大棒材产品孔隙性缺陷形成机理及控制研究
摘要
大棒材产品的内部缺陷是导致最终产品质量不合格的主要原因,心部孔洞及裂纹等孔隙性缺陷是大棒材缺陷的主要形式。大棒材产品心部孔隙性缺陷是大棒材轧制生产过程中经常遇到的问题,严重地影响了产品的质量。
本文系统地分析了棒材心部孔隙性缺陷产生的原因,对冶炼工艺钢中氢含量的控制技术及轧制工艺进行了理论及实验研究。
首次引入相对密度来间接表征轧件内部呈弥散分布的孔隙性缺陷,利用体积可压缩刚塑性有限元法模拟轧制过程中棒材心部相对密度变化情况。
针对生产现场的实际情况,建立了大棒材轧制有限元模拟热力耦合仿真模型,通过对现场轧制过程测试数据的分析,验证所建立模型的可靠性。
采用控制变量法,揭示了温度、密度、压下量、轧制速度、摩擦等工艺参数对心部孔隙性缺陷压实效果的影响规律及提高压实效果的力学机理,为轧制工艺的制定及改进提供了理论依据。
提出了石钢对炼钢VD真空精炼炉(简称VD炉)的控制方法与工艺,确定了真空时间、真空吹氩强度以及炉渣厚度等因素对氢含量的影响,为轧制大棒材提供高质量的坯料。
为分析初始坯料中允许存在(后继可以通过轧制压合)的最大孔隙性缺陷尺寸,对一定轧制工艺下所能压合的棒材心部孔隙性缺陷的极限尺寸进行了模拟研究,为生产中坯料质量的判定提供了依据。
根据石钢现场实际情况,对现有轧制工艺进行优化,模拟结果分析表明采用优化工艺生产的大棒材心部质量得到明显改善。根据优化工艺对石钢原有工艺进行改进,生产实践表明,采用优化工艺后,大棒材孔隙性缺陷得到了有效控制,验证了所用方法的实用性和可靠性。
With rapid development of computer technology and increasingly drastic market The internal defect of big bar is the main reason to cause quality problems of end-products. Porous defects like holes at core and cracks are the main defect forms of big bar. The porous defect at core of big bar is a problem very frequently occurred during production, which influences products quality seriously.
In this paper, the reason to cause porous defects at core of bar is analysed systematically, and the theoretical and experimental research on control of hydrogen content in the molten steel and rolling process are carried out.
The relative density is introduced firstly as indirect token of discrete distributed porous defects in the inner of bar, and volume compressible rigid-plastic finite element method is used to simulate the change of relative density at core of bar.
The finite element simulation thermal-dynamic coupling model is established aiming at the actual situation of plant site, and the reliability of the model is verified through the analysis of data measured during rolling process.
The rule of influence caused by process parameters, such as temperature, density, reduction, rolling speed, friction, etc., to pressing effect of porous defects at core of bar and thermaldynamics mechanism to improve pressing effect are revealed via the experimental simulation through changing parameter values, which provides theoretical basis for setting rolling process and optimization.
The analysis on control of VD refining furnace is performed, and the influence of vacuum time, argon-blowing intensity and slag thickness to hydrogen content is discussed, and the control process of hydrogen content for vacuum treatment in Shigang is defined consequently, and finally high quality bloom is supplied for rolling of big bar.
The utmost dimension of porous defects at bar core that can be pressed under certain rolling process is researched by simulation in order to analyse max.porous defects allowed for rolling stock but later can be pressed through rolling, and provide basis for judgement of stock quality.
The optimization to existing rolling process is made according to actual situation of plant site in Shigang, and the simulation result shows that the quality of bar core is improved obviously. The existing rolling process is improved on the basis of the optimized process, and the production practice indicates that the porous defect of big bar is effectively controlled, and the practicality and reliability of improved process are verified as right solution.
