页。
    ③David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature,2006, vol56.no 1, p124
    ④奥古斯丁:《忏悔录》,周士良译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第218—219页。
    ① Charles Colson, "Rebuilding the Foundation of Beauty and a Father's Love", Sep.4,2008
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "Beauty, Epiphany, and a Father's Love", Center for Ethics and Culture Annual Conference, Notre Dame University, Nov 20,2004.
    ③ David Lyle Jeffrey, "Of Beauty and a Father's Love", Christianity and Literature,2006, vol56.no1, p133
    ④刘意青:《略谈文学和文学批评的道德承载问题》,浙江师范大学学报,2006(2),第122页。
    ①刘绪贻,李世纲:《美国研究辞典》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年,第741页。
    ①萨克万·伯克维奇:《美国神话》,钱满素译,外国文学评论,2002(1),第122页。
    ②Sacvan Bercovitch, the biblical and basis of the American myth, Bible and American, pp.219-229
    ③佩里·米勒(Perry Miller,1905-1963),是美国历史上首位对清教内在的思想结构做出系统而深入分析的大家,也是研究新英格兰史以及早期美国文化的权威。
    ④ Perry Miller, ed. The American puritans:their prose and poetry, New York:Douleday Anchor,1956, p82
    ⑤谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第295页。
    ①刘意青:《略论圣经文学研究的当代意义》,河南大学学报,2009(3),第84-87页。
    ② James O.Robertson, American Myth Ameirican, History, Boston,1986, p53
    ③大卫·杰弗里:《<圣经>与美国神话》,胡龙彪译,国外文学,1998(1),第20-28页。
    ④大卫·杰弗里:《<圣经>与美国神话》,胡龙彪译,国外文学,1998(1),第20-28页。
    ① Herman Melville, White Jacket; or, the World in a Man-of-War, oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 1967, pp.152-153
    ②谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第299页。
    ③ Edwin Cady, "as through a glass eye, darkly:the Bible in the nineteenth century American novel, in gun", Bible and American, pp.33-56
    ④谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第300页。
    ①Bercovith, Biblical Basis of the American Myth, p224
    ②萨克万·伯克维奇:《美国神话》,钱满素译,外国文学评论,2002(1),第122页。
    ③谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第302页。
    ①谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第311页。
    ②David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, d. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25.p17
    ①阿瑞塔斯(Aratus),古希腊诗人,著有《天象》(Phainomena),描述了行星、黄道、星座等天象。
    ② David Lyle Jeffrey, "the Pearl of great Wisdom:The deep and abiding biblical roots of western liberal education", Touchstone, October 2007, pp.25-30
    ③ Henri De Lubanc, exegese medievale:les quatre sens de l'ecriture, Paris:Abbier,1954, vol 1,参见,谢大卫:《圣书的子民——基督教的特质和文本传统》,李毅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年,第73页
    ④ David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Bible and Western Literature", in Western Literature and Christianity, d. Zhu Wei Zhi (Beijing:Peking University,1996),5-25.
    ⑤ David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Self and the Book:Reference and Recognition in Medieval Thought," in By Things Seen:Reference and Recognition in Medieval Thought (Ottawa:University of Ottawa Press,1979), pp.1-20.
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第352页。
    ②大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第352页。
    ③ Domenic Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, trans E.F.M.benecke, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1996
    ①Robert Edwards, Augustine and Ovid to Chaucer, London:Palgrave Macmillan,2006
    ②大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第352页。
    ③大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第354页。
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第363页。
    ②David Lyle Jeffrey, "Communion, Community, and Our Common Book:or, Can Faustus Be Saved?", Christianity and Literature,53.2 (2004), pp.233-246.
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第364页。
    ①大卫·杰弗里:《圣经与人文学科》,参见《圣经文学研究》(第三辑),人民文学出版社,2009年,第365页。
    ②参见Martha Nussbaum, Cultivation Humanity:a Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1997; and Michael Berube, What's Liberal about the Liberal Arts: Classroom Politics and Bias in Higher Education, New York:Norton,2006
    ① Philip C Rule, "People of the book:Christian identity and literary culture", Theological studies; Jun 1997; 58; 2; Academic Research Library, pp.347-348
    ①奥普拉·温弗瑞(Oprah Winfrey,1954-),美国著名脱口秀节目的主持人。
    ② Jennifer green, "The education of David Jeffrey", Deborah gyapong 2006 the Ottawa citizen, published:a Saturday, June 24,2006
    ③“蔬菜宝贝历险记”(veggie tale),美国热播的迪斯尼动画片。
    ④ Jennifer Green, "The education of David Jeffrey", Deborah gyapong,2006, the Ottawa citizen, published:a Saterday, June 24,2006
    ⑤ Jennifer Green, "The education of David Jeffrey", Deborah gyapong,2006, the Ottawa citizen, published:a Saterday, June 24,2006
    ⑥ David Lyle Jeffrey, Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture, Waco, TX:Baylor University Press,2003, p5
    ⑦ David Lyle Jeffrey, Houses of the Interpreter:Reading Scripture, Reading Culture, Waco, TX:Baylor University Press,2003, p6
    ① Martin J. Medhurst, Houses of the interpreter:reading scripture, reading culture, Rhetoric and public affairs; Summer 2004; vol2 iss7 Academic Research Library, pp.253-257
