一种实验牙科云母玻璃陶瓷的着色研究
|
摘要
云母玻璃陶瓷由于具有优良的可切削性能和与牙齿相近的半透明性成为一种较好的牙科CAD/CAM全瓷修复材料。传统的云母陶瓷产品无整体内着色瓷块,限制了其在修复领域的应用。本研究以一种实验用新型氟金云母玻璃陶瓷为基础,采用熔融法一次着色工艺,研究了不同热处理制度下不同种类、浓度着色氧化物添加对云母玻璃陶瓷颜色、透光性和性能的影响,在此基础上,初步制备出了临床可用的着色云母玻璃陶瓷;采用烧结法二次着色工艺制备了单色梯度云母玻璃陶瓷,研究了添加不同色料浓度对色度值和反射光谱的影响。具体研究结果如下:
1.采用色差仪,测定了IPS e.max ceram全瓷系统基本瓷块的色度值和半透性。结果发现:该系统基本瓷块的色度学范围为L:68.48～93.26,a:-0.09～2.80,b:-3.26～13.49。相对透光率CR介于0.643～0.927之间。
2.采用熔融法一次着色工艺,选用不同质量百分比的3种氧化物作为着色剂,制备了单色梯度云母玻璃陶瓷,并测量了其色度值。结果发现:添加CeO_2使玻璃陶瓷呈黄色,颜色随剂量增加而加深,向暗-黄色品方向发展。主要表现为b值升高,L值下降。添加Er_2O_3使玻璃颜色陶瓷呈粉红色,颜色随剂量增加而加深,向红色色品方向发展。主要表现为a值升高。添加Fe_2O_3使玻璃陶瓷呈现黄色至褐色,颜色随剂量增加改变,向暗红色品方向发展。主要表现为L值降低明显,a值增加,b值先增大后减小。
3.选用9种热处理制度,对着色云母玻璃进行了热处理,评价了不同热处理制度对云母玻璃陶瓷着色效果的影响,运用SEM和XRD观察了着色试样微观结构。结果发现:不同热处理制度下着色云母玻璃陶瓷的颜色和半透性不同。具体表现为:随着热处理温度的提高和保温时间的延长,云母玻璃陶瓷的着色能力不同,透明性逐渐降低。SEM和XRD提示这与云母玻璃陶瓷不同热处理制度后的微观结构有关。获得云母玻璃陶瓷最佳着色效果和半透性的热处理温度为660℃左右,保温时间为1h。
4.通过添加不同质量百分比的CeO_2,运用DTA、XRD、SEM、3点弯曲强度测试、显微硬度测试和切削性能测试,研究了添加着色氧化物对云母玻璃陶瓷结构和性能的影响。结果发现:添加2%～5%CeO_2不改变氟金云母玻璃陶瓷主晶相,但会改变云母玻璃陶瓷的微观结构。随着添加量的增加,晶体变长,变大。云母玻璃陶瓷的抗弯曲强度先增加后减小,可切削性能增加;向云母微晶玻璃中添加3%以下的CeO_2对力学性能有提高作用,而过高的添加比例虽提高了切削性能但造成了强度的下降。
5.选用不同浓度的3种着色氧化物和不同的热处理制度,制备出了9种着色云母玻璃陶瓷试样,得到了颜色与Vita比色板A色系较为接近的云母玻璃陶瓷。其半透性良好,CR值为0.767,与IPS e.max ceram低透明度系列瓷块接近。
6.采用烧结法制备了云母玻璃陶瓷,以烧结体收缩率为指标,SEM为手段,研究了不同烧结温度对云母玻璃陶瓷性能的影响。结果发现:在650～850℃范围内,随着烧结温度的升高,烧结体致密度增加,晶体数量增加,体积增大;对于本实验的云母玻璃陶瓷系统,采用以下烧结工艺:升温速度10℃/min,升温至850℃保温20min,然后降温至600℃保温1h,可以成功制备云母玻璃陶瓷。
7.采用烧结法二次着色工艺制备了含不同质量百分比的锆铁红、锆铈镨黄和镍黑色料单色梯度玻璃陶瓷试样;研究了不同色料浓度对色度值和反射光谱的影响。结果显示:锆铁红色料主要影响试样的a值,锆铈镨黄色料主要影响b值,而镍黑色料则主要影响明度L值;随着锆铁红、锆铈镨黄和镍黑色料浓度的增加,烧结体的光谱反射率曲线在特定的光谱吸收波长区内呈现良好的递减趋势,不同浓度的曲线形态基本一致;随着色料浓度的等幅增加,3种色料烧结体的全波长K/S曲线也基本呈现等幅增长趋势;3种色料烧结体的K/S值与添加浓度的基本满足线性关系。3种色料的着色规律基本符合计算机配色数据库的要求。
With excellent machinability, good translucency and proper strength, mica glass-ceramic has become one of ideal dental ceramic materials that can be fabricated with CAD/CAM. However, the lack of intrinsical coloration restricted its widespread application in dental clinic. In this study, the inner-colorized mica glass ceramic blocks were fabricated by appending the pigments to a novel mica-glass-ceramic based on SiO_2-Al_2O_3-Mg-Na_2O-K_2O-F mica glass-ceramic system for dental application by two ways. One is melting and casting technology, another is sintering technology. The results are as follow:
1.The objective of this study was to observe color parameters of IPS e.max all-ceramic systems and give reference for coloration of one kind of mica glass-ceramic. The results showed the chroma values of IPS e.max blocks were L: 68.48~93.26, a:-0.09~2.80, b:-3.26~13.49. The relative translucency of the blocks were between 0.643~0.927.
2.The objective of this study was to evaluate the coloration effects of three kinds of pigments with different concentrations on the mica glass-ceramic by melting and casting technique. Different concentrations of three kinds of pigments were added into samples, the chroma values were measured with chroma meter. The colors achieved by the different pigments were presented in the CIELab system. When adding CeO_2, the samples turned yellow and the b value increased, but L value decreased as the amount of CeO_2 increased.When adding Er__2O_3, the samples turned pink and the a﹡value increased as the amount of Er__2O_3. When adding Fe__2O_3, the samples turned from yellow to brown, and a﹡ value increased, L value decreased as the amount of Fe__2O_3 increased, while the b value firstly increased and then decreased.
3.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different heat treatment process on the coloration of mica glass-ceramic. Nine kinds of heat treatment process including different temperature and holding times were chosen to treat the glass containing 1% CeO_2. The chroma value and relative translucency of samples were measured with chroma meter. The microstructure of samples were observed with SEM and analyzed with XRD. The results showed the mica glass-ceramic turned different shade and translucency with different heat treatment process for same kind of sample. The SEM and XRD results suggested these differences are related with the different structure. The preferred heat treatment process was treated at 660℃for 1h.
