近30年河龙区间侵蚀产沙时空变化及驱动因子研究
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摘要
本研究针对近30年来黄土高原水土流失治理以及退耕还林（草）工程实施引起的下垫面变化，以黄河流域河龙区间（河口镇-龙门）为典型研究区，采用野外调查、RS/GIS分析模拟，结合水文统计等方法，分析了该区降雨、植被等环境因子变化，探讨了该区侵蚀、产沙时空变化特征，分析了影响区间侵蚀产沙的驱动因素，主要结论如下：
1、近30年侵蚀产沙环境演变特征
1）降雨及降雨侵蚀力：1981~2010年区间降雨在年际尺度上呈不显著的减小趋势。其中，降雨减少的面积占区间总面积的81.80%。四个典型流域均呈现出减少趋势。年际尺度上降雨侵蚀力呈不显著的减少趋势，区间降雨侵蚀力呈减小趋势的面积为7.72万km~2。四个典型流域中，延河和仕望川降雨侵蚀力呈减少趋势，窟野河和皇甫川减少的面积分别占26.62%和57.13%。
2）土壤可蚀性：土壤可蚀性总体上呈减小的趋势，减小的面积占总面积的79.80%。窟野河和皇甫川总体呈减少趋势，延河和仕望川减少的面积分别为58.65%和14.03%。
3）植被覆盖：2000~2010年生长季节区间植被覆盖增长趋势极显著，植被增加的区域占98.7%。其中，7月、8月和9月植被覆盖变化对总体植被增加的贡献最大。四个典型流域中，延河的植被改善情况最好。
4）水土保持措施：水土保持措施总面积由1979年的1.26万km~2增加至3.43万km~2，增加了1.73倍，其主要是由于造林和种草面积增加。水土保持措施绝对面积变化最大的为窟野河，其次为延河。面积相对变化上，增加最大的为清涧河，其次为昕水河、延河和窟野河。
2、近30年河龙区间侵蚀产沙时空演变过程
1）土壤侵蚀演变：该区2011年土壤侵蚀模数为2205.4t/km~2·a。水土流失面积5.26万km~2，占总面积的46.72%。其中，中度土壤侵蚀面积最大，占15.08%。四个典型流域中，皇甫川土壤侵蚀模数为1033.5t/km~2·a，窟野河为1487.2t/km~2·a，延河2986.7t/km~2·a，仕望川1026.2t/km~2·a。延河的土壤侵蚀面积比例最大，其次为窟野河。
2000年至2011年区间总体土壤侵蚀面积减少明显、强度降低，剧烈侵蚀变化最大，土壤侵蚀面积减少了30.22%。不同下垫面各典型流域极强烈和剧烈侵蚀减少剧烈，轻度侵蚀增加明显，其中，仕望川土壤侵蚀面积变化幅度最大。
2）河流输沙时空变化：1980~2010年，区间多年平均输沙量为31044.8万吨，2000年至2010年年均输沙量为16020万吨。区间多年均输沙模数为2747.3t/km~2·a，2000~2010年为1417.7t/km~2·a。皇甫川多年平均输沙模数和2000~2010年的年输沙模数均最大。区间和各典型流域跃变时间均在1998年左右。
该区和各流域输沙量随时间均表现出减少趋势，尤其是在1998~2010年的时间段内，输沙量减少更为剧烈零输沙的天数明显有增多的趋势。区间在丰水期退耕还林前后变化为-50.2%，枯水期变化为-47.6%。侵蚀产沙最为强烈的窟野河和皇甫川地区侵蚀产沙变化极为剧烈。
3、河龙区间自然及人类活动对侵蚀产沙的驱动性分析
1）降雨与植被覆盖关系：植被指数与降雨正相关的地区占区间总面积的73.3%，其中正相关显著的面积占22.14%。皇甫川和窟野河总体植被与降雨呈正相关关系；延河和仕望川呈负相关面积较多，在降雨减少的背景下，人类活动起到了主要作用。
2）降雨与输沙关系：该区降雨的跃变时间不显著。区间和四个典型流域降雨与输沙的波动状态有一定的相似性，但是总体降雨变化不大，而输沙量在1998年以后年值较低且表现为减少趋势。区间和四个典型流域单位降雨产沙系数在1998年前后变化剧烈，且相关系数显著性极低，在1998年以后产沙量变化主要受人类活动的影响。
3）人类活动驱动下的土地利用变化：退耕还林还草工程取得了较好的生态效益，林地面积显著增加，沙地、农地向草地、林地流转，土地利用变化方式剧烈。整个区间的斑块个数增加剧烈，平均斑块面积增加明显，区间土地利用格局由破碎化、高异质性趋于集中化。在退耕还林的政策驱动下，人类活动逐渐退耕而有效的增加了林地面积。
四个典型流域和区间变化趋势类似，总体表现出草地、林地增加，农地减少的趋势。其中，仕望川流域各地类变化幅度最小。
4）、水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀影响：水土保持措施可平均减少土壤侵蚀模数471.9t/km~2·a，减少水土流失面积14.52%，可有效地减少极强烈和强烈侵蚀。其中，土壤侵蚀面积减少程度最高的为皇甫川减少了55.22%。
In view of the underlying surface change for the implement of soil erosioncontrol and the Grain for Green Programme on the Loess Plateau, the paper took theHe-Long Region as typical study area, utilized the field survey, RS/GIS analysissimulation, and the hydrological statistics methods to analyse the spatiotemporaltrends of environment including precipitation, vegetation, etc., discuss the erosion andsediment yield variation characteristicon, and analyse the driving factors. The resultsof this research are as follows:
(1) Spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion and sediment yieldenvironment
