流域分布式土壤侵蚀学坡长提取与分析
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摘要
坡长是土壤侵蚀研究中重要的地形参数之一，认识、理解、反应侵蚀过程的坡长概念对土壤侵蚀定量评价的研究十分重要。本研究在前人对坡长提取工作的基础上，做进一步探索，并对坡长提取相关限制条件进行分析、设计、提取，同时对结果进行了精度及不确定性的分析。主要研究结果如下：
（1）流域分布式侵蚀坡长是与坡面土壤侵蚀过程（包括剥蚀、搬运和沉积）相适应的、能够反映侵蚀随地形变化的，流域内任一点上的侵蚀学坡长。给出了分布式坡长的理论公式，该坡长可由DEM设置截断因子，结合流向算法设计实现，并给出了相关设计流程及方法；
（2）基于理想曲面证明了基于D8、MS、FMFD、DEMON、Dinf五种算法设计的正确性，研究同时表明Demon方法可以得到较与理论结果相近的坡长值。
（3）基于实际DEM（县南沟流域），通过地形图与沟道和沟沿线提取结果的对比，验证了沟道、沟沿线提取方法的可行性；DEMON、D8算法对沟道提取的效果较好；阈值决定了沟道级别，不同阈值决定了坡长的最大值，但不同区域具有不同的地貌特征，阈值需要对研究区较熟悉的专家进行设置；
（4）不同分辨率、不同地形起伏状况对坡长提取的准确性影响较大，通过理想DEM的研究、对比发现DEMON方法在精度、误差方面表现较好，适合作为提取坡长的流向算法；但同时也发现在复杂坡面条件下，与理论值相比较，基于GIS的方法高估了坡长；
（5）对不同分辨率下沟道截断的阈值进行了探讨（以县南沟为例），研究发现由于分辨率降低，栅格尺寸增大，沟道的影响亦增大，高分辨率DEM下沟道阈值较低分辨率下的沟道阈值低，并给出了不同分辨率下对应的阈值；
（6）对坡长的尺度变换进行了探讨和研究，基于直方图匹配的方法能够较好地实现坡长的尺度变换；
（7）结合经验模型（RUSLE、CLSE）设计并实现了模型计算的软件，该软件可以对相关数据进行合理转换、分析、计算，完成流域尺度上土壤侵蚀估算。
Extraction and Analysis on Distributed Erosion Slope Length in Watershed Scale
The slope length is one of the important terrain parameters in soil erosion research area. Itis very important for quantitative evaluation of the erosion processes in the reaction of theconcept of slope length on soil erosion. In this study, on the basis of the previous work of theextraction of the slope length, the author does a further study in slope length extraction limitscondition for analysis, design, and extraction. The results of accuracy and uncertainty analysisare also being analysised.The main findings are as follows:
(1) Distributed erosion slope length (including erosion, transport, and deposition)compatible with the soil erosion process, to reflect the erosion with the terrain changes, anypoint erosion slope length at watershed scale. Distributed slope of the theoretical formula, thecombination of truncated by the DEM, the slope length factor, by the flow of algorithmdesign and design processes and methods;
(2) The artifical DEM was used to prove the correctness of the D8, MS, FMFD,DEMON, Dinf five kinds of algorithm design, studies have shown that the Demon can becompared to theoretical results similar slope length values.
(3) Based on the actual DEM (Xiannangou catchment), the comparison of the relief mapwith extraction result of channel networks and shoulder line, verify the correctness of thechannel networks and shoulder line extraction method; the DEMON, D8algorithm forchannel extraction effect better;the threshold determines the channel level, a differentthreshold to decide the maximum slope, but different regions have different geomorphologicalfeatures, so so the experts who is more familiar with the study area to set the threshold;
(4) Different resolutions, different undulating terrain conditions affect the accuracy ofthe extracted slope length ideal DEM contrast DEMON method performed better in precisionerror, suitable for the extraction of slope flow algorithm; but alsofound in the complex slopeconditions, compared with the theoretical value of GIS-based approach overestimated theslope length.
(5) Discussion the cutoff condition in different resolution in Xiannangou catchment.The study found that the lower resolution, the grid size increases, the impact of the channelincreases, high-resolution DEM ditchchannel threshold low resolution channel threshold, andgives the corresponding threshold under different resolutions;
(6) Slope length scale transformation exploration and study, based on histogrammatching method can achieve better slope length scale transformation;
(7) Design the software combined with empirical models (RUSLE, CLSE) and model.The software can be a reasonable conversion of the relevant data, analyze, calculate, completesoil erosion on the watershed scale estimates.