4.To evaluate the effects of CeO_2 on the microstructure and property of SiO_2-Al__2O_3-Mg-Na_2O-K_2O-F system, 2-5%CeO_2 was added to base glass system respectively. DTA, XRD and SEM were used to observe the crystallization behavior, crystalline phases and microstructures of the samples. Three point bend strength, micro hardness and machinability were also measured. When adding CeO_2 to the glass-ceramics, the main crystalline phases were not changed, but the crystal became larger. With increasing of the CeO_2 concentration, three point bending strength firstly increased and then decreased, machinability increased and micro hard ness firstly decreased and then increased. The results suggested that the addition of CeO_2 changed the crystalline structure, increased the grain size of mica and machinability of mica glass-ceramics. Appropriate addition of CeO_2 does not change the strength of glass-ceramics.
5.To match the some special color porcelain corresponding to Vita shade, different concentrations of three kinds of pigments were added to the basic glass, and then the samples were treated with different heat-treatment process. Chroma value and translucency analysis were performed. Sample with special color were produced. The color difference analysis showed that the color of the materials obtained in this study was similar to that of Vita A1 and A2 shade.
6.To fabricate the mica glass-ceramic by sintering technology, the effects of different sintering temperatures on crystalline structures and shrinkage rate were investigated. The relationship between shrinkage rate and sintering temperature showed that the increase of sintering temperature from 600℃to 850℃leads to the increase of the shrinkage rate. The XRD showed the crystalline phase was fluophlogopite mica when treated at 850℃.Improving crystallization temperature increased the rate of crystal and aspect ratio of the mica. The glass sintered at 850℃has good sinterability.
7.To investigate if the relationship of different concentration of pigments and their reflective spectrums is fit to the computer color matching theory, the monochromatic samples with different concentrations of zirconate-based pigments were prepared by sintering technology. Their chroma values and reflective spectrums were measured and investigated. The result indicated that the relationship between the concentrations of pigments and the chroma values accorded with the principles of pigmentation color characteristic, and the spectral reflectivity of monochromatic samples were feasible for establishing database of computer-color-matching software.
1.采用色差仪,测定了IPS e.max ceram全瓷系统基本瓷块的色度值和半透性。结果发现:该系统基本瓷块的色度学范围为L:68.48～93.26,a:-0.09～2.80,b:-3.26～13.49。相对透光率CR介于0.643～0.927之间。
2.采用熔融法一次着色工艺,选用不同质量百分比的3种氧化物作为着色剂,制备了单色梯度云母玻璃陶瓷,并测量了其色度值。结果发现:添加CeO_2使玻璃陶瓷呈黄色,颜色随剂量增加而加深,向暗-黄色品方向发展。主要表现为b值升高,L值下降。添加Er_2O_3使玻璃颜色陶瓷呈粉红色,颜色随剂量增加而加深,向红色色品方向发展。主要表现为a值升高。添加Fe_2O_3使玻璃陶瓷呈现黄色至褐色,颜色随剂量增加改变,向暗红色品方向发展。主要表现为L值降低明显,a值增加,b值先增大后减小。
3.选用9种热处理制度,对着色云母玻璃进行了热处理,评价了不同热处理制度对云母玻璃陶瓷着色效果的影响,运用SEM和XRD观察了着色试样微观结构。结果发现:不同热处理制度下着色云母玻璃陶瓷的颜色和半透性不同。具体表现为:随着热处理温度的提高和保温时间的延长,云母玻璃陶瓷的着色能力不同,透明性逐渐降低。SEM和XRD提示这与云母玻璃陶瓷不同热处理制度后的微观结构有关。获得云母玻璃陶瓷最佳着色效果和半透性的热处理温度为660℃左右,保温时间为1h。
4.通过添加不同质量百分比的CeO_2,运用DTA、XRD、SEM、3点弯曲强度测试、显微硬度测试和切削性能测试,研究了添加着色氧化物对云母玻璃陶瓷结构和性能的影响。结果发现:添加2%～5%CeO_2不改变氟金云母玻璃陶瓷主晶相,但会改变云母玻璃陶瓷的微观结构。随着添加量的增加,晶体变长,变大。云母玻璃陶瓷的抗弯曲强度先增加后减小,可切削性能增加;向云母微晶玻璃中添加3%以下的CeO_2对力学性能有提高作用,而过高的添加比例虽提高了切削性能但造成了强度的下降。
5.选用不同浓度的3种着色氧化物和不同的热处理制度,制备出了9种着色云母玻璃陶瓷试样,得到了颜色与Vita比色板A色系较为接近的云母玻璃陶瓷。其半透性良好,CR值为0.767,与IPS e.max ceram低透明度系列瓷块接近。
6.采用烧结法制备了云母玻璃陶瓷,以烧结体收缩率为指标,SEM为手段,研究了不同烧结温度对云母玻璃陶瓷性能的影响。结果发现:在650～850℃范围内,随着烧结温度的升高,烧结体致密度增加,晶体数量增加,体积增大;对于本实验的云母玻璃陶瓷系统,采用以下烧结工艺:升温速度10℃/min,升温至850℃保温20min,然后降温至600℃保温1h,可以成功制备云母玻璃陶瓷。
7.采用烧结法二次着色工艺制备了含不同质量百分比的锆铁红、锆铈镨黄和镍黑色料单色梯度玻璃陶瓷试样;研究了不同色料浓度对色度值和反射光谱的影响。结果显示:锆铁红色料主要影响试样的a值,锆铈镨黄色料主要影响b值,而镍黑色料则主要影响明度L值;随着锆铁红、锆铈镨黄和镍黑色料浓度的增加,烧结体的光谱反射率曲线在特定的光谱吸收波长区内呈现良好的递减趋势,不同浓度的曲线形态基本一致;随着色料浓度的等幅增加,3种色料烧结体的全波长K/S曲线也基本呈现等幅增长趋势;3种色料烧结体的K/S值与添加浓度的基本满足线性关系。3种色料的着色规律基本符合计算机配色数据库的要求。
With excellent machinability, good translucency and proper strength, mica glass-ceramic has become one of ideal dental ceramic materials that can be fabricated with CAD/CAM. However, the lack of intrinsical coloration restricted its widespread application in dental clinic. In this study, the inner-colorized mica glass ceramic blocks were fabricated by appending the pigments to a novel mica-glass-ceramic based on SiO_2-Al_2O_3-Mg-Na_2O-K_2O-F mica glass-ceramic system for dental application by two ways. One is melting and casting technology, another is sintering technology. The results are as follow:
1.The objective of this study was to observe color parameters of IPS e.max all-ceramic systems and give reference for coloration of one kind of mica glass-ceramic. The results showed the chroma values of IPS e.max blocks were L: 68.48~93.26, a:-0.09~2.80, b:-3.26~13.49. The relative translucency of the blocks were between 0.643~0.927.