本文系统地分析了棒材心部孔隙性缺陷产生的原因,对冶炼工艺钢中氢含量的控制技术及轧制工艺进行了理论及实验研究。
首次引入相对密度来间接表征轧件内部呈弥散分布的孔隙性缺陷,利用体积可压缩刚塑性有限元法模拟轧制过程中棒材心部相对密度变化情况。
针对生产现场的实际情况,建立了大棒材轧制有限元模拟热力耦合仿真模型,通过对现场轧制过程测试数据的分析,验证所建立模型的可靠性。
采用控制变量法,揭示了温度、密度、压下量、轧制速度、摩擦等工艺参数对心部孔隙性缺陷压实效果的影响规律及提高压实效果的力学机理,为轧制工艺的制定及改进提供了理论依据。
提出了石钢对炼钢VD真空精炼炉(简称VD炉)的控制方法与工艺,确定了真空时间、真空吹氩强度以及炉渣厚度等因素对氢含量的影响,为轧制大棒材提供高质量的坯料。
为分析初始坯料中允许存在(后继可以通过轧制压合)的最大孔隙性缺陷尺寸,对一定轧制工艺下所能压合的棒材心部孔隙性缺陷的极限尺寸进行了模拟研究,为生产中坯料质量的判定提供了依据。
根据石钢现场实际情况,对现有轧制工艺进行优化,模拟结果分析表明采用优化工艺生产的大棒材心部质量得到明显改善。根据优化工艺对石钢原有工艺进行改进,生产实践表明,采用优化工艺后,大棒材孔隙性缺陷得到了有效控制,验证了所用方法的实用性和可靠性。
With rapid development of computer technology and increasingly drastic market The internal defect of big bar is the main reason to cause quality problems of end-products. Porous defects like holes at core and cracks are the main defect forms of big bar. The porous defect at core of big bar is a problem very frequently occurred during production, which influences products quality seriously.
In this paper, the reason to cause porous defects at core of bar is analysed systematically, and the theoretical and experimental research on control of hydrogen content in the molten steel and rolling process are carried out.
The relative density is introduced firstly as indirect token of discrete distributed porous defects in the inner of bar, and volume compressible rigid-plastic finite element method is used to simulate the change of relative density at core of bar.
The finite element simulation thermal-dynamic coupling model is established aiming at the actual situation of plant site, and the reliability of the model is verified through the analysis of data measured during rolling process.
The rule of influence caused by process parameters, such as temperature, density, reduction, rolling speed, friction, etc., to pressing effect of porous defects at core of bar and thermaldynamics mechanism to improve pressing effect are revealed via the experimental simulation through changing parameter values, which provides theoretical basis for setting rolling process and optimization.
The analysis on control of VD refining furnace is performed, and the influence of vacuum time, argon-blowing intensity and slag thickness to hydrogen content is discussed, and the control process of hydrogen content for vacuum treatment in Shigang is defined consequently, and finally high quality bloom is supplied for rolling of big bar.
The utmost dimension of porous defects at bar core that can be pressed under certain rolling process is researched by simulation in order to analyse max.porous defects allowed for rolling stock but later can be pressed through rolling, and provide basis for judgement of stock quality.
The optimization to existing rolling process is made according to actual situation of plant site in Shigang, and the simulation result shows that the quality of bar core is improved obviously. The existing rolling process is improved on the basis of the optimized process, and the production practice indicates that the porous defect of big bar is effectively controlled, and the practicality and reliability of improved process are verified as right solution.
