基于GIS的中国紫花苜蓿综合气候区划研究
摘要
紫花苜蓿(Alfalfa)是多年生豆科牧草,也是全国乃至世界上种植最多的牧草品种,由于其适应性广、产量高、品质好等优点,素有“牧草之王”之美称。美国科学家Dexter(1930)、Heinrishs(1960)、Lanson(1963)及Smith(1961)等人发现紫花苜蓿的秋眠性和抗寒性能密切相关,前者往往能够指示后者,秋眠性越低,紫花苜蓿的抗寒性越强,后来证明紫花苜蓿的秋眠性与再生性、生产力、耐寒性等有高度的相关性。由于对紫花苜蓿秋眠性还了解的非常肤浅,在我国的紫花苜蓿引种、推广区划中也还没有如同美国那样以秋眠性为主要引种依据,因此盲目引种,在不宜区域种植推广等问题,给紫花苜蓿生产带来负面影响。本研究利用GIS技术把中国紫花苜蓿不同秋眠性与区域气候特点结合起来,提出我国合理的紫花苜蓿种植方案,减少紫花苜蓿生产的气候风险,与国际标准接轨,使我国的紫花苜蓿生产进入一个科学的专业化的新境界。
在总结前人实验以及研究成果基础上,本研究通过咨询专家,利用层次分析法(AHP)模型,确定影响紫花苜蓿地域分布的5个主要气候生态指标因子及其权重,并建立了紫花苜蓿气候区划指标体系,通过GIS中的空间叠合分析功能,对中国紫花苜蓿区划中5个气候生态指标因子的空间数据库进行空间叠加,利用GIS中的空间统计模块,对我国的紫花苜蓿进行了单项气候生态和综合气候区划。
本研究得出了以下几个结论:
1.以国内2300个气象台站的平均气象数据为依据,分别建立了5个主要气候生态指标因子的空间数据库:＞0℃年积温,年降水量,极端最低温度,无霜期,年平均气温。
2.我国紫花苜蓿综合气候区划共分7个区域,其中:Ⅰ区所占面积约为2297997m~2,约占国土面积的23.8%;Ⅱ区所占面积约为2276993m~2,约占国土面积的23.6%;Ⅲ区所占面积约为1233065m~2,约占国土面积的12.8%;Ⅳ区所占面积约为1746247m~2,约占国土面积的18.1%;Ⅴ区所占面积约为868017m~2,约占国土面积的9.0%;Ⅵ区所占面积约为567015m~2,约占国土面积的5.9%;Ⅶ区所占面积约为652825m~2,约占国土面积的6.8%。
3.我国黄淮海地区气候特点对紫花苜蓿生长最有利,是我国发展紫花苜蓿的重要生产基地;东北带主要注意提高品种抗寒性能长江流域要采用抗热抗湿品种,青藏高原的部分地区可以种植,应采用适当品种;西北地区有灌溉才能生长,即选择抗寒抗旱品种。
4.根据各种紫花苜蓿品种适合的气候条件的描述、总结各地紫花苜蓿品种的生产试验以及各地紫花苜蓿品种的秋眠级试验结果等,对各区域适合种植的紫花苜蓿品种进行推荐。
The alfalfa is not only a perennial leguminous grass but also one of the largest planting grass varieties ranging from the nation even to the world.Due to its advantages of widely adaptability、highly yields、good quality and some others,it is commonly called the "king of the pasturage".Dexter(1930),Heinrishs(1960),Lanson(1963)and Smith(1961) and other scientists from the U.S.A have found that there is a definite link between fall dormancy and cold resistance of the Alfalfa.The former tends to indicate the latter. Moreover,the lower the fall dormancy of the Alfalfa is,the stronger the cold resistance is. It proved to be a highly correlation among fall dormancy of the Alfalfa、regeneration、productivity and cold resistance.As the understanding about alfalfa's fall dormancy characteristic is rather superficial,also the introduction and extension region of the alfalfa in china has not been the similarly main introduction basis for fall dormancy in the USA,the problems like blindly introducing a fine variety,promoting planting in inaptitude areas brings the negative effect of the alfalfa production.The research combines Chinese alfalfa's different fall dormancy characteristics with the regional climate characteristics with the help of GIS technology thereby bringing up the reasonable planting programmers of alfalfa,reducing the climate risk of alfalfa production in line with international practice. Also it can bring the production of Chinese alfalfa stepping into a Scientific,pecialization's new realm.