1) Precipitation and rainfall erosivity: Precipitation was not significantly reducedfrom1981to2010at interannual scales. Areas of showing decreasing trend ofprecipitation took81.80%of the whole region. Rainfall erosivity was not significantlyreduced at interannual scales. Areas of rainfall erosivity showing decreasing trend was7.72×104km~2. Overall, rainfall erosivity at Yanhe and Shiwangchuan reduced. Areasof rainfall erosivity decreased took26.62%and57.13%of the corresponding basinrespectively at Kuyehe and Huangfuchuan.
2) Soil erodibility: Areas of soil erodibility decreased occupied79.80%of thewhloe region from the late1970s to2010. Soil erodibility reduced in Kuyuhe andHuangfuchuan. Areas of soil erodibility decreased constituted58.65%and14.03%ofthe Yanhe and Shiwangchuan areas.
3) Vegetation cover: Vegetation cover increased highly significantly in thegrowing season from2000to2010. And vegetation cover increased the most significantly in July, August and September. The improve situation of vegetation wasbest in Yanhe.
4) Soil and water conservation measures: The total area of soil and waterconservation measures increased from12600km~2to34300km~2during1979and2011,which was mainly for the increase of afforestation and grass. The largest change ofarea was in Kuyehe, followed by Yanhe. The relative change of areas was largest inQingjianhe, and followed by Xinshuihe, Yanhe, and Kuyehe.
(2) Spatial and temporal variation of erosion and sediment load
1) Soil erosion: The soil erosion modulus was2205.4t/km~2·a at2011on theHe-Long Region. Area of suffering soil erosion was5.26×104km~2which occupied46.72%of the whole area. Among of that, area of suffering moderate soil erosion waslargest with1.70×104km~2which takes15.08%of the whole area. The soil erosionmodulus was1033.5t/km~2·a in Hufuchuan,1487.2t/km~2·a in Kuyehe,2986.7t/km~2·ain Yanhe,1026.2t/km~2·a in Shiwangchuan. The proportion of soil erosion area in thebasin area of the He-Long Region is largest inYanhe.
The soil erosion area reduced significantly with22783.6km~2and a decrease of30.22%, the erosion intensity descended, and the severe erosion changed the mostdramatic on the He-Long Region from2000to2011. The the very strong and violenterosion area reduced very severely at typical basins of different underlying surfaceand the mild erosion increased significantly. And the erosion area variation degreewas largest in Shiwangchuan.
2) Sediment load: The multi-year average sediment load is31044.8×104tonsfrom1980to2010, and16020×104tons from2000to2010. The annual averagesediment transport modulus is2747.3t/km~2·a from1980to2010, and is1417.7t/km~2·a from2000to2010. Transition time is around1998on the He-Long Regionand typical watersheds.