引文
1康永林.轧制工程学.北京:冶金工业出版社,2004:68
2张增全.合金钢棒线材生产中的新工艺技术.中国金属学会第八届轧钢年会,2004:407-410
3王纯.低成本、高效益棒材生产线新模式.中国金属学会2002年全国轧钢生产技术会议暨第
七届轧钢年会,2002:367
4王有铭,李曼云,韦光.钢材的控制轧制和控制冷却.北京:冶金工业出版社,1995:20-34
5翁宇庆.超细晶钢.北京:冶金工业出版社,2003:17-35
6陈建就,贺达伦.现代化宽厚板厂控制轧制和控制冷却技术.宝钢技术,1999,(2):11-15
7李曼云,孙本荣.钢的控制轧制和控制冷却技术手册.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998:1-9
8 S. ZaJac,T. Siwecki,B.Hutchinson.Recrystallization Controlled Rolling and Accelerated Cooling for High Strength and Toughness in V-Ti-N Steels. Metallurgical Transactions,1991,22(11): 2681-2694
9马竹梧.信息化、自动化的进展与钢铁工业自动化.冶金自动化,2003:5-16
10刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:1-9
11 Y.Y. Yang, D.A. Linkens, J. Talamantes-Silva, I.C. Howard, Roll Force and Torque Prediction Using Neural Network and Finite Element Modelling. ISIJ International,2003,43(12): 1957-1966
12 T. Umeda, A. Kitamura, M. Konishi, S.Kanamura, S. Takami. Optimiation Seareh Algorithm of Alloeation Planning for Strip Coils in Hold for Shipmen by Using Operational Know-how. ISIJ International,2001,41(5): 446一453
13 J. Wang, P.J. Jan der Wolk, S. van der Zwaag. Effeets Cooling of Carbon Conecentration and Cooling Rate on Continuous Transformations Predieted by Artifieial Neura’Network. ISIJ International,1999,3(10):1003一1046
14王秀梅,王国栋,刘相华.综合神网络在热连轧机组轧制压力预报中的应用.钢铁研究学报,1998,(10)4:72-74
15施怀国.连续式棒材轧机的技术进步.轧钢,1997,(1):22-25
16钟延珍.我国棒材行业存在的主要问题及对策.轧钢,2000,17(2):3-5
17清水,古贺宗雄.棒钢压延にぉけゐバス,スケズヱ-ル计算の机械化.日立评论, 1971,53(7):11-12
18康永林.轧制工程学.北京:冶金工业出版社,2004:68
19李长生,刘相华,王国栋. 40Cr钢棒材连轧过程温度场有限元模拟.钢铁研究,1999,3:33-36
20宋叔尼,刘相华,张利,等.刚塑性可压缩材料模型热轧过程的逼近问题.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4):420-422
21顾正秋.小型和线材轧制力实用计算公式.轧钢技术通讯,1997,(2):15
22张敬熙.孔型热轧时轧制力的实用计算公式.轧钢,1994,( 5):22-26
23张贵杰,张国滨,梁元成,等.棒材热连轧力能参数的解析.钢铁研究学报,2001,3(2):28-31
24李玉田.影响20MnSi棒材质量原因分析.重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(6):104-106
25袁建路,李文兴,牛士珍,等. 40Cr棒材表面纵裂缺陷的研究.钢铁,2006,41(4):36-39
26张马林,徐小贝,陈联和.大规格圆钢质量分析和控制.湖南冶金,2004,32(2):27-29
27许志强,杜凤山.棒材连轧孔型对产品质量影响的模拟分析.重型机械,2004,(4):46-48
28洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,陈溪强,韩畴,等.连轧大规格合金心棒钢三维热力耦合模拟仿真.钢铁,2002,37(10):23-42
29陈连生,宋进英,任吉堂,等.棒材轧制负荷及组织性能预测研究.塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):69-73
30祁化昆,康建军.改善轧材内裂纹缺陷的研究.河北冶金,2001,121:20-22
31 R. Iankov. Finite Element Simulation of Profile Rolling of Wire. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,142(2):355-361
32 C.S. Li,X.H. Liu,G.D. Wang. Simulation on Temperature Field of 50CrV4 Automobile Gear Bar Steel in Continuous Rolling by FEM. Journal of Material Processing Echnology, 2002,120:26-29
33洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,等.连轧大规格合金心棒钢三维热力耦合模拟仿真.钢铁, 2002,37(10):23-42
34洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,等.椭-圆孔型连轧大圆钢三维热力耦合弹塑性有限元分析.特殊钢,2002,23(5):5-8
35李建超,吴迪,赵宪明.箱型孔轧制方坯的显式动力学有限元模拟.特殊钢,2002,23(2):23-25
36李建超,崔建忠,吴迪,等.椭圆孔轧制方坯的显式动力学模拟.塑性工程学报,2003,10(1):57-59
37李建超,吴迪,赵宪明.箱型孔轧制方坯的显式动力学有限元模拟.特殊钢,2002,23(2):23-25
38王晓瑾.影响挤压硬质合金棒材质量的因素分析.江西冶金,2006,26(6):13-15
39戴晓光.五道次孔型轧制40Cr大圆钢有限元模拟分析.重型机械,2006,1:34-38
40于莉.φ190 mm和φ200 mm不锈钢棒材轧制孔型系统的优化.特殊钢,2007,28(2):58-60
41董永刚,张文志,宋剑锋.棒材轧制时平均轧辊半径的新计算模型.上海金属,2006,28 (6):50-54
42白桦,孟宪举,陈连生,等.基于DEFORM的棒材热轧过程的数值模拟及缺陷分析.轧钢,2008,25(3):28-30
43宋进英,陈连生,高华,等.调质钢棒材组织性能预报软件的开发与应用.河北理工学院学报,2006,28(1):12-18
44王艳文,康永林,任学平,等.棒材四道次连轧过程中轧件变形的三维有限元模拟.材料科学与工艺,1999,7:228-230
45 A Wang, P. F. Thomson, P. D. Hodgson. A study of Pore Closure and Welding in Hot Rolling Process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1996,60:95-102
46 M. Tanaka, S. Ono and M. Tsuneno, A Numerical Analysis on Void Crushing during Side Compression of Round Bar by Flat Dies, Journal of JSTP,1987,28(314):238-244
47唐,刘庄,任猛.大型钢锭内部空洞性缺陷锻合过程的实验研究.机械工程学报,1989, 25(4):47-53
48广升,黄朝晖,白志斌.镦粗过程中孔洞应变分布的光塑性研究.机械工程学报, 1995,31(2): 93-98.
49 G. Banaszek, A. Stefanik, Theoretical and Laboratory Modelling of the Closure of Metallurgical Defects during Forming of a Forging, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2006,177(3):238-242
50黄华贵.大型轧辊高温成形缺陷控制及数值仿真研究.秦皇岛:燕山大学博士学位论文,2007:51-62
51振山,徐秉业,任广升,等.圆柱体内部空洞热锻闭合过程的数值模拟.塑性工程学报,2002,9(1):49-52
52 L. Jinshan, J.Yanagimoto. Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Microstructural Evolution in and after Bar and Shape Rolling Processes. ISIJ International,2002,42(8):868-875
53 C.J. Huang, H. Zhang, Y.J. Nan, et al. A Discussion of the Formation of Ultra-fine Grains in Low-Carbon Steels Based on FE Analysis. Comp. Mater.Sci.,2002,25(3):371-377
54 P.A. Manohar, K. Lim, A.D. Rollett, et al. Computational Exploration of MicrostruvturalEvolution in a Medium C-Mn Steel and Applications to Rod Mill. ISIJ International, 003,43(9):1421-1430
55 W.P. Sun, E.B. Hawbolt. Comparison between Static and Metadynamic Recrystallization—an Application to the Hot Rolling of Steels. ISIJ International,1997,37(10):1000-1004
56杜凤山,王敏婷,李学通.控制轧制过程中显微组织演变的计算机模拟和工艺优化.机械工程学报,2002,38:65-69
57董德元,鹿守理,赵以相.轧制计算机辅助工程.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998:19-25
58 H.C. Kwon, Y.T. Im. Interactive Computer-aided-design System for Roll Pass and Profile Design in Bar Rolling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,123(3):399-405
59王晓兰.世界钢铁的生产与消费.中国科技财富, 2004,(11):26-32
60任学平,康永林.粉末塑性加工原理及其应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998,6(8):71-83
61王祖唐.金属塑性成形理论.北京:机械工业出版社,1989,33(4):24-26
62方刚,雷丽萍,曾攀.金属塑性成型过程韧性断裂的准则及其数值模拟.机械工程学报,2002,S1:528-533
