含分布式发电的配电网规划研究
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摘要
随着全球化石能源的日渐减少,能源和环境问题越发显得突出,世界各国都在大力发展绿色能源。分布式发电作为一种新型发电技术,具有节能、环保、高效和经济等优点,有效弥补了传统大规模集中式发电方式存在的不足,在环境保护、国家能源战略和电力系统安全可靠性等方面都有重要意义,因而近年来得到大力发展。但大量分布式电源接入配电网后,对配电网的节点电压、线路潮流等会产生很大影响,且其影响程度与分布式电源的位置和容量密切相关,必须对分布式发电接入配电网后的影响进行科学分析,合理地规划分布式电源在配电网中的分布。基于此,本文对含分布式发电的配电网规划问题进行了研究,主要工作及研究成果如下：
(1)从技术类型角度详细分析了微型燃气轮机、风力发电、太阳能光伏发电和燃料电池4种分布式发电方式的工作原理及特点。从对电力系统潮流、网损、电压、继电保护、电能质量和可靠性6个方面较全面的归纳分析了分布式发电技术接入配电网后可能对系统造成的影响。
(2)从原理、特点及优化效果方面对基本粒子群算法(PSO)、带惯性权重的粒子群算法(PSO-w)、带收缩因子粒子群算法(PSO-cf)和全面学习的粒子群算法(CLPSO)进行分析,并归纳分析了应用PSO算法求解规划问题时需要注意的几个问题。
(3)从配电公司角度出发,综合考虑经济性和环保性,建立了以配电网年费最小为目标函数的含分布式发电配电网规划模型。应用边界变异CLPSO算法对模型进行优化求解,并以IEEE33节点配电网测试系统为算例进行仿真,仿真结果证明了CLPSO算法具有较好性能。算例仿真得出的DG最优规划方案中系统网损和各项费用均下降,各节点电压得到不同程度提升,体现出DG接入后对配电网经济性的提升效果明显,验证了本文得出的规划方案的优越性。对模型的二级指标分析发现,配电网DG安装总容量的变化在优化初期对模型函数影响较大,但随着其数值的确定,各项指标趋于稳定,变为小幅波动,之后的优化主要针对于DG在配电网中的安装位置和各节点安装容量进行,DG的分布方案不同直接影响到DG固定安装费用和网损费用,这也体现出DG接入配电网后对系统网损产生的影响。以IEEE69节点配电网测试系统为平台进行仿真,仿真结果说明本章建立的规划模型能够适用于规模较大的IEEEE69节点配电系统,验证了模型的普遍适应性。
(4)对风力发电、光伏发电和燃料电池3种分布式电源的潮流计算模型以及对应的PQ、PI、PV节点的处理方法进行总结分析。将燃料电池在潮流计算中处理为PV节点,建立以配电网系统网损最小为目标函数的计及燃料电池的配电网规划模型,并以IEEE33节点系统为算例进行仿真分析。仿真结果对比显示系统网损进一步下降,节点电压得到进一步提高,但由于燃料电池设备成本较高,配电网年费有所上升,而如果从环境效益和节约能源的角度考虑未来应大力发展燃料电池发电。
With the decrease of global fossil energy, the energy sources and environment problem seem to stand out increasingly. Every country in the world is putting great effort to develop green energy resource. As a new type of power generation technology, the distributed generation has been well developed in recent years for advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency and economical. It can cover the shortages of the traditional large-scale centralized power generation method, playing a crucial role in environment protection, the national energy strategy and the safe reliability of power system. However, there exists great influence on the node voltage and the line power flow of distribution network after massive DGs switch in the network. And the influence is closely related to the site and capacity of the distributed power, so that we have to carry scientific analysis on the influence brought out by the DGs switching in the network, and put rational planning on distribution. Based on this, my essay researchs the problem of distribution network planning including distributed generation, the main work and the chief research output are as follows:
(1) It analyses the working principle and features of micro gas turbine, wind power generation, solar photovoltaic generation and fuel cell from technological type perspective.It also put forward an all-around induction and analysis of the influence brought by the DGs switching in the distribution network from6aspects that include the power flow, the transmission losses, the voltage, the relay protection, the quality and reliability of power.
(2) It analyses PSO, PSO-w, PSO-cf and CLPSO from the principle, features, optimization effect, inducing and further analyzing several problems that need to be noticed in using the PSO to solve the planning problem.
(3) It builds a model from the point of the power company that takes the minimum annual cost of distribution network as objective function through comprehensive consideration of the economy and the environmental protection. It optimizedly calculates the model using CLPSO algorithm and uses the IEEE33-bus system as simulation example. The result of simulation verifies that the CLPSO algorithm has good performance. The best planning program in simulation result reflects the transmission losses and general expenses are both declining, and the node voltages are rising to varying degrees. It gives the expression to the economical efficiency and the reliability of distribution network are rising obviously after the DGs switching in the distribution network, and also verifies the excellence of the planning program in this essay. Carrying out the analysis of the secondary index, it reflects the total capacity of DGs have great influence on the objective function at the beginning of the optimization process, and the indexes tend to be stable and become small after determining the total capacity of DGs. The later optimization mainly aims at the installation site of DGs and capacity of nodes in distribution network, the location difference of DGs directly influences the cost of installation and transmission losses, and this also reflects the influence of DGs switching in the network on system losses. It also uses the IEEE69-bus system as simulation example. The result of simulation shows that the model can be used in analyzing the IEEE69-bus system which has larger scale, and verifies the general applicability of the model.
