火焰喷涂铁基复合粉末制备多孔层技术研究
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摘要
传统的火焰喷涂型金属多孔层的孔隙率较低,为了提高孔隙率,本文对火焰喷涂工艺参数进行优化,开发了不添加造孔剂直接喷涂铁基复合粉末制备金属表面多孔层的技术,实验研究了合金粉末组分、火焰温度和喷涂距离等工艺参数对表面多孔层的影响,进一步改进了火焰喷涂制造金属表面多孔层的工艺。测试了火焰喷涂型表面多孔层的孔隙率、当量孔径和结合强度；采用去离水和酒精作沸腾传热工质,实验对比研究了不同特征参数的火焰喷涂型表面多孔层对沸腾传热的强化效果。结果表明,本文所研制的火焰喷涂型表面多孔层的平均孔隙率高达64.5%,沸腾传热系数为光滑表面的3-14倍,并且涂层结合强度可以满足工业化应用要求。所得到的相关研究结果为火焰喷涂型表面多孔传热元件的开发与应用具有指导意义。
The porosity of the traditional flame-sprayed porous surface coating is very small. In order to improve the porosity, this paper optimized the parameters of the flame spraying process and developed the technology of manufacturing the metallic porous surface coating by spraying directly iron-based composite powder without pore-forming materials. Moreover, this paper experimentally studied the impacts of process parameters on porous surface coating, such as the content of alloy powder, flame temperature and spraying distance, consequently further improved the flame spraying process of manufacturing the metallic porous surface coating. Besides, this paper tested the porosity, equivalent pore size and bonding strength of the porous surface coatings. Using water and alcohol as working fluid, this paper did experimental comparative study of the boiling heat transfer enhancement performances of the flame-sprayed porous surface coatings with different characteristic parameters. The results show that to the developed flame-sprayed porous surface coating, the average porosity is up to 64.5%, the boiling heat transfer coefficient is 3 - 14 times as large as that of the smooth surface, and the bonding strength could meet industrial application requirements. The relevant study results which have been obtained in this paper are instructive for the development and application of the heat transfer component with flame-sprayed porous surface coating.
The porosity of the traditional flame-sprayed porous surface coating is very small. In order to improve the porosity, this paper optimized the parameters of the flame spraying process and developed the technology of manufacturing the metallic porous surface coating by spraying directly iron-based composite powder without pore-forming materials. Moreover, this paper experimentally studied the impacts of process parameters on porous surface coating, such as the content of alloy powder, flame temperature and spraying distance, consequently further improved the flame spraying process of manufacturing the metallic porous surface coating. Besides, this paper tested the porosity, equivalent pore size and bonding strength of the porous surface coatings. Using water and alcohol as working fluid, this paper did experimental comparative study of the boiling heat transfer enhancement performances of the flame-sprayed porous surface coatings with different characteristic parameters. The results show that to the developed flame-sprayed porous surface coating, the average porosity is up to 64.5%, the boiling heat transfer coefficient is 3 - 14 times as large as that of the smooth surface, and the bonding strength could meet industrial application requirements. The relevant study results which have been obtained in this paper are instructive for the development and application of the heat transfer component with flame-sprayed porous surface coating.
引文
[1]林宗虎.强化传热及其工程应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987
[2]马晓驰.国内外新型高效换热器[J].化工进展,2001,20(1)：49-51
[3]嵇训达.空分新型冷凝蒸发器研制[J].深冷技术,1993(6)：1-5
[4]陈振兴.氧化铝厂原液蒸发工序的强化途径[J].轻金属,1993,20(1)：49-51
[5]C. F. Gottzmann, P. S. O'Neill. High Efficiency Heat Exchanger[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress,1973,69(7):69-75
[6]P. J. Marto and Lt. V. J. Lepere. Pool Boiling Heat Transfer from Enhanced Surfaces to Dielectric Fluids[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104(2):292-299
[7]丁枢华,江清善,许克强等.表面多孔管烧结研究[J].浙江冶金,1989,18(1)：11-17
[8]R. M. Milton and C. F. Gottzmann. High Efficiency Reboilers and Condensers[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress,1972,68(9):56-61
[9]郑康民.机械加工表面多孔管抗垢性能的研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,1984
[10]J. P. O'Connor and S. M. You. A Painting Technique to Enhance Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated FC-72[J], Journal of Heat Transfer,1995,117(2):387-393
[11]Nakayama Wataru, Daikoku Takahiro, Kuwahara Heikichi and Kakizaki Kimio. High-flux Heat Transfer Surface Left Double Quote Thermoexcel Right Double Quote[R]. Hitachi Review,1975,24(8):329-334
[12]陈振兴.多孔覆盖层表面的流动沸腾试验研究[J].有色金属：冶金部分,1997(5)：29-32
[13]Wolf C W. High Flux Tubing Conserves Energy[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress, 1976,72(7):53-55.