63 C. Maccormack, J. Monaghan. 2D and 3D Finit Element Analysis of a Three Stage Forging Sequence. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,8(2):122-130
64 J.D.Benrardin,I.Mudawar. A Cavity Activation and Bubble Growth Model of the Leidenfrost Point. Jounral of the ASME,2002,12(4):864-887
65陈伟庆,南晓东,张克强.高碳钢连铸小方坯缩孔及中心偏析的研究.河南冶金,2003,11(1):8-11
66贺景春,陈建军,梁志刚.连铸坯裂纹主要影响因素及对策研究.包钢科技,2004, (05):8-13
67张怀宾.矩形坯中间裂纹的控制.河南冶金, 2005,(01):38-53
68韩志强,袁伟霞,韩传基,等.连铸坯内裂纹的形成与防止.连铸, 1999,(06):10-18
69 J.D. Benrardin, Mudawar. The Leidenrfost Point: Experimental Study and Assessment of Existing Models. Journal of the Asme,2002,121:894-903
70 M. Uehara, I.V. Samarasekera, J.K. Brimacombe. Mathematical Modeling of Continulusly Cast Steel Slabs. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1986,13 (3):139-153
71 Deisinger, K.H. Tacke. Unbending of Continuously Cast Slabs with Liquid Core. Ironmaking and steelmaking,1997,24(4):321-328
72 N.A. Mcpberson and Mecer RE. Continuous Casting of Slabs at BSC Ravenscraig Works 1Ironand Steelmaking,1980,(4):167-179.
73 M. Hater, et al. Results From a Curved Mould Continuous Casting Machine Pipe and Plate Steel. AIME,1973,12(02): 202-217
74山中章裕,冈村一男,金泽敬.连铸坯内裂产生的机理.铁&钢,1996,82(12):35-40
75 Mietinen, Jyrki, Louhenkilpi, Seppo. Calculation of Thermophysical Properties of Carbon and Low Alloyed Steels for Modeling of Solidification Processes. Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science,1994,25(6):909-916
76 M. El-Bealy, N. Leskinen, H. Fredriksson. Simulation of Cooling Conditions in Secondary Cooling in Continuous Casting Process. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1995,22(3):246-255
77 M. El-Bealy. On the Mechanism of Halfway Cracks and Macro-Segregation in Continuously Casts Teel Slabs. Metallurgy and foundry engineering,1995,24(3):106-120
78 Louhenkilpi, Seppo, Uoti, Markku, Kytonen, Heli, Vapalahti, Sami. Effect of Thermophysical Material Data on Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting. Modeling of Csating,Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes,2003,43(6):733-740
79李金,谭连兵,小方坯内部裂纹成因研究.湖南冶金,2002,5:24-27
80 V. Drunen, G. Brimacombe, J.K, Weinberg, F. Internal Cracks in Strand-Cast Billets. Ironmaking and Steelmaking (Quarterly),1975,2:125-133
81韩志强,袁伟霞,韩传基,等.连铸坯内裂纹的形成与防止.连铸,1999,(06):3
82 V. Drunen, J.K.Brimacombe, Weinberg, F. Internal Cracks in Strand-Cast Billets. Ironmaking and Steelmaking (Quarterly),1975,2:128-133
83杨玉,陈昕,金纪勇,等.钢中氢含量的测定和分析.鞍钢技术,2008(2):28-30
84 M.K. Mukhopadhyay. Hydrogenin Steel-A Review. IIM Metalnews,2002,5(4):22-23
85毕梦熊.钢中氢致白点及其预防.上海冶金情报,1998,(3):41-49
86赵晗,周小明,陈栋,等. GCr15轴承钢的白点特征.理化检验-物理分册,2005(01) :17-18
87大桥彻郎.连铸坯内部裂纹与表面裂纹的形成机理.钢铁,1982,17(3)674-691
