上海市垃圾填埋场植被与土壤特性研究
摘要
随着城市化的快速发展,垃圾填埋场的环境影响和植被重建已成为全球共同面临的紧迫而突出的环境问题。垃圾填埋是目前包括我国在内的大部分国家城市垃圾处置的主要方式,由于其占用土地面积大,更严重污染土壤、大气、水体等环境,研究已封场填埋场的植被恢复和绿化建设,降低垃圾填埋场污染,开发利用填埋场土地资源,不仅对城市环境治理和生态建设具有重要意义,也是学术研究的难点和重点。
本文选择我国最大的城市——上海市7个区的11个垃圾填埋场为研究对象,包括垃圾填埋场改造基础上营造的闵行体育公园翡翠山和真光公园,对垃圾填埋场这一城市特殊生境的植被及其土壤进行调查。在分析垃圾填埋场植被的物种组成、群落结构和植物多样性的基础上,提出适宜垃圾填埋场特殊生境生长的植物种类。同时,测定垃圾填埋场典型群落的土壤物理化学性质及土壤重金属等污染物含量,分析影响植被生长的重要因子,为垃圾填埋场的植被恢复和绿化改造提供科学依据。结果表明：
1)本次共调查到植物189种,隶属于77科165属。其中,常绿乔木13种,占6.9%；落叶乔木32种,占17%;常绿灌木12种,占9.5%；落叶灌木12种,占6.3%；一年生草本植物58种,占31%；多年生草本植物45种,占24%；藤本植物11种,占5.8%。种类最多的是草本植物,占55%。而乔木和灌木多为人工植被。在调查到的植物中,172种为上海乡土种,分属29科,占总种数的90%；外来物种为17种,占总种数的10%。可见,上海垃圾填埋场植被中,乡土种占优势,反映了乡土种的较强适应性。自然恢复的乔木树种主要有构树、朴树、桑树、苦楝等落叶阔叶树种。当然,草本植物以加拿大一枝黄花的优势度最高,入侵种在垃圾填埋场植被恢复中占优势。
2)通过对不同封场时间的垃圾填埋场群落结构的比较,上海填埋场植被变化过程大致如下：加拿大一枝黄花和乡土草本植物最先进入,随着土壤等生境条件的逐渐改善,构树等浅根性乡土树种开始生长,并逐步伴生朴树、桑树、苦楝等,目前自然森林植被以落叶阔叶林为主；但在有种源的地方,也出现女贞、香樟、棕榈等更新苗。
3)土壤容重在各个取样点的变化不大,其中,闵行翡翠山填埋场的容重最大,为1.47 kg/m3,大于1.35 kg/m3(上海市地方标准),是限制植物生长的主要因素,各垃圾填埋场通气孔隙度的变化范围为1.19-2.98%,除了共和新村垃圾填埋场土壤呈酸性外,其他垃圾填埋场土壤均偏碱性。在闵行等四个地点的土壤EC值小于0.1ms/cm,土壤养分缺乏,As、Cd和Zn含量均超过国家环境质量三级标准,其中,As的含量最高为518mg/kg,是国家三级标准的10.75倍。
4)建议一：对于人为干扰较强且周边开发压力较大的垃圾堆场或填埋场,可考虑改建为开放性绿地,并建设特色乡土植物景观,选择上海乡土植物作为主要树种。
建议二：对于已经具有很好植被覆盖、高度较大的垃圾山体,如虹口区凉城和闸北区共和新村的垃圾填埋场,通过植被保护和人工干预相结合,引进地带性植被优势种,促进垃圾山植被的进展演替,形成城市独特的近自然森林公园,发挥其作为城市生物栖息地以及降低城市热岛效应的生态功能。
With the development and expand of cities all over the world, the environmental impact of landfill and vegetation reestablishment had became a very urgent and obvious environmental issues. Landfill was a common way to deal with urban rubbish in most countries all over the world. As landfill occupied large land area, caused very serious soil contaminated, and also leaded to many of other environmental problems, research of greening and vegetation reestablishment in closed landfill sites had the vital significance.