[14]赵贤池.水平内表面多孔管流动沸腾实验研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,1990
[15]廖丽华,董清波,申传文等.铝多孔表面换热管强化沸腾换热的研究及应用[J].石化技术与应用,2003,21(3)：179-180
[16]A. E. Bergles and M.C. Chuy. Characteristics of Nucleate Pool Boiling From Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104:279-285
[17]Janusz T, CieSlinski. Nucleate Pool Boiling on Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[18]Chyu M.C., Bergles A.E. Characteristics of Nucleate Pool Boiling from Porous Metallic Coatings[C]. Proc.7th Int. Heat Transfer Conf.,1982(6):275
[19]R. M. Milton. Heat Exchange System[P]. USA:3384154,1968
[20]Fujie, Kunio and Nakayama. Heat Transfer Wall for Boiling Liquids[P]. USA: 4060125,1977
[21]Dahl Michael M and Erb Lester D. Method for making a liquid heat exchanger coating[P]. USA:4093755,1978
[22]R. G. Scurlock. Enhanced boiling heat transfer surfaces[J]. Cryogenics,1995,35(4): 233-237
[23]陈嘉宾.人工汽化中心表面强化沸腾传热的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,1985
[24]R. C. Chu and K. P. Moran. Method for Customizing Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer from Electronic Units Immersed in Dielectric Coolant[P]. USA:4050507,1977
[25]谭华玉,高春阳,刘立新.多孔表面的制造方法及其强化沸腾传热效果的比较[J].流体机械,2006,34(1)：80-85
[26]李隆梅,南峰,郑铁明等.表面多孔层管强化传热技术研究[J].福州大学学报,1997,25(6)：102-107
[27]刘建新,金海波.多孔表面管沸腾传热试验研究[J].动力工程,1999,19(1)：30-33
[28]华东理工大学.一种表面多孔管的低温烧结方法[P].中国：03116481.1,2005
[29]刘阿龙,徐宏,王玉成.锡青铜表面多孔管的新工艺[J].表面技术,2004,33(5)：70-72
[30]华东理工大学.铜镍合金多孔表面管的烧结方法[P].中国：101088675,2007
[31]Tadeusz Michal Wojcik. Experimental investigations of boiling heat transfer hysteresis on sintered, metal-Fibrous, porous structures[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2008,33(3):1-8
[32]华南工学院.一种肋形隧道机械加工多孔表面[P].中国专利：87217208U,1988
[33]华南理工大学.强化液膜传热传质的表面花纹管[P].中国专利：2047001U,1989
[34]庄礼贤,崔乃英,阮志强等.机械加工表面多孔管的沸腾传热试验[J].工程热物理学报,1982,3(3)：242-248
[35]Y.Y. Jiang, et al. Boiling heat transfer on machined porous surfaces with structural optimization[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2001,44(2):443-456
[36]刘贞贞,赵镇南.机械加工表面多孔管外池核沸腾实验研究[J].石油化工设备,2006,35(4)：21-24
[37]Borg-Warner Corporation, Boiling heat transfer surface and method[P]. USA:4 018264,1975
[38]大连工学院.多孔表面传热元件电化学制造方法[P].中国专利：85102762A,1986
[39]王燚,方玉诚,郭章等.丝网多孔发散冷却面板烧结新工艺探索[J].宇航材料工艺,1995,25(3)：14-17
[40]Yilmaz, S and Westwater J W. Effects of Commercial Enhanced Surfaces on the Boiling Heat Transfer Curve[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1981,18: 73-91
[41]Webb R. Performance, Cost Effectiveness and Water-side Fouling Considerations of Enhanced Tube Heat Exchangers for Boiling Service with Tube-side Water Flow[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering,1982,3(3-4):84-98
[42]M.W. Browne. Heat transfer characteristics of boiling phenomenon in flooded refrigerant evaporators[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,1999,19:595-624
[43]王光辉,王继化.铸铁表面的不锈钢粉末喷涂技术[J].化工机械,1998,25(2)：95-97
[44]The Gates Rubber Company. Liquid heat exchanger interface and method[P]. USA: 3990862,1976
[45]The Trane Company. Heat transfer surface for efficient boiling of liquid R-11 and its equivalents[P]. USA:4354550,1982
[46]The Trane Company. Heat exchange surface with porous coating and subsurface cavities[P]. USA:4359086,1982
[47]Union Carbide Corporation. Flame-sprayed ferrous alloy enhanced boiling surface[P]. USA:4663243,1987
[48]化工部北京化工研究院.用于强化沸腾传热的金属多孔表面金属管的制法[P].中国专利：1003522B,1989