88李殿明,张明祥,陶金波.高拉速方坯内部裂纹产生原因分析.山东冶金,1999,2(1):40-43
89 W. Youngmok, H. Namhan, Tae-Jung YEO and Kyu Hwan OH. Analysis of Solidiifcation Cracking Using the Specific Crack. ISIJ International,2000,40(2):129-136
90 G. K. Sigworth and C. Wang, Mechanisms of Porosity Formation During Solidification: A Theoretical Analysis. Metal. Trans. B,24B,1993,(4):349-364
91马庆贤.高温塑性加工过程中缺陷修复规律.清华大学学报,1999,39 (11) : 94-96
92张永军,韩静涛,任秀平,等. 16Mn钢内裂纹愈合区域的微观分析.北京科技大学学报, 2006,28(2):129-131
93韦东滨,韩静涛,谢建新,等.热塑性变形条件下钢内部裂纹愈合的实验研究.金属学报, 2000,36(6):622-625
94蔡开科.连铸坯裂纹.钢铁,1982,(09) :10
95 S. E. Royzman. Shrinking Stress in a Solidifying Continuous Casting Slab. Steel Technology International,1997,6: 123
96 S. Li, K.W. Gao, L.J. Qiao. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Microcrack Healing in Copper. Comput Mater Sci,2001,202,20(2):143
97 X.G. Li, C.F. Dong, H. Chen. Healing of Hydrogen Attack in Austenite Stainless Steel Under Heat Treatmen. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters),2002,154,15(4):385-390
98赵琼,刘占存.白点的检测、形成原因与预防.一重技术,2005(03):31-32
99 R.J. Frnehan.盛钢桶冶金学.北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:275-300
100菲·阿泰斯.钢水的真空处理.钢铁,1980,(3):17-22
101 J. Fluhrer. User' s Manual. DEFORM3D Version,2003,388:279-360
102李传民,王向里,闫华军. DEFORM5.03金属成形有限元分析实例指导教程.北京:机械工业出版社,2007:1-10
103孙洁,王汝琳,王俊霞.连铸坯裂纹的成因.河北理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(3):42-46
104彭大暑.金属塑性加工原理.长沙:中南大学出版社,2004:110-112
105杜海威,刘凯泉,郭义. DEFORM软件在加工制造业中的应用.一重技术,2008,3:103-105
106郝彦英,董大西,张瑞峰.石钢连铸大方坯内裂纹产生原因及控制途径.河北冶金,2004,1:38-40
107吕日松,董万鹏,陈军.金属塑性成形缺陷的数值模拟预测研究.模具技术,2003,(3):3-4
108蒋国昌.纯净钢及二次精炼.上海:上海科技出版社,1995:76
109徐世铮. VHD精炼GCr15钢造渣制度对氢含量的影响.钢铁,1991,(3):18-21
2张增全.合金钢棒线材生产中的新工艺技术.中国金属学会第八届轧钢年会,2004:407-410
3王纯.低成本、高效益棒材生产线新模式.中国金属学会2002年全国轧钢生产技术会议暨第
七届轧钢年会,2002:367
4王有铭,李曼云,韦光.钢材的控制轧制和控制冷却.北京:冶金工业出版社,1995:20-34
5翁宇庆.超细晶钢.北京:冶金工业出版社,2003:17-35
6陈建就,贺达伦.现代化宽厚板厂控制轧制和控制冷却技术.宝钢技术,1999,(2):11-15
7李曼云,孙本荣.钢的控制轧制和控制冷却技术手册.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998:1-9
8 S. ZaJac,T. Siwecki,B.Hutchinson.Recrystallization Controlled Rolling and Accelerated Cooling for High Strength and Toughness in V-Ti-N Steels. Metallurgical Transactions,1991,22(11): 2681-2694
9马竹梧.信息化、自动化的进展与钢铁工业自动化.冶金自动化,2003:5-16
10刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:1-9
11 Y.Y. Yang, D.A. Linkens, J. Talamantes-Silva, I.C. Howard, Roll Force and Torque Prediction Using Neural Network and Finite Element Modelling. ISIJ International,2003,43(12): 1957-1966
12 T. Umeda, A. Kitamura, M. Konishi, S.Kanamura, S. Takami. Optimiation Seareh Algorithm of Alloeation Planning for Strip Coils in Hold for Shipmen by Using Operational Know-how. ISIJ International,2001,41(5): 446一453