Including Minhang Sports Park and Zhenguang Park which were both remodeled closed landfill sites, we investigated the vegetation in 11 landfill sites in 7 districts in shanghai and sampled the soil samples in each landfill sites. In order to research greening and vegetation reestablishment in closed landfill sites, we analyzed species composition, community structure and plant diversity of the vegetation community to find which plants species suitable for closed landfill sites remodeling. Moreover, we tested physical and chemical characters of soils and quantities of heavy metals in soil samples, and analyzed relationship between the vegetation and soils in landfill sites to provide scientific evidences for virescence rebuilding in landfill sites. The results showed that:
1.)The plant community was conducted and 189 plant species which belonged to 165genera and 77families were detected. There were 13 evergreen trees,32 deciduous trees,12 evergreen shrubs,12 deciduous shrubs,58 annual herbaceous,45 perennial herbaceous and 11 vines, respectively, accounting for 6.9%,17%,9.5%,6.3%,31%,45% and 5.8%. Herbaceous species took 55% in all plant species. Trees and shrubs are mainly artificial vegetation.172 Shanghai native species were found in this survey which belonged to 29 families, accounting for 90% in all plant species.17 Alien species were found, accounting for 10%. The number of native species(29) was not obviously more than the number of alien species on the level of family, which accounted for 38% in all 77 families. The situation of the landfill site vegetation showed that:Shanghai native species took a relatively higher proportion in the vegetation in landfill sites which might represent the native species have stronger adaptability. Natural recovery trees were mainly deciduous trees as Broussonetia papyrifera, Celtis sinensis, Morus alba and Melia azedarach. Solidago Canadensis was the dominant herb species, which might shows that alien invasive species were in the ascendant in the vegetation reestablishment and could create nice soil conditions for other plants.
2.) By compering the community structure of vegetation at different Closure time landfill sites, the changes progesing of vegetation is:-Solidago canadensis, and other native herbs first to survive at this condition, and with the soil condition have improved, shallow-rooted tree of native trees began to grow, and gradually associated with hackberry, mulberry, Neem, at present, the natural forest vegetation dominated by deciduous broad-leaved forest; but in a kind of place where there seeding source, also can find some seedings of privet, camphor, palm and other species.
3.) Soil bulk density at different sampling points is similarly, but the Jade Mountain landfill Minhang maximum density up to 1.47 Kg/m3, more than 1.35 Kg/m3 (Shanghai local standard) and it is the main factor to limit plant growth.Changes in Soil aeration porosity at different sites have a range of 1.19-2.98%._In addition to the Republican Village, landfill soil is acidic, the other sites have a alkaline soil Soil EC valuein at the Minhang and other three locations is less than 0.1ms/cm, it shous that soil nutrient are deficiency, the metal (As,Cd and Zn) value are more than three national environmental quality standards,the highest content of As is up to 518mg/kg and is 10.75 times the standard national levels.
4.) Suggest1:It is a consideration to conversion the landfill sites with the strong human disturbance and development pressureconsider to an open green space, and building landscape of native plants which is growth in Shanghai.And to select this native plants as the main tree species, to avoid select the introduction of the new superior garden Green plants.
Suggest 2:It is a good idea to construct a dense vegetation covering"forest islands"in some sites where there a plenty of natural plants.such as the Hongkou District Zhabei District Republican Village Liangcheng. If we can enhance protection this high mountain of garbage, this special sites can as a special type of city forest which have an important role in produce a habitat for animals and reduce the urban heat island effect.
本文选择我国最大的城市——上海市7个区的11个垃圾填埋场为研究对象,包括垃圾填埋场改造基础上营造的闵行体育公园翡翠山和真光公园,对垃圾填埋场这一城市特殊生境的植被及其土壤进行调查。在分析垃圾填埋场植被的物种组成、群落结构和植物多样性的基础上,提出适宜垃圾填埋场特殊生境生长的植物种类。同时,测定垃圾填埋场典型群落的土壤物理化学性质及土壤重金属等污染物含量,分析影响植被生长的重要因子,为垃圾填埋场的植被恢复和绿化改造提供科学依据。结果表明：
1)本次共调查到植物189种,隶属于77科165属。其中,常绿乔木13种,占6.9%；落叶乔木32种,占17%;常绿灌木12种,占9.5%；落叶灌木12种,占6.3%；一年生草本植物58种,占31%；多年生草本植物45种,占24%；藤本植物11种,占5.8%。种类最多的是草本植物,占55%。而乔木和灌木多为人工植被。在调查到的植物中,172种为上海乡土种,分属29科,占总种数的90%；外来物种为17种,占总种数的10%。可见,上海垃圾填埋场植被中,乡土种占优势,反映了乡土种的较强适应性。自然恢复的乔木树种主要有构树、朴树、桑树、苦楝等落叶阔叶树种。当然,草本植物以加拿大一枝黄花的优势度最高,入侵种在垃圾填埋场植被恢复中占优势。
2)通过对不同封场时间的垃圾填埋场群落结构的比较,上海填埋场植被变化过程大致如下：加拿大一枝黄花和乡土草本植物最先进入,随着土壤等生境条件的逐渐改善,构树等浅根性乡土树种开始生长,并逐步伴生朴树、桑树、苦楝等,目前自然森林植被以落叶阔叶林为主；但在有种源的地方,也出现女贞、香樟、棕榈等更新苗。
3)土壤容重在各个取样点的变化不大,其中,闵行翡翠山填埋场的容重最大,为1.47 kg/m3,大于1.35 kg/m3(上海市地方标准),是限制植物生长的主要因素,各垃圾填埋场通气孔隙度的变化范围为1.19-2.98%,除了共和新村垃圾填埋场土壤呈酸性外,其他垃圾填埋场土壤均偏碱性。在闵行等四个地点的土壤EC值小于0.1ms/cm,土壤养分缺乏,As、Cd和Zn含量均超过国家环境质量三级标准,其中,As的含量最高为518mg/kg,是国家三级标准的10.75倍。
4)建议一：对于人为干扰较强且周边开发压力较大的垃圾堆场或填埋场,可考虑改建为开放性绿地,并建设特色乡土植物景观,选择上海乡土植物作为主要树种。
建议二：对于已经具有很好植被覆盖、高度较大的垃圾山体,如虹口区凉城和闸北区共和新村的垃圾填埋场,通过植被保护和人工干预相结合,引进地带性植被优势种,促进垃圾山植被的进展演替,形成城市独特的近自然森林公园,发挥其作为城市生物栖息地以及降低城市热岛效应的生态功能。
With the development and expand of cities all over the world, the environmental impact of landfill and vegetation reestablishment had became a very urgent and obvious environmental issues. Landfill was a common way to deal with urban rubbish in most countries all over the world. As landfill occupied large land area, caused very serious soil contaminated, and also leaded to many of other environmental problems, research of greening and vegetation reestablishment in closed landfill sites had the vital significance.