2.The objective of this study was to evaluate the coloration effects of three kinds of pigments with different concentrations on the mica glass-ceramic by melting and casting technique. Different concentrations of three kinds of pigments were added into samples, the chroma values were measured with chroma meter. The colors achieved by the different pigments were presented in the CIELab system. When adding CeO_2, the samples turned yellow and the b value increased, but L value decreased as the amount of CeO_2 increased.When adding Er__2O_3, the samples turned pink and the a﹡value increased as the amount of Er__2O_3. When adding Fe__2O_3, the samples turned from yellow to brown, and a﹡ value increased, L value decreased as the amount of Fe__2O_3 increased, while the b value firstly increased and then decreased.
3.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different heat treatment process on the coloration of mica glass-ceramic. Nine kinds of heat treatment process including different temperature and holding times were chosen to treat the glass containing 1% CeO_2. The chroma value and relative translucency of samples were measured with chroma meter. The microstructure of samples were observed with SEM and analyzed with XRD. The results showed the mica glass-ceramic turned different shade and translucency with different heat treatment process for same kind of sample. The SEM and XRD results suggested these differences are related with the different structure. The preferred heat treatment process was treated at 660℃for 1h.
4.To evaluate the effects of CeO_2 on the microstructure and property of SiO_2-Al__2O_3-Mg-Na_2O-K_2O-F system, 2-5%CeO_2 was added to base glass system respectively. DTA, XRD and SEM were used to observe the crystallization behavior, crystalline phases and microstructures of the samples. Three point bend strength, micro hardness and machinability were also measured. When adding CeO_2 to the glass-ceramics, the main crystalline phases were not changed, but the crystal became larger. With increasing of the CeO_2 concentration, three point bending strength firstly increased and then decreased, machinability increased and micro hard ness firstly decreased and then increased. The results suggested that the addition of CeO_2 changed the crystalline structure, increased the grain size of mica and machinability of mica glass-ceramics. Appropriate addition of CeO_2 does not change the strength of glass-ceramics.
5.To match the some special color porcelain corresponding to Vita shade, different concentrations of three kinds of pigments were added to the basic glass, and then the samples were treated with different heat-treatment process. Chroma value and translucency analysis were performed. Sample with special color were produced. The color difference analysis showed that the color of the materials obtained in this study was similar to that of Vita A1 and A2 shade.
6.To fabricate the mica glass-ceramic by sintering technology, the effects of different sintering temperatures on crystalline structures and shrinkage rate were investigated. The relationship between shrinkage rate and sintering temperature showed that the increase of sintering temperature from 600℃to 850℃leads to the increase of the shrinkage rate. The XRD showed the crystalline phase was fluophlogopite mica when treated at 850℃.Improving crystallization temperature increased the rate of crystal and aspect ratio of the mica. The glass sintered at 850℃has good sinterability.
7.To investigate if the relationship of different concentration of pigments and their reflective spectrums is fit to the computer color matching theory, the monochromatic samples with different concentrations of zirconate-based pigments were prepared by sintering technology. Their chroma values and reflective spectrums were measured and investigated. The result indicated that the relationship between the concentrations of pigments and the chroma values accorded with the principles of pigmentation color characteristic, and the spectral reflectivity of monochromatic samples were feasible for establishing database of computer-color-matching software.
引文
[1] W.D.金格瑞等著.清华大学无机非金属材料教研组译[M].陶瓷导论.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982.12
[2] Mcmillan PW. Glass-ceramics.王仞千译[M].微晶玻璃.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[3] 何芳魁,肖汉宁,赵运才.玻璃陶瓷材料发展的回顾与展望[J].中国陶瓷.2001,77(3):40-43
[4] Grossman DG. Machinable glass-ceramics based on tetrasilisic mica [J]. J Amer Ceram Soc,1972(55):446-449
[5] Topping JA. The fabrication of glass-ceramic materials based on blast furnace slag-a review [J]. J Canadian Ceram Soc,1976,1(45): 63-67
[6] Martin N, Jedynakiewicza NM. Clinical performance of CEREC ceramic inlays: a systematic review [J]. Dent Mater,1999,15:54–61
[7] Bapna MS, Mueller HJ. Study of devitrification of Dicor glass [J]. Biomaterial,1996,17:2045-2052
[8] 乔冠军,王永兰,金志浩,周惠久.以 Ba 云母为主晶相的可切削玻璃陶瓷[J].无机材料学报,1996,(1):29-32
[9] 李红,宋君祥,冉均国,苟立.医用可切削微晶玻璃的研究进展[J].硅酸盐通报,2001,6:39-43
[10] Grossman DG, Johnson LM. Glass-ceramic compositions for dental constructs. U.S. Pat. No, 4,652,312.March 24, 1987
[11] Isabelle L. Denry. Recent advances in ceramics for dentistry[J], Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 1996,7 (2):134-143