[49]Carrier Corporation. Method for manufacturing a high efficiency heat transfer surface and the surface so manufactured[P]. USA:5018573,1991
[50]Pamela A. Kramer. Spray Processing of Porous Medical Devices[P]. USA:163715B1, 2007
[51]Kyung-hyun Ko, Ha-Yong Lee. Porous Coated Member and Manufacturing Method Thereof Using Cold Spray[P]. USA:0240603 A1,2007
[52]陈文造.铝多孔表面管冷凝-蒸发器的应用[J].石油化工设备技术,1993(11)：15-19
[53]李冀.多孔表面管在炼油装置上的应用[J].石油炼制与化工,1999,30(11)：64-65
[54]张宗保,孙小雷,何秀云等.新技术、新工艺在气体分馏装置的应用[J].天津化工,2000(5)：30-32
[55]赵孝保.喷涂多孔表面沸腾传热实验研究[D].南京师大学报(工程技术版),2001,1(3)：12-16
[56]Janusz T. Nucleate pool boiling on porous metallic coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[57]廖丽华,董清波,申传文等.铝多孔表面换热管强化沸腾换热的研究及应用[J].石化技术与应用,2003,21(3)：179-180
[58]杨冬,李斌,陈听宽等.垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数值分析[J].化工学报,2005,56(3)：400-407
[59]武建军,曹晓明,温鸣.现代金属热喷涂技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007
[60]姚德超.粉末冶金实验技术[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1990
[61][苏]И.M.费多尔钦科.粉末冶金原理[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1974
[62]Nishikawa K., Fujita Y., Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer and Its Augmentation, Hartnett J.P., Irvine, Jr., T.F. (Ed.), Advances in Heat Transfer,1990,20:1-82
[63]Thome J.R.. Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer. Hemisphere. New York,1990
[64]刘阿龙,徐宏,王学生等.换热器烧结型表面多孔管综述[J].石油化工设备,2005,34(1)：47-49
[65]Wett.T. High-flux Heat-Exchange Surface Allows Area to be Cut by over 80%[J]. The Oil and Gas Journal,1971,69(52):118-120
[66]Kunio Fujie, Wataru Nakayama. Heat Transfer Wall for Boiling Liquids[P]. USA: 4060125,1977
[67]Manfred Saier, Hans-Werner. Y and T-Finned Tubes and Methods and Apparatus for Their Making[P]. USA:4179911,1979
[68]Janusz T, CieSlinski. Nucleate Pool Boiling on Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[69]McManus, S.M.Marto, P. J., Wanniarachchi, A.S. Evaluation of Enhanced Heat Transfer Tubing for Use in R-114 Water Chillers[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division,1986,65:11-19
[70]黄崇林,钟经山等.表面多孔层管强化传热机理[J].装备制造技术,2007(1)：70-72
[2]马晓驰.国内外新型高效换热器[J].化工进展,2001,20(1)：49-51
[3]嵇训达.空分新型冷凝蒸发器研制[J].深冷技术,1993(6)：1-5
[4]陈振兴.氧化铝厂原液蒸发工序的强化途径[J].轻金属,1993,20(1)：49-51
[5]C. F. Gottzmann, P. S. O'Neill. High Efficiency Heat Exchanger[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress,1973,69(7):69-75
[6]P. J. Marto and Lt. V. J. Lepere. Pool Boiling Heat Transfer from Enhanced Surfaces to Dielectric Fluids[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104(2):292-299
[7]丁枢华,江清善,许克强等.表面多孔管烧结研究[J].浙江冶金,1989,18(1)：11-17
[8]R. M. Milton and C. F. Gottzmann. High Efficiency Reboilers and Condensers[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress,1972,68(9):56-61
[9]郑康民.机械加工表面多孔管抗垢性能的研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,1984
[10]J. P. O'Connor and S. M. You. A Painting Technique to Enhance Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated FC-72[J], Journal of Heat Transfer,1995,117(2):387-393
[11]Nakayama Wataru, Daikoku Takahiro, Kuwahara Heikichi and Kakizaki Kimio. High-flux Heat Transfer Surface Left Double Quote Thermoexcel Right Double Quote[R]. Hitachi Review,1975,24(8):329-334
[12]陈振兴.多孔覆盖层表面的流动沸腾试验研究[J].有色金属：冶金部分,1997(5)：29-32
[13]Wolf C W. High Flux Tubing Conserves Energy[J]. Chemical Engineering Progress, 1976,72(7):53-55.