Including Minhang Sports Park and Zhenguang Park which were both remodeled closed landfill sites, we investigated the vegetation in 11 landfill sites in 7 districts in shanghai and sampled the soil samples in each landfill sites. In order to research greening and vegetation reestablishment in closed landfill sites, we analyzed species composition, community structure and plant diversity of the vegetation community to find which plants species suitable for closed landfill sites remodeling. Moreover, we tested physical and chemical characters of soils and quantities of heavy metals in soil samples, and analyzed relationship between the vegetation and soils in landfill sites to provide scientific evidences for virescence rebuilding in landfill sites. The results showed that:
1.)The plant community was conducted and 189 plant species which belonged to 165genera and 77families were detected. There were 13 evergreen trees,32 deciduous trees,12 evergreen shrubs,12 deciduous shrubs,58 annual herbaceous,45 perennial herbaceous and 11 vines, respectively, accounting for 6.9%,17%,9.5%,6.3%,31%,45% and 5.8%. Herbaceous species took 55% in all plant species. Trees and shrubs are mainly artificial vegetation.172 Shanghai native species were found in this survey which belonged to 29 families, accounting for 90% in all plant species.17 Alien species were found, accounting for 10%. The number of native species(29) was not obviously more than the number of alien species on the level of family, which accounted for 38% in all 77 families. The situation of the landfill site vegetation showed that:Shanghai native species took a relatively higher proportion in the vegetation in landfill sites which might represent the native species have stronger adaptability. Natural recovery trees were mainly deciduous trees as Broussonetia papyrifera, Celtis sinensis, Morus alba and Melia azedarach. Solidago Canadensis was the dominant herb species, which might shows that alien invasive species were in the ascendant in the vegetation reestablishment and could create nice soil conditions for other plants.
2.) By compering the community structure of vegetation at different Closure time landfill sites, the changes progesing of vegetation is:-Solidago canadensis, and other native herbs first to survive at this condition, and with the soil condition have improved, shallow-rooted tree of native trees began to grow, and gradually associated with hackberry, mulberry, Neem, at present, the natural forest vegetation dominated by deciduous broad-leaved forest; but in a kind of place where there seeding source, also can find some seedings of privet, camphor, palm and other species.
3.) Soil bulk density at different sampling points is similarly, but the Jade Mountain landfill Minhang maximum density up to 1.47 Kg/m3, more than 1.35 Kg/m3 (Shanghai local standard) and it is the main factor to limit plant growth.Changes in Soil aeration porosity at different sites have a range of 1.19-2.98%._In addition to the Republican Village, landfill soil is acidic, the other sites have a alkaline soil Soil EC valuein at the Minhang and other three locations is less than 0.1ms/cm, it shous that soil nutrient are deficiency, the metal (As,Cd and Zn) value are more than three national environmental quality standards,the highest content of As is up to 518mg/kg and is 10.75 times the standard national levels.
4.) Suggest1:It is a consideration to conversion the landfill sites with the strong human disturbance and development pressureconsider to an open green space, and building landscape of native plants which is growth in Shanghai.And to select this native plants as the main tree species, to avoid select the introduction of the new superior garden Green plants.
Suggest 2:It is a good idea to construct a dense vegetation covering"forest islands"in some sites where there a plenty of natural plants.such as the Hongkou District Zhabei District Republican Village Liangcheng. If we can enhance protection this high mountain of garbage, this special sites can as a special type of city forest which have an important role in produce a habitat for animals and reduce the urban heat island effect.
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