[12] Carlino P, Brodkin D, Paul P. Machinable glass-ceramics. U.S.Pat No.6,375,729. April 23, 2002
[13] Dong JK, Luthy H, Wohlwend A.Heat-pressed ceramics: technology andstrength [J]. Int J Prosthodont,1992,5(1):9-16
[14] Brodkin D, Carlino Panzera. Paul Panzera. Pressable lithium disilicate glass ceramics. U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,451. September 24, 2002
[15] Borom MP, Turkalo AM, Doremus RH.Strength and Microstructure in Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics [J]. Jour Amer Chem Soc, 1975 58:385-391
[16] Dilmore MF, Clark DE, Hench LL. Corrosion behavior of lithia disilicate glass in aqueous solutions of aluminium compounds [J]. Ceramic Bulletin,1979, 58(11):1111-1124
[17] Thompson JY, Bayne SC, Heymann HO.Mechanical propertiesx of new mica-based machinable glass ceramic for CAD/CAM restorations [J]. J Prosth Dent, 1996,12:619-623
[18] Grossman DG. Cast glass ceramics[J].Dent Clin North Amer,1985, 29(4): 725-739
[19] Grossman DG. Structure and physical properties of Dicor/MGC glass- ceramic. Proceedings of the international symposiym on computer restorations. M?rmann WH.editor. Chicago: Quintessence, PP.1991:103-115
[20] 向其军,刘咏,盛小娴.可切削云母基玻璃陶瓷的研究概况[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2006, ll(1):7-12
[21] 宋开新,俞建长.微晶玻璃的制备与应用[J].山东陶瓷,2002,25(1):17-20
[22] Wood DJ,Bubb NL,Clifford A, Hill RG, Knowles JC.An investigation into the crystallization of Dicor glass-ceramic[J].J Mater Sci Letters 1999,18(13): 1001-1002
[23] 刘允超.烧结法微晶玻璃的研究[J].陶瓷研究,1996,11(3):146-148
[24] Tancera DC, Carr AJ. The sintering and mechanical behavior of hydroxyapatite with bioglass additions [J]. J Mater Sci: Mater Medicine, 2001,12:81-93
[25] Jerzy Zarxyki. Past and present of sol-gel science and technology [J]. J Sol-gel Sci Tech, 1997(8):17-22
[26] 曾庆冰,李效东,陆逸.溶胶-凝胶法基本原理及其在陶瓷材料中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,1998,4(2):139-145
[27] 1Nogami M, Nagasaka K, Kadono K. Toughened glass-ceramics containing ZrO2 and Al2O3 prepared by the sol-gel process from metal alkoxides [J]. J Non-Cryst Solids, 1988,100:298-302
[28] Hamasaki T, Eguchi K, Koyanagi Y. Preparation and characterization of machinable mica glass-ceramics by the sol-gel process [J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1988, 71(12): 1120-1124
[29] 李勃,周济,岳振星,马振伟.Sol-Gel 法制备 B2O3-P2O5-SiO2系低介玻璃陶瓷.无机材料学报,2000,15(6):977-982
[30] 杨觉明,雷聚超,严文.溶胶凝胶法制备 BAS 玻璃陶瓷[J].西安工业学院学报,1999,19(4):294-306
[31] Stookey SD. Method of making synthetic mica bodies. U.S.Pat.No.3,325,265. August,1963
[32] 陈国华,康晓玲.烧结法微晶玻璃着色工艺探讨[J].陶瓷工程.2001,10:26
[33] 刘 心 宇 , 陈 国 华 . 烧 结 微 晶 玻 璃 的 生 产 及 其 着 色 [J]. 硅 酸 盐 通报,2002,3:61-65
[34] Beall GH,Megles Jr JE,Pinckney LR.Glass-ceramics containing cristobalite and potassium fluorrichterite.US.Pat.No. 4,608,348, August 26, 1986
[35] Amundson Jr, Duane W, Nigrin, Jaroslava M. Colored glass-ceramics. US.Pat.No. 5,070,043,December 3, 1991
[36] Hagg SL.Colored glass-ceramics and method.U.S. Pat.No.5,455,207, Octomber. 3, 1995
[37] 章践立,陈红兵,张新民.彩色透明微晶玻璃的吸收光谱[J].光学学报,2002,22(7):878-881
[38] 张志勇,张龙.锂铝硅透明微晶玻璃着色研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2001,29 (4):13-17
[39] 杨锦才 , 孙方明 . 热处理制度对微晶玻璃颜色的影响 [J]. 玻璃与搪瓷,1997,25(5):17-20
[40] 程金树,肖静.Ni2O3 着色剂对微晶玻璃装饰板材性能的影响[J].国外建材科技,2000,21:1-4
[41] Petra S? ulcova?,Miroslav Trojan,Synthesis of Ce1-xPrxO2 pigments with other lanthanides,Dyes and Pigments, 1998,40,87-91
[42] 袁怡松.颜色玻璃-基本原理[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997,24:54-57
[43] W 福格尔著,谢于深译[M].玻璃化学.北京:轻工业出版社,1988: 233-242
[44] Grossman DG. Colored glass-ceramic articles. U.S. Pat. No.5,387,558. Feb. 7,1995
[45] Ying Sun, Zhongyi Wang, Jiemo Tian, Xiaogang Cao, Coloration of mica glass-ceramic for use in dental CAD/CAM system[J]. Materials Letters, 2002,57 , 425–428
[46] Weyl WA. Colored glasses. Dawson’s of Pall Mall, London(England): 1959,213-33
[47] Bowen RL, Eichmiller FC, Misra DN. Beta Quartz microcrystalline glass as megafillers for composites [J]. J Dent Res. 1989, 68:248, Abstr. No.534
[48] George LA, Eichmiller FC, Bowen R.An intrinsically colored microcrystalline glass-ceramic for use in dental restorations, Am Cera Soc Bull,1992,71:1073
[49] 杨晓喻,刘长虹,廖运茂,鲜苏琴,高文峰.玻璃着色剂对可切削渗透陶瓷复合体颜色影响的研究[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2006,24(3):221-224
[50] 俞康泰.陶瓷色釉料与装饰导论[M].武汉:武汉工业大学出版社, 998
[51] 杨萍.陶瓷颜料颜色与结构关系的探讨[J].中国陶瓷,1998,34,18-20
[52] 张强,周学东.钒基色料的制备及其性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2001,20(3),41-45
[53] 戴若冰.陶瓷色料及其应用技术[J].佛山陶瓷,2001,4:30-33
[54] 张宇宏,张鹏, 周光波. 陶瓷色剂的应用及其最新发展[J]. 陶瓷,2000, 5: 25-27
[55] 朱志斌.锆基色料的研究与发展[J]. 佛山陶瓷,2000,1:5-9
[56] 李贵佳,郑曼玉,王献.锆镨黄色料研究[J].陶瓷学报,2000,3:162-165
[57] 吴建锋,徐晓虹. 锆铁红色料的研究[J].佛山陶瓷, 1999,4:11
[58] 吴舜.齿科可切削氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷的烧结法制备及着色研究.西安:第四军医大学博士学位论文,2005.05
[59] 李江,王忠义,曹小刚,廖宁放,田杰谟.齿科氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷计算机配色的三刺激值匹配法[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(6):713-715
[60] 陆庆秀,陈明源,江泽峰.牙科烤瓷系列配色研究[J].北京口腔医学,2004, 12(3):138-140
[61] 何代英.微晶玻璃的着色工艺及其研制[J].陶瓷,2007(2):33-35
[62] 汤顺青[M].色度学.北京:北京理工大学出版社.1990.1:107
[63] 叶鸿盘[M].颜色科学.北京:轻工业出版社,1988.8-87
[64] 荆其诚[M].色度学.北京:科学出版社,1979.68-217
[65] 胡成发[M].印刷色彩与色度学.北京:印刷工业出版社,1993:50-182