(4) It summarizes and analyses the power flow calculation models of wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation and fuel cell of DGs, and analyses the handling methods of corresponding PQ, PI, PV node type. A distribution network planning model is built that takes the minimum transmission losses of distribution network, and the fuel cell is processed as PV node type in power flow calculation, with the IEEE33-bus system being used as simulation example. The comparison of simulation results reflects the system losses drop further, and the node voltages are further improved. But the cost of fuel cell is high, and annual cost of distribution network goes up, so we should strive to develop the fuel cell as generation method in the future taking environmental benefits and energy saving into account.
(1)从技术类型角度详细分析了微型燃气轮机、风力发电、太阳能光伏发电和燃料电池4种分布式发电方式的工作原理及特点。从对电力系统潮流、网损、电压、继电保护、电能质量和可靠性6个方面较全面的归纳分析了分布式发电技术接入配电网后可能对系统造成的影响。
(2)从原理、特点及优化效果方面对基本粒子群算法(PSO)、带惯性权重的粒子群算法(PSO-w)、带收缩因子粒子群算法(PSO-cf)和全面学习的粒子群算法(CLPSO)进行分析,并归纳分析了应用PSO算法求解规划问题时需要注意的几个问题。
(3)从配电公司角度出发,综合考虑经济性和环保性,建立了以配电网年费最小为目标函数的含分布式发电配电网规划模型。应用边界变异CLPSO算法对模型进行优化求解,并以IEEE33节点配电网测试系统为算例进行仿真,仿真结果证明了CLPSO算法具有较好性能。算例仿真得出的DG最优规划方案中系统网损和各项费用均下降,各节点电压得到不同程度提升,体现出DG接入后对配电网经济性的提升效果明显,验证了本文得出的规划方案的优越性。对模型的二级指标分析发现,配电网DG安装总容量的变化在优化初期对模型函数影响较大,但随着其数值的确定,各项指标趋于稳定,变为小幅波动,之后的优化主要针对于DG在配电网中的安装位置和各节点安装容量进行,DG的分布方案不同直接影响到DG固定安装费用和网损费用,这也体现出DG接入配电网后对系统网损产生的影响。以IEEE69节点配电网测试系统为平台进行仿真,仿真结果说明本章建立的规划模型能够适用于规模较大的IEEEE69节点配电系统,验证了模型的普遍适应性。
(4)对风力发电、光伏发电和燃料电池3种分布式电源的潮流计算模型以及对应的PQ、PI、PV节点的处理方法进行总结分析。将燃料电池在潮流计算中处理为PV节点,建立以配电网系统网损最小为目标函数的计及燃料电池的配电网规划模型,并以IEEE33节点系统为算例进行仿真分析。仿真结果对比显示系统网损进一步下降,节点电压得到进一步提高,但由于燃料电池设备成本较高,配电网年费有所上升,而如果从环境效益和节约能源的角度考虑未来应大力发展燃料电池发电。
With the decrease of global fossil energy, the energy sources and environment problem seem to stand out increasingly. Every country in the world is putting great effort to develop green energy resource. As a new type of power generation technology, the distributed generation has been well developed in recent years for advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency and economical. It can cover the shortages of the traditional large-scale centralized power generation method, playing a crucial role in environment protection, the national energy strategy and the safe reliability of power system. However, there exists great influence on the node voltage and the line power flow of distribution network after massive DGs switch in the network. And the influence is closely related to the site and capacity of the distributed power, so that we have to carry scientific analysis on the influence brought out by the DGs switching in the network, and put rational planning on distribution. Based on this, my essay researchs the problem of distribution network planning including distributed generation, the main work and the chief research output are as follows:
(1) It analyses the working principle and features of micro gas turbine, wind power generation, solar photovoltaic generation and fuel cell from technological type perspective.It also put forward an all-around induction and analysis of the influence brought by the DGs switching in the distribution network from6aspects that include the power flow, the transmission losses, the voltage, the relay protection, the quality and reliability of power.
(2) It analyses PSO, PSO-w, PSO-cf and CLPSO from the principle, features, optimization effect, inducing and further analyzing several problems that need to be noticed in using the PSO to solve the planning problem.
(3) It builds a model from the point of the power company that takes the minimum annual cost of distribution network as objective function through comprehensive consideration of the economy and the environmental protection. It optimizedly calculates the model using CLPSO algorithm and uses the IEEE33-bus system as simulation example. The result of simulation verifies that the CLPSO algorithm has good performance. The best planning program in simulation result reflects the transmission losses and general expenses are both declining, and the node voltages are rising to varying degrees. It gives the expression to the economical efficiency and the reliability of distribution network are rising obviously after the DGs switching in the distribution network, and also verifies the excellence of the planning program in this essay. Carrying out the analysis of the secondary index, it reflects the total capacity of DGs have great influence on the objective function at the beginning of the optimization process, and the indexes tend to be stable and become small after determining the total capacity of DGs. The later optimization mainly aims at the installation site of DGs and capacity of nodes in distribution network, the location difference of DGs directly influences the cost of installation and transmission losses, and this also reflects the influence of DGs switching in the network on system losses. It also uses the IEEE69-bus system as simulation example. The result of simulation shows that the model can be used in analyzing the IEEE69-bus system which has larger scale, and verifies the general applicability of the model.
(4) It summarizes and analyses the power flow calculation models of wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation and fuel cell of DGs, and analyses the handling methods of corresponding PQ, PI, PV node type. A distribution network planning model is built that takes the minimum transmission losses of distribution network, and the fuel cell is processed as PV node type in power flow calculation, with the IEEE33-bus system being used as simulation example. The comparison of simulation results reflects the system losses drop further, and the node voltages are further improved. But the cost of fuel cell is high, and annual cost of distribution network goes up, so we should strive to develop the fuel cell as generation method in the future taking environmental benefits and energy saving into account.
引文
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