The sediment showed a decreasing trend over time on the He-Long Region andeach typical basin, especially on the time period during1998and2010, the the degreeof reduction is more dramatic and the zero sediment discharge days showed aobviously growing trend. The sediment load reduced50.2%after the Grain for GreenProgramme compare with that before the programme at wet period, and the change value was-47.6%at dry period. The change of erosion and sediment yield is verydramatic in Kuyehe and Huangfuchuan where the erosion and sediment yield is mostserious.
(3) Erosion and sediment yield driving factors as environment and humanactivities.
1) Effect of precipitation to vegetation: Areas of NDVI being positivelycorrelated with precipitation constituted73.3%of the whole region, among of which,areas of showing significantly positive correlation occupied22.14%.
Vegetation is positively correlated with precipitation on Huangfuchuan andKuyehe. On the contrary, the correlate relation is mainly negative on Yanhe andShiwangchuan where the precipitation is reduced, which illustrates that humanactivities play an effective role.
2) Effect of precipitation to sediment load: Transition time of annualprecipitation was not significant. The fluctuating state of preicpitation is similar tothat of sediment load at the He-Long Region and the four typical basins, however thechange degree is small overall. The annual sediment load is small and shows areducing trend after1998.
The sediment yield coefficient of precipitation changed dramatically on thewhole region and the four typical basins, and the significant of correlation coefficientis very low after1998which illustrates that the sediment load is mainly influnced byhuman activities
3) Land use change driving by human activities: The Grain for GreenProgramme achieved good ecological benefits for the forestland increasedsignificantly, the sandland and farmland changed to grassland and forestland, and thelanduse types changed violently. Number of Patches increased severely, mean patchareas increased significantly. The Land use structure are by beginning tocentralization from fragmentation and heterogeneity. The human activities increasethe forestland effectively on the He-Long Region.
The case of landuse change at the four basins is similar to the whole regionwhere the farmland reduced and grassland and forestland increased. Among of that,the change degree is least in Shiwangchuan.
4) Effect of conservation measures to soil erosion: Conservation measuresaveragely reduce the soil erosion modulus by471.9t/km~2·a, and the soil erosion areaby14.52%. The conservation measures can reduce the extremely strong and strongsoil erosion area effectively. Soil erosion area reduced by55.22%in Huangfuchuanwhose change degree is largest.
1、近30年侵蚀产沙环境演变特征
1）降雨及降雨侵蚀力：1981~2010年区间降雨在年际尺度上呈不显著的减小趋势。其中，降雨减少的面积占区间总面积的81.80%。四个典型流域均呈现出减少趋势。年际尺度上降雨侵蚀力呈不显著的减少趋势，区间降雨侵蚀力呈减小趋势的面积为7.72万km~2。四个典型流域中，延河和仕望川降雨侵蚀力呈减少趋势，窟野河和皇甫川减少的面积分别占26.62%和57.13%。