[66] Paravina RD. Instrumental color matching methods in dentistry. Andrejevic Foundation,1999
[67] 王卫东[M].印刷色彩.北京:印刷工业出版社,1998:127
[68] Kuehni FG, Marcus RT. An experiment in visual scaling of small color differences[J].Color Res Appl,1979,4:83-91
[69] Terada Y. Chromatic studies of porcelain veneered crown-hiding effect on the color of metal base [J]. J Jpn Prosthodont Soc,1985,29:1270-1283
[70] O’Brien WJ, Groh CL, Boenke KM.A new,small color difference equation for dental shades[J].J Dent Res,1990,69:1762-1764
[71] Douglas RD, Brewer JD. Acceptability of shade difference’s in metal ceramic crowns. J Prosthet Dent,1998,79(2):254-260
[72] Johnston WM,Kao EC. Assessment of appearance matches by visual observation and clinical colorimetry [J]. J Dent Res,1989,68:819-822
[73] 李亨[M].颜色技术原理及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1997:149
[74] Berns R 编著,李小梅等译[M].颜色技术原理.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[75] 文进,焦新建.陶瓷颜料的颜色调配[J].陶瓷工程,2000(3):24-27
[76] 陆支越,赵云凤,陈新民.Plat 铸造陶瓷着色剂颜色混合的研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,1994,29(3):189-190
[77] Wozniak WT, Siew ED, Lim J.Color mixing in dental porcelain [J]. Dent Mater,1993,9:229-233
[78] 莫述诚,陈洪等编著[M].有机颜料.北京:化学工业出版社,1988:31-278
[79] 熊芳,巢永烈.天然牙和牙科修复材料的半透性[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,2005,32 (6):411-413
[80] 徐君伍主编[M].口腔修复理论与临床.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999:81
[81] Terry DA, Geller W, Tric O, et al. Anatomical from defines color: function, form and aesthetics[J].Pract Proc Aesthet Dent, 2002, 14(1):59-67
[82] Jahanjiri L, Reinhardt SB, Mehra RV, Matheson PB. Relationship between tooth shade value and skin color: an observation study [J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, (1):149-152
[83] Joiner A. Tooth color: a review of the literature [J]. J Dent 2004,32:3-12
[84] Nakamura T, Saito O, Mizuno M,Tanaka. Changes in translucency and color of particulate filler composite resins [J]. Int J Prosthodont,2002, 15(7): 494-499
[85] Kelly JR,Nishimura I,Campbell SD.Ceramics in dentistry:historical roots and current perspectives[J].J Prosthet Dent,1996,75(1):18-32
[86] Antonson SA, Anusavice KJ. Contrast ratio of veneering and core ceramics as a function of thickness [J]. Int J Prosthodont,2001,14(4):316-320
[87] Reiss B, Walther W. Clinical long-term results and 10-year Kaplan-Meier analysis of Cerec restorations [J]. Int J Comput Dent ,2000,3:9-23
[88] Douglas RD, Przybylska M. Predicting porcelain thickness required for dental shade matches [J]. J Prosthet Dent,1999,82(2):143-149
[89] 周小陆,骆小平,刘侠.天然牙与比色板的色度学研究[J].口腔医学研究,2006, 22(5):529-531
[90] 吴效民,宋世卿.Vita 比色板色度分析[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 1996,31(4): 227-229
[91] 姚江武.金属-烤瓷修复体比色法及其现状[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,1990,17(2):88-91
[92] Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S.Color and Translucency of in vivo natural central incisors [J]. J Prosthet Dent,2000, 83(4):418- 423
[93] Antonson SA, Anusavice KJ. Contrast ratio of veneering and core ceramics as afunction of thickness [J].Int J Prosthodont, 2001,14(4):316- 320.
[94] Holoway JA, Miller RB. The effect of core translucency on the aesthetics of all ceramic in restorations[J].Pract Periodentics Asethet Dent,1997,9:567-574
[95] Heffernan MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Arnold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems,Part I:core materials[J].J Prosthet Dent,2002,88(1):4-9
[96] Heffernan MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Arnold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: core and veneer materials[J].J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1):10-5
[97] 邓斌,刘洪臣,温宁. 3 种牙科全瓷底层材料相对透明率的对比测定[J].口腔医学研究,2005,21(5):517-519
[98] 袁怡松.颜色玻璃(五) [J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997,25(2):50-54
[99] 戴金辉,葛兆明主编[M].无机非金属材料概论.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999:25
[100] 林勇钊,王晨,伊元夫,田杰谟.掺杂 Fe203 的牙科用氧化锆陶瓷着色研究[J].功能材料.2007,38(supp):1793-1795
[101] Cales B.Colored Zirconia ceramics or dental applications [J]. Bioceramics, 1998,11:591-594
[102] Klepacki JA. Material and method for colorizing dental prostheses [J].U.S. Pat 5,125,970. 1992
[103] 张为民,侯英兰.氧化铁在玻璃中的着色[J].玻璃,1997,24(6):23-25
[104] 黄慧,郑元俐,张富强,孙静,高濂.5 种着色剂对牙科氧化锆陶瓷色度的影响[J].上海口腔医学,2007, 16(4):413-415
[105] 朱津蓉,赵云风,朱红.4l0 颗上颌活体前牙的颜色测量及分析[J].中华口腔医学杂志,1998,33(5):297-299
[106] 伊元夫,温宁,刘洪臣,田杰谟.着色氧化物 CeO2、Er203 及 Fe203 对牙科玻璃渗透氧化铝陶[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(Supp12):79-81
[107] 张焕祥.微晶玻璃的着色机理与影响因素[J].陶瓷,1999,142(2):9-11
[108] 孙颖,王忠义,田杰谟.牙科可切削云母微晶玻璃呈色的研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2003(2):137-139
[109] 程金树,肖静.热处理制度对 Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 系统微晶玻璃结构及性能的影响[J].武汉工业大学学报,1999,21(5):5-7,13
[110] 张红鸣主编[M].工业品着色与配色技术.北京:中国轻工业出版社,1999
[111] Breeding LC, Dixon DL, Caughman WF. The curing potential of light-activated composite resin luting agents[J].J Prosthet Dent,1991,65:512-518
[112] Zhang YL, Griggs JA, Benham AW. Influence of powder/liquid mixing ratio on porosity and translucency of dental porcelains [J].J Prosthet Dent,2004, 91(2):128- 135
[113] Eliades T, Johnston WM, Eliades G. Direct light transmittance through ceramic brackets [J].Am J Orthodont, Dent ofac Orthop, 1995, 107(1):11- 19.