In summing up predecessors' experimental and research results,the research makes sure of the effect of alfalfa's geographical distribution of five major ecological indicators of climate and the weight via consultanting experts and using AHP model.Moreover it establishes climate of alfalfa Index System Division.Through the space superimposed in GIS analysis,it enables the division of Chinese alfalfa in five climatic indicators to make the spatial database stack space.Also it makes the use of the space module statistics of GIS integrate Chinese alfalfa's climate and climatic division.
The study draws several conclusions as follows:
1.According to the average climax database of 2300 meteorological stations from abroad,established five main ecological index factor stations respectively.The database which includes the information as follows:annual accumulated temperatures above zero centigrade,the annual precipitation,the extremely lowest temperature,frost-free days and the annual average temperature.
2.The Chinese alfalfa integrated climate is divided into seven regional divisions:the areas of regionⅠaccounts for about 2297997 square meters which represents 23.8%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅡaccounts for about 2276993 square meters which represents 23.6%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅢaccounts for about 1233065 square meters which represents 12.8%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅣaccounts for about 1746247 square meters which represents 18.1%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅤaccounts for about 868017 square meters which represents 9.0%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅥaccounts for about 567015 square meters which represents 5.9%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅦaccounts for about 652825 square meters which represents 6.8%of the whole national areas.
3.The climatic characteristics of Huanghuai region is considered to be most favorable to the plantation and development of alfalfa which is also an important production base to develop the production of alfalfa.The cold resistance of the variety should be paid more attention in the northeast region.The resisting hotness and wetness of the variety should be used in the Yangtze River basin which is fir for the alfalfa plantation in Part of Qingzang altiplano region while adaptable variety needs to be adopted.Whereas in northwest region,there must be conditions of irrigation for the growth of alfalfa,and in the meanwhile should select the variety of resisting cold.In other words,we should select the variety of resisting cold.
4.We summarize the performance test and fall dormancy characteristics of all the variety of alfalfa from each region according to the description of the climate condition which is fit for all kinds of the variety of alfalfa.Then,the variety of alfalfa which is fit for planting in each region will be recommended.
在总结前人实验以及研究成果基础上,本研究通过咨询专家,利用层次分析法(AHP)模型,确定影响紫花苜蓿地域分布的5个主要气候生态指标因子及其权重,并建立了紫花苜蓿气候区划指标体系,通过GIS中的空间叠合分析功能,对中国紫花苜蓿区划中5个气候生态指标因子的空间数据库进行空间叠加,利用GIS中的空间统计模块,对我国的紫花苜蓿进行了单项气候生态和综合气候区划。
本研究得出了以下几个结论:
1.以国内2300个气象台站的平均气象数据为依据,分别建立了5个主要气候生态指标因子的空间数据库:＞0℃年积温,年降水量,极端最低温度,无霜期,年平均气温。
2.我国紫花苜蓿综合气候区划共分7个区域,其中:Ⅰ区所占面积约为2297997m~2,约占国土面积的23.8%;Ⅱ区所占面积约为2276993m~2,约占国土面积的23.6%;Ⅲ区所占面积约为1233065m~2,约占国土面积的12.8%;Ⅳ区所占面积约为1746247m~2,约占国土面积的18.1%;Ⅴ区所占面积约为868017m~2,约占国土面积的9.0%;Ⅵ区所占面积约为567015m~2,约占国土面积的5.9%;Ⅶ区所占面积约为652825m~2,约占国土面积的6.8%。
3.我国黄淮海地区气候特点对紫花苜蓿生长最有利,是我国发展紫花苜蓿的重要生产基地;东北带主要注意提高品种抗寒性能长江流域要采用抗热抗湿品种,青藏高原的部分地区可以种植,应采用适当品种;西北地区有灌溉才能生长,即选择抗寒抗旱品种。
4.根据各种紫花苜蓿品种适合的气候条件的描述、总结各地紫花苜蓿品种的生产试验以及各地紫花苜蓿品种的秋眠级试验结果等,对各区域适合种植的紫花苜蓿品种进行推荐。