13 J. Wang, P.J. Jan der Wolk, S. van der Zwaag. Effeets Cooling of Carbon Conecentration and Cooling Rate on Continuous Transformations Predieted by Artifieial Neura’Network. ISIJ International,1999,3(10):1003一1046
14王秀梅,王国栋,刘相华.综合神网络在热连轧机组轧制压力预报中的应用.钢铁研究学报,1998,(10)4:72-74
15施怀国.连续式棒材轧机的技术进步.轧钢,1997,(1):22-25
16钟延珍.我国棒材行业存在的主要问题及对策.轧钢,2000,17(2):3-5
17清水,古贺宗雄.棒钢压延にぉけゐバス,スケズヱ-ル计算の机械化.日立评论, 1971,53(7):11-12
18康永林.轧制工程学.北京:冶金工业出版社,2004:68
19李长生,刘相华,王国栋. 40Cr钢棒材连轧过程温度场有限元模拟.钢铁研究,1999,3:33-36
20宋叔尼,刘相华,张利,等.刚塑性可压缩材料模型热轧过程的逼近问题.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4):420-422
21顾正秋.小型和线材轧制力实用计算公式.轧钢技术通讯,1997,(2):15
22张敬熙.孔型热轧时轧制力的实用计算公式.轧钢,1994,( 5):22-26
23张贵杰,张国滨,梁元成,等.棒材热连轧力能参数的解析.钢铁研究学报,2001,3(2):28-31
24李玉田.影响20MnSi棒材质量原因分析.重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(6):104-106
25袁建路,李文兴,牛士珍,等. 40Cr棒材表面纵裂缺陷的研究.钢铁,2006,41(4):36-39
26张马林,徐小贝,陈联和.大规格圆钢质量分析和控制.湖南冶金,2004,32(2):27-29
27许志强,杜凤山.棒材连轧孔型对产品质量影响的模拟分析.重型机械,2004,(4):46-48
28洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,陈溪强,韩畴,等.连轧大规格合金心棒钢三维热力耦合模拟仿真.钢铁,2002,37(10):23-42
29陈连生,宋进英,任吉堂,等.棒材轧制负荷及组织性能预测研究.塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):69-73
30祁化昆,康建军.改善轧材内裂纹缺陷的研究.河北冶金,2001,121:20-22
31 R. Iankov. Finite Element Simulation of Profile Rolling of Wire. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,142(2):355-361
32 C.S. Li,X.H. Liu,G.D. Wang. Simulation on Temperature Field of 50CrV4 Automobile Gear Bar Steel in Continuous Rolling by FEM. Journal of Material Processing Echnology, 2002,120:26-29
33洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,等.连轧大规格合金心棒钢三维热力耦合模拟仿真.钢铁, 2002,37(10):23-42
34洪慧平,康永林,冯长桃,等.椭-圆孔型连轧大圆钢三维热力耦合弹塑性有限元分析.特殊钢,2002,23(5):5-8
35李建超,吴迪,赵宪明.箱型孔轧制方坯的显式动力学有限元模拟.特殊钢,2002,23(2):23-25
36李建超,崔建忠,吴迪,等.椭圆孔轧制方坯的显式动力学模拟.塑性工程学报,2003,10(1):57-59
37李建超,吴迪,赵宪明.箱型孔轧制方坯的显式动力学有限元模拟.特殊钢,2002,23(2):23-25
38王晓瑾.影响挤压硬质合金棒材质量的因素分析.江西冶金,2006,26(6):13-15
39戴晓光.五道次孔型轧制40Cr大圆钢有限元模拟分析.重型机械,2006,1:34-38
40于莉.φ190 mm和φ200 mm不锈钢棒材轧制孔型系统的优化.特殊钢,2007,28(2):58-60
41董永刚,张文志,宋剑锋.棒材轧制时平均轧辊半径的新计算模型.上海金属,2006,28 (6):50-54
42白桦,孟宪举,陈连生,等.基于DEFORM的棒材热轧过程的数值模拟及缺陷分析.轧钢,2008,25(3):28-30
43宋进英,陈连生,高华,等.调质钢棒材组织性能预报软件的开发与应用.河北理工学院学报,2006,28(1):12-18
44王艳文,康永林,任学平,等.棒材四道次连轧过程中轧件变形的三维有限元模拟.材料科学与工艺,1999,7:228-230
45 A Wang, P. F. Thomson, P. D. Hodgson. A study of Pore Closure and Welding in Hot Rolling Process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1996,60:95-102
46 M. Tanaka, S. Ono and M. Tsuneno, A Numerical Analysis on Void Crushing during Side Compression of Round Bar by Flat Dies, Journal of JSTP,1987,28(314):238-244
47唐,刘庄,任猛.大型钢锭内部空洞性缺陷锻合过程的实验研究.机械工程学报,1989, 25(4):47-53
48广升,黄朝晖,白志斌.镦粗过程中孔洞应变分布的光塑性研究.机械工程学报, 1995,31(2): 93-98.