[114] Lund PS, Campbell SD, Giordano RA.Translucency of core and veneer materials for all-ceramics (abstract) [J].J Dent Res,1996,75:285
[115] Heffeman MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Amold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems Part I:core material [J].J Prosthet Dent,2002,88(1):4-9
[116] Sorensen JA,Cruz M,MitoWT.Meredith HR,Foser HP.Aclinical investigation on three-unit fixed partial dentures fab ricated。with a lithium dislicate glass-ceramic [J].Pract Periedontics AesthetDent,l999,ll:95-106
[117] 赵运才,肖汉宁,谭伟.稀土氧化铈对玻璃陶瓷晶化及性能的影响[J].湘潭工业学院学报, 2003,18 (2):38
[118] 程慷果,万菊林,梁开明.TiO2对氟金云母微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 1997,37(6):74-77
[119] 胡安民,梁开明,周锋,王国梁,彭飞.添加 CeO2 的 Li2O Al2O3 SiO2 系微晶玻璃的晶化和性能研究[J].硅酸盐学报,2004, 32(6): 772
[120] 程金树,李宏,汤李缨,何峰[M].微晶玻璃.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.1
[121] Baik DS, No KS, Chun JS, Cho HY. Effect of the aspect ratio of mica crystals and crystallinity on the microhardness and machinability [J]. J Mater Process Tech, 1997, 67(1-3):50-54
[122] Boccaccini AR. Machinability and brittleness of glass-ceramics [J].J Mater Process Tech. 1997,65:302-304
[123] 付强,赵云凤,李勇.两种牙科切削陶瓷材料可切削性的比较[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2002,37(6):438-441
[124] Baik DS, No KS, Chun JS. A comparative method of machinability for mica based glass-ceramics [J].J Mater Sci,1995,30:1801-1806
[125] Baik DS, No KS,Chun JS, Mechanical properties of mica glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Ceramic Society.1995,78:1217–1222
[126] 郭航,徐君伍,陈源.人牙冠色度研究-色卡的设计与制作[J].实用口腔医学杂志,1993,9(3):161-164
[127] 刘世权,许淑惠,袁怡松.玻璃粉末的烧结[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1993,23(5):34-40
[128] 理查德 J. 布鲁克主编,清华大学新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点实验室译. [M]陶瓷工艺.北京:科学出版社,1999,6
[129] 程金树,李宏,汤李缨,何峰[M].微晶玻璃.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.1:37
[130] 果世驹[M].粉末烧结理论.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998
[131] W.D.金格瑞[M].陶瓷导论.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982,12:496
[2] Mcmillan PW. Glass-ceramics.王仞千译[M].微晶玻璃.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[3] 何芳魁,肖汉宁,赵运才.玻璃陶瓷材料发展的回顾与展望[J].中国陶瓷.2001,77(3):40-43
[4] Grossman DG. Machinable glass-ceramics based on tetrasilisic mica [J]. J Amer Ceram Soc,1972(55):446-449
[5] Topping JA. The fabrication of glass-ceramic materials based on blast furnace slag-a review [J]. J Canadian Ceram Soc,1976,1(45): 63-67
[6] Martin N, Jedynakiewicza NM. Clinical performance of CEREC ceramic inlays: a systematic review [J]. Dent Mater,1999,15:54–61
[7] Bapna MS, Mueller HJ. Study of devitrification of Dicor glass [J]. Biomaterial,1996,17:2045-2052
[8] 乔冠军,王永兰,金志浩,周惠久.以 Ba 云母为主晶相的可切削玻璃陶瓷[J].无机材料学报,1996,(1):29-32
[9] 李红,宋君祥,冉均国,苟立.医用可切削微晶玻璃的研究进展[J].硅酸盐通报,2001,6:39-43
[10] Grossman DG, Johnson LM. Glass-ceramic compositions for dental constructs. U.S. Pat. No, 4,652,312.March 24, 1987
[11] Isabelle L. Denry. Recent advances in ceramics for dentistry[J], Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 1996,7 (2):134-143
[12] Carlino P, Brodkin D, Paul P. Machinable glass-ceramics. U.S.Pat No.6,375,729. April 23, 2002
[13] Dong JK, Luthy H, Wohlwend A.Heat-pressed ceramics: technology andstrength [J]. Int J Prosthodont,1992,5(1):9-16
[14] Brodkin D, Carlino Panzera. Paul Panzera. Pressable lithium disilicate glass ceramics. U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,451. September 24, 2002
[15] Borom MP, Turkalo AM, Doremus RH.Strength and Microstructure in Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics [J]. Jour Amer Chem Soc, 1975 58:385-391
[16] Dilmore MF, Clark DE, Hench LL. Corrosion behavior of lithia disilicate glass in aqueous solutions of aluminium compounds [J]. Ceramic Bulletin,1979, 58(11):1111-1124
[17] Thompson JY, Bayne SC, Heymann HO.Mechanical propertiesx of new mica-based machinable glass ceramic for CAD/CAM restorations [J]. J Prosth Dent, 1996,12:619-623
[18] Grossman DG. Cast glass ceramics[J].Dent Clin North Amer,1985, 29(4): 725-739
[19] Grossman DG. Structure and physical properties of Dicor/MGC glass- ceramic. Proceedings of the international symposiym on computer restorations. M?rmann WH.editor. Chicago: Quintessence, PP.1991:103-115
[20] 向其军,刘咏,盛小娴.可切削云母基玻璃陶瓷的研究概况[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2006, ll(1):7-12
[21] 宋开新,俞建长.微晶玻璃的制备与应用[J].山东陶瓷,2002,25(1):17-20
[22] Wood DJ,Bubb NL,Clifford A, Hill RG, Knowles JC.An investigation into the crystallization of Dicor glass-ceramic[J].J Mater Sci Letters 1999,18(13): 1001-1002
[23] 刘允超.烧结法微晶玻璃的研究[J].陶瓷研究,1996,11(3):146-148
[24] Tancera DC, Carr AJ. The sintering and mechanical behavior of hydroxyapatite with bioglass additions [J]. J Mater Sci: Mater Medicine, 2001,12:81-93
[25] Jerzy Zarxyki. Past and present of sol-gel science and technology [J]. J Sol-gel Sci Tech, 1997(8):17-22
[26] 曾庆冰,李效东,陆逸.溶胶-凝胶法基本原理及其在陶瓷材料中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,1998,4(2):139-145
[27] 1Nogami M, Nagasaka K, Kadono K. Toughened glass-ceramics containing ZrO2 and Al2O3 prepared by the sol-gel process from metal alkoxides [J]. J Non-Cryst Solids, 1988,100:298-302
[28] Hamasaki T, Eguchi K, Koyanagi Y. Preparation and characterization of machinable mica glass-ceramics by the sol-gel process [J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1988, 71(12): 1120-1124
[29] 李勃,周济,岳振星,马振伟.Sol-Gel 法制备 B2O3-P2O5-SiO2系低介玻璃陶瓷.无机材料学报,2000,15(6):977-982
[30] 杨觉明,雷聚超,严文.溶胶凝胶法制备 BAS 玻璃陶瓷[J].西安工业学院学报,1999,19(4):294-306
[31] Stookey SD. Method of making synthetic mica bodies. U.S.Pat.No.3,325,265. August,1963
[32] 陈国华,康晓玲.烧结法微晶玻璃着色工艺探讨[J].陶瓷工程.2001,10:26