（1）流域分布式侵蚀坡长是与坡面土壤侵蚀过程（包括剥蚀、搬运和沉积）相适应的、能够反映侵蚀随地形变化的，流域内任一点上的侵蚀学坡长。给出了分布式坡长的理论公式，该坡长可由DEM设置截断因子，结合流向算法设计实现，并给出了相关设计流程及方法；
（2）基于理想曲面证明了基于D8、MS、FMFD、DEMON、Dinf五种算法设计的正确性，研究同时表明Demon方法可以得到较与理论结果相近的坡长值。
（3）基于实际DEM（县南沟流域），通过地形图与沟道和沟沿线提取结果的对比，验证了沟道、沟沿线提取方法的可行性；DEMON、D8算法对沟道提取的效果较好；阈值决定了沟道级别，不同阈值决定了坡长的最大值，但不同区域具有不同的地貌特征，阈值需要对研究区较熟悉的专家进行设置；
（4）不同分辨率、不同地形起伏状况对坡长提取的准确性影响较大，通过理想DEM的研究、对比发现DEMON方法在精度、误差方面表现较好，适合作为提取坡长的流向算法；但同时也发现在复杂坡面条件下，与理论值相比较，基于GIS的方法高估了坡长；
（5）对不同分辨率下沟道截断的阈值进行了探讨（以县南沟为例），研究发现由于分辨率降低，栅格尺寸增大，沟道的影响亦增大，高分辨率DEM下沟道阈值较低分辨率下的沟道阈值低，并给出了不同分辨率下对应的阈值；
（6）对坡长的尺度变换进行了探讨和研究，基于直方图匹配的方法能够较好地实现坡长的尺度变换；
（7）结合经验模型（RUSLE、CLSE）设计并实现了模型计算的软件，该软件可以对相关数据进行合理转换、分析、计算，完成流域尺度上土壤侵蚀估算。
Extraction and Analysis on Distributed Erosion Slope Length in Watershed Scale
The slope length is one of the important terrain parameters in soil erosion research area. Itis very important for quantitative evaluation of the erosion processes in the reaction of theconcept of slope length on soil erosion. In this study, on the basis of the previous work of theextraction of the slope length, the author does a further study in slope length extraction limitscondition for analysis, design, and extraction. The results of accuracy and uncertainty analysisare also being analysised.The main findings are as follows:
(1) Distributed erosion slope length (including erosion, transport, and deposition)compatible with the soil erosion process, to reflect the erosion with the terrain changes, anypoint erosion slope length at watershed scale. Distributed slope of the theoretical formula, thecombination of truncated by the DEM, the slope length factor, by the flow of algorithmdesign and design processes and methods;
(2) The artifical DEM was used to prove the correctness of the D8, MS, FMFD,DEMON, Dinf five kinds of algorithm design, studies have shown that the Demon can becompared to theoretical results similar slope length values.
(3) Based on the actual DEM (Xiannangou catchment), the comparison of the relief mapwith extraction result of channel networks and shoulder line, verify the correctness of thechannel networks and shoulder line extraction method; the DEMON, D8algorithm forchannel extraction effect better;the threshold determines the channel level, a differentthreshold to decide the maximum slope, but different regions have different geomorphologicalfeatures, so so the experts who is more familiar with the study area to set the threshold;
(4) Different resolutions, different undulating terrain conditions affect the accuracy ofthe extracted slope length ideal DEM contrast DEMON method performed better in precisionerror, suitable for the extraction of slope flow algorithm; but alsofound in the complex slopeconditions, compared with the theoretical value of GIS-based approach overestimated theslope length.
(5) Discussion the cutoff condition in different resolution in Xiannangou catchment.The study found that the lower resolution, the grid size increases, the impact of the channelincreases, high-resolution DEM ditchchannel threshold low resolution channel threshold, andgives the corresponding threshold under different resolutions;
(6) Slope length scale transformation exploration and study, based on histogrammatching method can achieve better slope length scale transformation;
(7) Design the software combined with empirical models (RUSLE, CLSE) and model.The software can be a reasonable conversion of the relevant data, analyze, calculate, completesoil erosion on the watershed scale estimates.
引文
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