[14]赵贤池.水平内表面多孔管流动沸腾实验研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,1990
[15]廖丽华,董清波,申传文等.铝多孔表面换热管强化沸腾换热的研究及应用[J].石化技术与应用,2003,21(3)：179-180
[16]A. E. Bergles and M.C. Chuy. Characteristics of Nucleate Pool Boiling From Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104:279-285
[17]Janusz T, CieSlinski. Nucleate Pool Boiling on Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[18]Chyu M.C., Bergles A.E. Characteristics of Nucleate Pool Boiling from Porous Metallic Coatings[C]. Proc.7th Int. Heat Transfer Conf.,1982(6):275
[19]R. M. Milton. Heat Exchange System[P]. USA:3384154,1968
[20]Fujie, Kunio and Nakayama. Heat Transfer Wall for Boiling Liquids[P]. USA: 4060125,1977
[21]Dahl Michael M and Erb Lester D. Method for making a liquid heat exchanger coating[P]. USA:4093755,1978
[22]R. G. Scurlock. Enhanced boiling heat transfer surfaces[J]. Cryogenics,1995,35(4): 233-237
[23]陈嘉宾.人工汽化中心表面强化沸腾传热的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,1985
[24]R. C. Chu and K. P. Moran. Method for Customizing Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer from Electronic Units Immersed in Dielectric Coolant[P]. USA:4050507,1977
[25]谭华玉,高春阳,刘立新.多孔表面的制造方法及其强化沸腾传热效果的比较[J].流体机械,2006,34(1)：80-85
[26]李隆梅,南峰,郑铁明等.表面多孔层管强化传热技术研究[J].福州大学学报,1997,25(6)：102-107
[27]刘建新,金海波.多孔表面管沸腾传热试验研究[J].动力工程,1999,19(1)：30-33
[28]华东理工大学.一种表面多孔管的低温烧结方法[P].中国：03116481.1,2005
[29]刘阿龙,徐宏,王玉成.锡青铜表面多孔管的新工艺[J].表面技术,2004,33(5)：70-72
[30]华东理工大学.铜镍合金多孔表面管的烧结方法[P].中国：101088675,2007
[31]Tadeusz Michal Wojcik. Experimental investigations of boiling heat transfer hysteresis on sintered, metal-Fibrous, porous structures[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2008,33(3):1-8
[32]华南工学院.一种肋形隧道机械加工多孔表面[P].中国专利：87217208U,1988
[33]华南理工大学.强化液膜传热传质的表面花纹管[P].中国专利：2047001U,1989
[34]庄礼贤,崔乃英,阮志强等.机械加工表面多孔管的沸腾传热试验[J].工程热物理学报,1982,3(3)：242-248
[35]Y.Y. Jiang, et al. Boiling heat transfer on machined porous surfaces with structural optimization[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2001,44(2):443-456
[36]刘贞贞,赵镇南.机械加工表面多孔管外池核沸腾实验研究[J].石油化工设备,2006,35(4)：21-24
[37]Borg-Warner Corporation, Boiling heat transfer surface and method[P]. USA:4 018264,1975
[38]大连工学院.多孔表面传热元件电化学制造方法[P].中国专利：85102762A,1986
[39]王燚,方玉诚,郭章等.丝网多孔发散冷却面板烧结新工艺探索[J].宇航材料工艺,1995,25(3)：14-17
[40]Yilmaz, S and Westwater J W. Effects of Commercial Enhanced Surfaces on the Boiling Heat Transfer Curve[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1981,18: 73-91
[41]Webb R. Performance, Cost Effectiveness and Water-side Fouling Considerations of Enhanced Tube Heat Exchangers for Boiling Service with Tube-side Water Flow[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering,1982,3(3-4):84-98
[42]M.W. Browne. Heat transfer characteristics of boiling phenomenon in flooded refrigerant evaporators[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,1999,19:595-624