[33] 刘 心 宇 , 陈 国 华 . 烧 结 微 晶 玻 璃 的 生 产 及 其 着 色 [J]. 硅 酸 盐 通报,2002,3:61-65
[34] Beall GH,Megles Jr JE,Pinckney LR.Glass-ceramics containing cristobalite and potassium fluorrichterite.US.Pat.No. 4,608,348, August 26, 1986
[35] Amundson Jr, Duane W, Nigrin, Jaroslava M. Colored glass-ceramics. US.Pat.No. 5,070,043,December 3, 1991
[36] Hagg SL.Colored glass-ceramics and method.U.S. Pat.No.5,455,207, Octomber. 3, 1995
[37] 章践立,陈红兵,张新民.彩色透明微晶玻璃的吸收光谱[J].光学学报,2002,22(7):878-881
[38] 张志勇,张龙.锂铝硅透明微晶玻璃着色研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2001,29 (4):13-17
[39] 杨锦才 , 孙方明 . 热处理制度对微晶玻璃颜色的影响 [J]. 玻璃与搪瓷,1997,25(5):17-20
[40] 程金树,肖静.Ni2O3 着色剂对微晶玻璃装饰板材性能的影响[J].国外建材科技,2000,21:1-4
[41] Petra S? ulcova?,Miroslav Trojan,Synthesis of Ce1-xPrxO2 pigments with other lanthanides,Dyes and Pigments, 1998,40,87-91
[42] 袁怡松.颜色玻璃-基本原理[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997,24:54-57
[43] W 福格尔著,谢于深译[M].玻璃化学.北京:轻工业出版社,1988: 233-242
[44] Grossman DG. Colored glass-ceramic articles. U.S. Pat. No.5,387,558. Feb. 7,1995
[45] Ying Sun, Zhongyi Wang, Jiemo Tian, Xiaogang Cao, Coloration of mica glass-ceramic for use in dental CAD/CAM system[J]. Materials Letters, 2002,57 , 425–428
[46] Weyl WA. Colored glasses. Dawson’s of Pall Mall, London(England): 1959,213-33
[47] Bowen RL, Eichmiller FC, Misra DN. Beta Quartz microcrystalline glass as megafillers for composites [J]. J Dent Res. 1989, 68:248, Abstr. No.534
[48] George LA, Eichmiller FC, Bowen R.An intrinsically colored microcrystalline glass-ceramic for use in dental restorations, Am Cera Soc Bull,1992,71:1073
[49] 杨晓喻,刘长虹,廖运茂,鲜苏琴,高文峰.玻璃着色剂对可切削渗透陶瓷复合体颜色影响的研究[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2006,24(3):221-224
[50] 俞康泰.陶瓷色釉料与装饰导论[M].武汉:武汉工业大学出版社, 998
[51] 杨萍.陶瓷颜料颜色与结构关系的探讨[J].中国陶瓷,1998,34,18-20
[52] 张强,周学东.钒基色料的制备及其性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2001,20(3),41-45
[53] 戴若冰.陶瓷色料及其应用技术[J].佛山陶瓷,2001,4:30-33
[54] 张宇宏,张鹏, 周光波. 陶瓷色剂的应用及其最新发展[J]. 陶瓷,2000, 5: 25-27
[55] 朱志斌.锆基色料的研究与发展[J]. 佛山陶瓷,2000,1:5-9
[56] 李贵佳,郑曼玉,王献.锆镨黄色料研究[J].陶瓷学报,2000,3:162-165
[57] 吴建锋,徐晓虹. 锆铁红色料的研究[J].佛山陶瓷, 1999,4:11
[58] 吴舜.齿科可切削氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷的烧结法制备及着色研究.西安:第四军医大学博士学位论文,2005.05
[59] 李江,王忠义,曹小刚,廖宁放,田杰谟.齿科氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷计算机配色的三刺激值匹配法[J].中国美容医学,2004,13(6):713-715
[60] 陆庆秀,陈明源,江泽峰.牙科烤瓷系列配色研究[J].北京口腔医学,2004, 12(3):138-140
[61] 何代英.微晶玻璃的着色工艺及其研制[J].陶瓷,2007(2):33-35
[62] 汤顺青[M].色度学.北京:北京理工大学出版社.1990.1:107
[63] 叶鸿盘[M].颜色科学.北京:轻工业出版社,1988.8-87
[64] 荆其诚[M].色度学.北京:科学出版社,1979.68-217
[65] 胡成发[M].印刷色彩与色度学.北京:印刷工业出版社,1993:50-182
[66] Paravina RD. Instrumental color matching methods in dentistry. Andrejevic Foundation,1999
[67] 王卫东[M].印刷色彩.北京:印刷工业出版社,1998:127
[68] Kuehni FG, Marcus RT. An experiment in visual scaling of small color differences[J].Color Res Appl,1979,4:83-91
[69] Terada Y. Chromatic studies of porcelain veneered crown-hiding effect on the color of metal base [J]. J Jpn Prosthodont Soc,1985,29:1270-1283
[70] O’Brien WJ, Groh CL, Boenke KM.A new,small color difference equation for dental shades[J].J Dent Res,1990,69:1762-1764
[71] Douglas RD, Brewer JD. Acceptability of shade difference’s in metal ceramic crowns. J Prosthet Dent,1998,79(2):254-260
[72] Johnston WM,Kao EC. Assessment of appearance matches by visual observation and clinical colorimetry [J]. J Dent Res,1989,68:819-822
[73] 李亨[M].颜色技术原理及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1997:149
[74] Berns R 编著,李小梅等译[M].颜色技术原理.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[75] 文进,焦新建.陶瓷颜料的颜色调配[J].陶瓷工程,2000(3):24-27
[76] 陆支越,赵云凤,陈新民.Plat 铸造陶瓷着色剂颜色混合的研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,1994,29(3):189-190
[77] Wozniak WT, Siew ED, Lim J.Color mixing in dental porcelain [J]. Dent Mater,1993,9:229-233
[78] 莫述诚,陈洪等编著[M].有机颜料.北京:化学工业出版社,1988:31-278
[79] 熊芳,巢永烈.天然牙和牙科修复材料的半透性[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,2005,32 (6):411-413
[80] 徐君伍主编[M].口腔修复理论与临床.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999:81
[81] Terry DA, Geller W, Tric O, et al. Anatomical from defines color: function, form and aesthetics[J].Pract Proc Aesthet Dent, 2002, 14(1):59-67
[82] Jahanjiri L, Reinhardt SB, Mehra RV, Matheson PB. Relationship between tooth shade value and skin color: an observation study [J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, (1):149-152
[83] Joiner A. Tooth color: a review of the literature [J]. J Dent 2004,32:3-12
[84] Nakamura T, Saito O, Mizuno M,Tanaka. Changes in translucency and color of particulate filler composite resins [J]. Int J Prosthodont,2002, 15(7): 494-499
[85] Kelly JR,Nishimura I,Campbell SD.Ceramics in dentistry:historical roots and current perspectives[J].J Prosthet Dent,1996,75(1):18-32
[86] Antonson SA, Anusavice KJ. Contrast ratio of veneering and core ceramics as a function of thickness [J]. Int J Prosthodont,2001,14(4):316-320
[87] Reiss B, Walther W. Clinical long-term results and 10-year Kaplan-Meier analysis of Cerec restorations [J]. Int J Comput Dent ,2000,3:9-23
[88] Douglas RD, Przybylska M. Predicting porcelain thickness required for dental shade matches [J]. J Prosthet Dent,1999,82(2):143-149
[89] 周小陆,骆小平,刘侠.天然牙与比色板的色度学研究[J].口腔医学研究,2006, 22(5):529-531
[90] 吴效民,宋世卿.Vita 比色板色度分析[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 1996,31(4): 227-229
[91] 姚江武.金属-烤瓷修复体比色法及其现状[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,1990,17(2):88-91
[92] Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S.Color and Translucency of in vivo natural central incisors [J]. J Prosthet Dent,2000, 83(4):418- 423
[93] Antonson SA, Anusavice KJ. Contrast ratio of veneering and core ceramics as afunction of thickness [J].Int J Prosthodont, 2001,14(4):316- 320.