The alfalfa is not only a perennial leguminous grass but also one of the largest planting grass varieties ranging from the nation even to the world.Due to its advantages of widely adaptability、highly yields、good quality and some others,it is commonly called the "king of the pasturage".Dexter(1930),Heinrishs(1960),Lanson(1963)and Smith(1961) and other scientists from the U.S.A have found that there is a definite link between fall dormancy and cold resistance of the Alfalfa.The former tends to indicate the latter. Moreover,the lower the fall dormancy of the Alfalfa is,the stronger the cold resistance is. It proved to be a highly correlation among fall dormancy of the Alfalfa、regeneration、productivity and cold resistance.As the understanding about alfalfa's fall dormancy characteristic is rather superficial,also the introduction and extension region of the alfalfa in china has not been the similarly main introduction basis for fall dormancy in the USA,the problems like blindly introducing a fine variety,promoting planting in inaptitude areas brings the negative effect of the alfalfa production.The research combines Chinese alfalfa's different fall dormancy characteristics with the regional climate characteristics with the help of GIS technology thereby bringing up the reasonable planting programmers of alfalfa,reducing the climate risk of alfalfa production in line with international practice. Also it can bring the production of Chinese alfalfa stepping into a Scientific,pecialization's new realm.
In summing up predecessors' experimental and research results,the research makes sure of the effect of alfalfa's geographical distribution of five major ecological indicators of climate and the weight via consultanting experts and using AHP model.Moreover it establishes climate of alfalfa Index System Division.Through the space superimposed in GIS analysis,it enables the division of Chinese alfalfa in five climatic indicators to make the spatial database stack space.Also it makes the use of the space module statistics of GIS integrate Chinese alfalfa's climate and climatic division.
The study draws several conclusions as follows:
1.According to the average climax database of 2300 meteorological stations from abroad,established five main ecological index factor stations respectively.The database which includes the information as follows:annual accumulated temperatures above zero centigrade,the annual precipitation,the extremely lowest temperature,frost-free days and the annual average temperature.
2.The Chinese alfalfa integrated climate is divided into seven regional divisions:the areas of regionⅠaccounts for about 2297997 square meters which represents 23.8%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅡaccounts for about 2276993 square meters which represents 23.6%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅢaccounts for about 1233065 square meters which represents 12.8%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅣaccounts for about 1746247 square meters which represents 18.1%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅤaccounts for about 868017 square meters which represents 9.0%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅥaccounts for about 567015 square meters which represents 5.9%of the whole national areas;the areas of regionⅦaccounts for about 652825 square meters which represents 6.8%of the whole national areas.
3.The climatic characteristics of Huanghuai region is considered to be most favorable to the plantation and development of alfalfa which is also an important production base to develop the production of alfalfa.The cold resistance of the variety should be paid more attention in the northeast region.The resisting hotness and wetness of the variety should be used in the Yangtze River basin which is fir for the alfalfa plantation in Part of Qingzang altiplano region while adaptable variety needs to be adopted.Whereas in northwest region,there must be conditions of irrigation for the growth of alfalfa,and in the meanwhile should select the variety of resisting cold.In other words,we should select the variety of resisting cold.
4.We summarize the performance test and fall dormancy characteristics of all the variety of alfalfa from each region according to the description of the climate condition which is fit for all kinds of the variety of alfalfa.Then,the variety of alfalfa which is fit for planting in each region will be recommended.
引文
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