    ② C.S.Lewis, the Literary Impact of the Authorized Version, Phidelphia:Fortress,1976, p33
    ③ C.S.Lewis, Reflection on the Psalms, New York:Harcourt, Brace, and World,1958, p3
    ①梁工:《圣经文学导读》,桂林:漓江出版社,1990年。
    ①李炽昌、游斌:《生命言说与社群认同——希伯来五小卷研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年。
    ②梁工: 《诗歌书·智慧文学解读》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2003年; 《律法书·叙事著作解读》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2003年。
    ③刘建军《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
    ④杨彩霞的《20世纪美国文学与圣经传统》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年;《西方现代派文学与圣经》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年。
    ⑤梁工:《圣经与文学》,时代文艺出版社,2006年;《圣经与欧美作家作品》,宗教文化出版社,2000年。
    ⑥杨慧林:《西方文化:对<圣经>的重新读解》,参见《西方文学与基督教论文集》,北京大学出版社,1996年。
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    [美]苏米拉·莫莱:《破译<圣经>》,方晋译,长春:吉林摄影出版社,1999年。
    [美]斯蒂芬·米勒,罗伯特·休伯:《圣经的历史——圣经成书过程及历史影响》,北京:中央编译出版社,2008年。
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    [美]T.S.艾略特:《基督教与文化》,杨民生,陈常锦译,成都:四川人民出版社,1989年。
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    [以色列]西蒙·巴埃弗拉特:《圣经的叙事艺术》,李峰译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2006年。
    [美]杨克勤:《圣经修辞学》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2007年。
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    冯象:《创世纪——传说与译注》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年。
    刘意青:《圣经的文学阐释——理论与实践》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年。
    梁工:《基督教文学》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2002年。
    梁工:《圣经叙事艺术研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年。
    梁工:《西方圣经批评引论》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年。
    刘建军:《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
    刘峰:《圣经的文学性诠释与希伯来精神的探求——马修·阿可诺德宗教思想研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。
    陆杨:《欧洲中世纪诗学》,上海:上海社会科学出版社,2000年。
    李炽昌:《生命言说与社群认同——希伯来圣经五小卷研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年。
    莫运平:《基督教文化与西方文学》,北京:中央编译出版社,2007年。
    谭好哲,王汉川主编:《宗教与文化》,济南:山东大学出版社,2002年。
    孙津:《基督教与美学》,重庆:重庆出版社,1990年。
    骆振芳:《新约导论》,南京:爱德印刷有限公司,1989年。
    文庸:《圣经蠡测》,北京:今日中国出版社,1992年。
    杨慧林:《基督教的底色与文化延伸》,哈尔滨:黑龙江民出版社,2002年。
    杨慧林:《罪恶与救赎:基督教文化精神论》,北京:东方出版社,1995年。
    杨慧林,黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》,南京:译林出版社,2001年。
    杨昌栋:《基督教在中古欧洲的贡献》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000年。
    亚贝:《圣经的本质和权威》,台南:东南亚神学院协会,1970年。
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    Alter, Robert and Frank Kermode, ed. The Literary Guide to the Bible. Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1987.
    Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York:Basic Books,1981
    Blackburn, Ruth H. The Old Testament as Living Literature, Monarch Press,1964. Reprinted 1976.
    Beickner, Balfour and vorspan, albert. Searching the Prophets for Values, Union of American Hebrew Congregation,1981
    Beiner, Stan J. Bible Scenes:Joshua to Solomon. Alter nativers in Religious Education,1988
    Blackburn, Ruth H. The Old Testament as Living Literature. Monarch Press,1976
    Booth, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago and London:the University of Chicago Press,1973
    Bright, John. A history of Israel. Philadelphia:Westminster Press,1981
    Eco,Umberto. Art and Beauty in the Middle. Ages,Translated by Hugh Bredin, New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1986.
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    Gros Louis, Kenneth R.R. with James S. Ackerman and Thayer S. Warshaw. Literary in Terpretations of Bibilical Narratives. Nashville:Abingdon Press,1982 vol2.
    Gardner, Helen. Religion and Literature. London:Faber and Faber,1971.
    Gunn, giles. The Interpretation of Otherness:Literature, Religion, and the American Imagination. London:Oxford University Press,1979
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    Gable, John B. and Charles B. Wheeler. The Bible as Literature. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986
    Handelman, Susan. The Slayer of Moses:The Emergence of Rabbinic Interpretation in Modern Literary Theory. Albany:the State University of New York Press,1982
    Jasper,David and Crowder,Colin edited. European Literature and Theology in the Twentieth Century:End of Time. Hampshire:Macmillan Press Ltd,1990.
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    Michael, Kress. The Bible as Art and Literature. New York:Publishers Weekly,1999
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    Ricurl, Paul transited by David Rellauer; edited by Mark I. Wallace. Figuring the Sacred:Relation Narrative, and Imagination. Fortress Press,1995
    Tucker, Gene M. Form Criticism of the Old Testamen. University of Fortress Press,1971
    Samuel Sandmel ed. The New English Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford Study Edition New York:Oxford University Press,1976
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    Pilch, John J. the cultural Dictionary of the Bible. Liturgical Press,1999
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