[94] Holoway JA, Miller RB. The effect of core translucency on the aesthetics of all ceramic in restorations[J].Pract Periodentics Asethet Dent,1997,9:567-574
[95] Heffernan MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Arnold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems,Part I:core materials[J].J Prosthet Dent,2002,88(1):4-9
[96] Heffernan MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Arnold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: core and veneer materials[J].J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1):10-5
[97] 邓斌,刘洪臣,温宁. 3 种牙科全瓷底层材料相对透明率的对比测定[J].口腔医学研究,2005,21(5):517-519
[98] 袁怡松.颜色玻璃(五) [J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997,25(2):50-54
[99] 戴金辉,葛兆明主编[M].无机非金属材料概论.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999:25
[100] 林勇钊,王晨,伊元夫,田杰谟.掺杂 Fe203 的牙科用氧化锆陶瓷着色研究[J].功能材料.2007,38(supp):1793-1795
[101] Cales B.Colored Zirconia ceramics or dental applications [J]. Bioceramics, 1998,11:591-594
[102] Klepacki JA. Material and method for colorizing dental prostheses [J].U.S. Pat 5,125,970. 1992
[103] 张为民,侯英兰.氧化铁在玻璃中的着色[J].玻璃,1997,24(6):23-25
[104] 黄慧,郑元俐,张富强,孙静,高濂.5 种着色剂对牙科氧化锆陶瓷色度的影响[J].上海口腔医学,2007, 16(4):413-415
[105] 朱津蓉,赵云风,朱红.4l0 颗上颌活体前牙的颜色测量及分析[J].中华口腔医学杂志,1998,33(5):297-299
[106] 伊元夫,温宁,刘洪臣,田杰谟.着色氧化物 CeO2、Er203 及 Fe203 对牙科玻璃渗透氧化铝陶[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(Supp12):79-81
[107] 张焕祥.微晶玻璃的着色机理与影响因素[J].陶瓷,1999,142(2):9-11
[108] 孙颖,王忠义,田杰谟.牙科可切削云母微晶玻璃呈色的研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2003(2):137-139
[109] 程金树,肖静.热处理制度对 Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 系统微晶玻璃结构及性能的影响[J].武汉工业大学学报,1999,21(5):5-7,13
[110] 张红鸣主编[M].工业品着色与配色技术.北京:中国轻工业出版社,1999
[111] Breeding LC, Dixon DL, Caughman WF. The curing potential of light-activated composite resin luting agents[J].J Prosthet Dent,1991,65:512-518
[112] Zhang YL, Griggs JA, Benham AW. Influence of powder/liquid mixing ratio on porosity and translucency of dental porcelains [J].J Prosthet Dent,2004, 91(2):128- 135
[113] Eliades T, Johnston WM, Eliades G. Direct light transmittance through ceramic brackets [J].Am J Orthodont, Dent ofac Orthop, 1995, 107(1):11- 19.
[114] Lund PS, Campbell SD, Giordano RA.Translucency of core and veneer materials for all-ceramics (abstract) [J].J Dent Res,1996,75:285
[115] Heffeman MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Amold AM. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems Part I:core material [J].J Prosthet Dent,2002,88(1):4-9
[116] Sorensen JA,Cruz M,MitoWT.Meredith HR,Foser HP.Aclinical investigation on three-unit fixed partial dentures fab ricated。with a lithium dislicate glass-ceramic [J].Pract Periedontics AesthetDent,l999,ll:95-106
[117] 赵运才,肖汉宁,谭伟.稀土氧化铈对玻璃陶瓷晶化及性能的影响[J].湘潭工业学院学报, 2003,18 (2):38
[118] 程慷果,万菊林,梁开明.TiO2对氟金云母微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 1997,37(6):74-77
[119] 胡安民,梁开明,周锋,王国梁,彭飞.添加 CeO2 的 Li2O Al2O3 SiO2 系微晶玻璃的晶化和性能研究[J].硅酸盐学报,2004, 32(6): 772
[120] 程金树,李宏,汤李缨,何峰[M].微晶玻璃.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.1
[121] Baik DS, No KS, Chun JS, Cho HY. Effect of the aspect ratio of mica crystals and crystallinity on the microhardness and machinability [J]. J Mater Process Tech, 1997, 67(1-3):50-54
[122] Boccaccini AR. Machinability and brittleness of glass-ceramics [J].J Mater Process Tech. 1997,65:302-304
[123] 付强,赵云凤,李勇.两种牙科切削陶瓷材料可切削性的比较[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2002,37(6):438-441
[124] Baik DS, No KS, Chun JS. A comparative method of machinability for mica based glass-ceramics [J].J Mater Sci,1995,30:1801-1806
[125] Baik DS, No KS,Chun JS, Mechanical properties of mica glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Ceramic Society.1995,78:1217–1222
[126] 郭航,徐君伍,陈源.人牙冠色度研究-色卡的设计与制作[J].实用口腔医学杂志,1993,9(3):161-164
[127] 刘世权,许淑惠,袁怡松.玻璃粉末的烧结[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1993,23(5):34-40
[128] 理查德 J. 布鲁克主编,清华大学新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点实验室译. [M]陶瓷工艺.北京:科学出版社,1999,6
[129] 程金树,李宏,汤李缨,何峰[M].微晶玻璃.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.1:37
[130] 果世驹[M].粉末烧结理论.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998
[131] W.D.金格瑞[M].陶瓷导论.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982,12:496