2）土壤可蚀性：土壤可蚀性总体上呈减小的趋势，减小的面积占总面积的79.80%。窟野河和皇甫川总体呈减少趋势，延河和仕望川减少的面积分别为58.65%和14.03%。
3）植被覆盖：2000~2010年生长季节区间植被覆盖增长趋势极显著，植被增加的区域占98.7%。其中，7月、8月和9月植被覆盖变化对总体植被增加的贡献最大。四个典型流域中，延河的植被改善情况最好。
4）水土保持措施：水土保持措施总面积由1979年的1.26万km~2增加至3.43万km~2，增加了1.73倍，其主要是由于造林和种草面积增加。水土保持措施绝对面积变化最大的为窟野河，其次为延河。面积相对变化上，增加最大的为清涧河，其次为昕水河、延河和窟野河。
2、近30年河龙区间侵蚀产沙时空演变过程
1）土壤侵蚀演变：该区2011年土壤侵蚀模数为2205.4t/km~2·a。水土流失面积5.26万km~2，占总面积的46.72%。其中，中度土壤侵蚀面积最大，占15.08%。四个典型流域中，皇甫川土壤侵蚀模数为1033.5t/km~2·a，窟野河为1487.2t/km~2·a，延河2986.7t/km~2·a，仕望川1026.2t/km~2·a。延河的土壤侵蚀面积比例最大，其次为窟野河。
2000年至2011年区间总体土壤侵蚀面积减少明显、强度降低，剧烈侵蚀变化最大，土壤侵蚀面积减少了30.22%。不同下垫面各典型流域极强烈和剧烈侵蚀减少剧烈，轻度侵蚀增加明显，其中，仕望川土壤侵蚀面积变化幅度最大。
2）河流输沙时空变化：1980~2010年，区间多年平均输沙量为31044.8万吨，2000年至2010年年均输沙量为16020万吨。区间多年均输沙模数为2747.3t/km~2·a，2000~2010年为1417.7t/km~2·a。皇甫川多年平均输沙模数和2000~2010年的年输沙模数均最大。区间和各典型流域跃变时间均在1998年左右。
该区和各流域输沙量随时间均表现出减少趋势，尤其是在1998~2010年的时间段内，输沙量减少更为剧烈零输沙的天数明显有增多的趋势。区间在丰水期退耕还林前后变化为-50.2%，枯水期变化为-47.6%。侵蚀产沙最为强烈的窟野河和皇甫川地区侵蚀产沙变化极为剧烈。
3、河龙区间自然及人类活动对侵蚀产沙的驱动性分析
1）降雨与植被覆盖关系：植被指数与降雨正相关的地区占区间总面积的73.3%，其中正相关显著的面积占22.14%。皇甫川和窟野河总体植被与降雨呈正相关关系；延河和仕望川呈负相关面积较多，在降雨减少的背景下，人类活动起到了主要作用。
2）降雨与输沙关系：该区降雨的跃变时间不显著。区间和四个典型流域降雨与输沙的波动状态有一定的相似性，但是总体降雨变化不大，而输沙量在1998年以后年值较低且表现为减少趋势。区间和四个典型流域单位降雨产沙系数在1998年前后变化剧烈，且相关系数显著性极低，在1998年以后产沙量变化主要受人类活动的影响。
3）人类活动驱动下的土地利用变化：退耕还林还草工程取得了较好的生态效益，林地面积显著增加，沙地、农地向草地、林地流转，土地利用变化方式剧烈。整个区间的斑块个数增加剧烈，平均斑块面积增加明显，区间土地利用格局由破碎化、高异质性趋于集中化。在退耕还林的政策驱动下，人类活动逐渐退耕而有效的增加了林地面积。
四个典型流域和区间变化趋势类似，总体表现出草地、林地增加，农地减少的趋势。其中，仕望川流域各地类变化幅度最小。
4）、水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀影响：水土保持措施可平均减少土壤侵蚀模数471.9t/km~2·a，减少水土流失面积14.52%，可有效地减少极强烈和强烈侵蚀。其中，土壤侵蚀面积减少程度最高的为皇甫川减少了55.22%。
In view of the underlying surface change for the implement of soil erosioncontrol and the Grain for Green Programme on the Loess Plateau, the paper took theHe-Long Region as typical study area, utilized the field survey, RS/GIS analysissimulation, and the hydrological statistics methods to analyse the spatiotemporaltrends of environment including precipitation, vegetation, etc., discuss the erosion andsediment yield variation characteristicon, and analyse the driving factors. The resultsof this research are as follows:
(1) Spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion and sediment yieldenvironment
1) Precipitation and rainfall erosivity: Precipitation was not significantly reducedfrom1981to2010at interannual scales. Areas of showing decreasing trend ofprecipitation took81.80%of the whole region. Rainfall erosivity was not significantlyreduced at interannual scales. Areas of rainfall erosivity showing decreasing trend was7.72×104km~2. Overall, rainfall erosivity at Yanhe and Shiwangchuan reduced. Areasof rainfall erosivity decreased took26.62%and57.13%of the corresponding basinrespectively at Kuyehe and Huangfuchuan.
2) Soil erodibility: Areas of soil erodibility decreased occupied79.80%of thewhloe region from the late1970s to2010. Soil erodibility reduced in Kuyuhe andHuangfuchuan. Areas of soil erodibility decreased constituted58.65%and14.03%ofthe Yanhe and Shiwangchuan areas.