[43]王光辉,王继化.铸铁表面的不锈钢粉末喷涂技术[J].化工机械,1998,25(2)：95-97
[44]The Gates Rubber Company. Liquid heat exchanger interface and method[P]. USA: 3990862,1976
[45]The Trane Company. Heat transfer surface for efficient boiling of liquid R-11 and its equivalents[P]. USA:4354550,1982
[46]The Trane Company. Heat exchange surface with porous coating and subsurface cavities[P]. USA:4359086,1982
[47]Union Carbide Corporation. Flame-sprayed ferrous alloy enhanced boiling surface[P]. USA:4663243,1987
[48]化工部北京化工研究院.用于强化沸腾传热的金属多孔表面金属管的制法[P].中国专利：1003522B,1989
[49]Carrier Corporation. Method for manufacturing a high efficiency heat transfer surface and the surface so manufactured[P]. USA:5018573,1991
[50]Pamela A. Kramer. Spray Processing of Porous Medical Devices[P]. USA:163715B1, 2007
[51]Kyung-hyun Ko, Ha-Yong Lee. Porous Coated Member and Manufacturing Method Thereof Using Cold Spray[P]. USA:0240603 A1,2007
[52]陈文造.铝多孔表面管冷凝-蒸发器的应用[J].石油化工设备技术,1993(11)：15-19
[53]李冀.多孔表面管在炼油装置上的应用[J].石油炼制与化工,1999,30(11)：64-65
[54]张宗保,孙小雷,何秀云等.新技术、新工艺在气体分馏装置的应用[J].天津化工,2000(5)：30-32
[55]赵孝保.喷涂多孔表面沸腾传热实验研究[D].南京师大学报(工程技术版),2001,1(3)：12-16
[56]Janusz T. Nucleate pool boiling on porous metallic coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[57]廖丽华,董清波,申传文等.铝多孔表面换热管强化沸腾换热的研究及应用[J].石化技术与应用,2003,21(3)：179-180
[58]杨冬,李斌,陈听宽等.垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数值分析[J].化工学报,2005,56(3)：400-407
[59]武建军,曹晓明,温鸣.现代金属热喷涂技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007
[60]姚德超.粉末冶金实验技术[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1990
[61][苏]И.M.费多尔钦科.粉末冶金原理[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1974
[62]Nishikawa K., Fujita Y., Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer and Its Augmentation, Hartnett J.P., Irvine, Jr., T.F. (Ed.), Advances in Heat Transfer,1990,20:1-82
[63]Thome J.R.. Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer. Hemisphere. New York,1990
[64]刘阿龙,徐宏,王学生等.换热器烧结型表面多孔管综述[J].石油化工设备,2005,34(1)：47-49
[65]Wett.T. High-flux Heat-Exchange Surface Allows Area to be Cut by over 80%[J]. The Oil and Gas Journal,1971,69(52):118-120
[66]Kunio Fujie, Wataru Nakayama. Heat Transfer Wall for Boiling Liquids[P]. USA: 4060125,1977
[67]Manfred Saier, Hans-Werner. Y and T-Finned Tubes and Methods and Apparatus for Their Making[P]. USA:4179911,1979
[68]Janusz T, CieSlinski. Nucleate Pool Boiling on Porous Metallic Coatings[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2002,25(7):557-564
[69]McManus, S.M.Marto, P. J., Wanniarachchi, A.S. Evaluation of Enhanced Heat Transfer Tubing for Use in R-114 Water Chillers[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division,1986,65:11-19
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