3) Vegetation cover: Vegetation cover increased highly significantly in thegrowing season from2000to2010. And vegetation cover increased the most significantly in July, August and September. The improve situation of vegetation wasbest in Yanhe.
4) Soil and water conservation measures: The total area of soil and waterconservation measures increased from12600km~2to34300km~2during1979and2011,which was mainly for the increase of afforestation and grass. The largest change ofarea was in Kuyehe, followed by Yanhe. The relative change of areas was largest inQingjianhe, and followed by Xinshuihe, Yanhe, and Kuyehe.
(2) Spatial and temporal variation of erosion and sediment load
1) Soil erosion: The soil erosion modulus was2205.4t/km~2·a at2011on theHe-Long Region. Area of suffering soil erosion was5.26×104km~2which occupied46.72%of the whole area. Among of that, area of suffering moderate soil erosion waslargest with1.70×104km~2which takes15.08%of the whole area. The soil erosionmodulus was1033.5t/km~2·a in Hufuchuan,1487.2t/km~2·a in Kuyehe,2986.7t/km~2·ain Yanhe,1026.2t/km~2·a in Shiwangchuan. The proportion of soil erosion area in thebasin area of the He-Long Region is largest inYanhe.
The soil erosion area reduced significantly with22783.6km~2and a decrease of30.22%, the erosion intensity descended, and the severe erosion changed the mostdramatic on the He-Long Region from2000to2011. The the very strong and violenterosion area reduced very severely at typical basins of different underlying surfaceand the mild erosion increased significantly. And the erosion area variation degreewas largest in Shiwangchuan.
2) Sediment load: The multi-year average sediment load is31044.8×104tonsfrom1980to2010, and16020×104tons from2000to2010. The annual averagesediment transport modulus is2747.3t/km~2·a from1980to2010, and is1417.7t/km~2·a from2000to2010. Transition time is around1998on the He-Long Regionand typical watersheds.
The sediment showed a decreasing trend over time on the He-Long Region andeach typical basin, especially on the time period during1998and2010, the the degreeof reduction is more dramatic and the zero sediment discharge days showed aobviously growing trend. The sediment load reduced50.2%after the Grain for GreenProgramme compare with that before the programme at wet period, and the change value was-47.6%at dry period. The change of erosion and sediment yield is verydramatic in Kuyehe and Huangfuchuan where the erosion and sediment yield is mostserious.
(3) Erosion and sediment yield driving factors as environment and humanactivities.
1) Effect of precipitation to vegetation: Areas of NDVI being positivelycorrelated with precipitation constituted73.3%of the whole region, among of which,areas of showing significantly positive correlation occupied22.14%.
Vegetation is positively correlated with precipitation on Huangfuchuan andKuyehe. On the contrary, the correlate relation is mainly negative on Yanhe andShiwangchuan where the precipitation is reduced, which illustrates that humanactivities play an effective role.
2) Effect of precipitation to sediment load: Transition time of annualprecipitation was not significant. The fluctuating state of preicpitation is similar tothat of sediment load at the He-Long Region and the four typical basins, however thechange degree is small overall. The annual sediment load is small and shows areducing trend after1998.
The sediment yield coefficient of precipitation changed dramatically on thewhole region and the four typical basins, and the significant of correlation coefficientis very low after1998which illustrates that the sediment load is mainly influnced byhuman activities
3) Land use change driving by human activities: The Grain for GreenProgramme achieved good ecological benefits for the forestland increasedsignificantly, the sandland and farmland changed to grassland and forestland, and thelanduse types changed violently. Number of Patches increased severely, mean patchareas increased significantly. The Land use structure are by beginning tocentralization from fragmentation and heterogeneity. The human activities increasethe forestland effectively on the He-Long Region.
The case of landuse change at the four basins is similar to the whole regionwhere the farmland reduced and grassland and forestland increased. Among of that,the change degree is least in Shiwangchuan.
4) Effect of conservation measures to soil erosion: Conservation measuresaveragely reduce the soil erosion modulus by471.9t/km~2·a, and the soil erosion areaby14.52%. The conservation measures can reduce the extremely strong and strongsoil erosion area effectively. Soil erosion area reduced by55.22%in Huangfuchuanwhose change degree is largest.
引文
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