49 G. Banaszek, A. Stefanik, Theoretical and Laboratory Modelling of the Closure of Metallurgical Defects during Forming of a Forging, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2006,177(3):238-242
50黄华贵.大型轧辊高温成形缺陷控制及数值仿真研究.秦皇岛:燕山大学博士学位论文,2007:51-62
51振山,徐秉业,任广升,等.圆柱体内部空洞热锻闭合过程的数值模拟.塑性工程学报,2002,9(1):49-52
52 L. Jinshan, J.Yanagimoto. Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Microstructural Evolution in and after Bar and Shape Rolling Processes. ISIJ International,2002,42(8):868-875
53 C.J. Huang, H. Zhang, Y.J. Nan, et al. A Discussion of the Formation of Ultra-fine Grains in Low-Carbon Steels Based on FE Analysis. Comp. Mater.Sci.,2002,25(3):371-377
54 P.A. Manohar, K. Lim, A.D. Rollett, et al. Computational Exploration of MicrostruvturalEvolution in a Medium C-Mn Steel and Applications to Rod Mill. ISIJ International, 003,43(9):1421-1430
55 W.P. Sun, E.B. Hawbolt. Comparison between Static and Metadynamic Recrystallization—an Application to the Hot Rolling of Steels. ISIJ International,1997,37(10):1000-1004
56杜凤山,王敏婷,李学通.控制轧制过程中显微组织演变的计算机模拟和工艺优化.机械工程学报,2002,38:65-69
57董德元,鹿守理,赵以相.轧制计算机辅助工程.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998:19-25
58 H.C. Kwon, Y.T. Im. Interactive Computer-aided-design System for Roll Pass and Profile Design in Bar Rolling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,123(3):399-405
59王晓兰.世界钢铁的生产与消费.中国科技财富, 2004,(11):26-32
60任学平,康永林.粉末塑性加工原理及其应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1998,6(8):71-83
61王祖唐.金属塑性成形理论.北京:机械工业出版社,1989,33(4):24-26
62方刚,雷丽萍,曾攀.金属塑性成型过程韧性断裂的准则及其数值模拟.机械工程学报,2002,S1:528-533
63 C. Maccormack, J. Monaghan. 2D and 3D Finit Element Analysis of a Three Stage Forging Sequence. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,8(2):122-130
64 J.D.Benrardin,I.Mudawar. A Cavity Activation and Bubble Growth Model of the Leidenfrost Point. Jounral of the ASME,2002,12(4):864-887
65陈伟庆,南晓东,张克强.高碳钢连铸小方坯缩孔及中心偏析的研究.河南冶金,2003,11(1):8-11
66贺景春,陈建军,梁志刚.连铸坯裂纹主要影响因素及对策研究.包钢科技,2004, (05):8-13
67张怀宾.矩形坯中间裂纹的控制.河南冶金, 2005,(01):38-53
68韩志强,袁伟霞,韩传基,等.连铸坯内裂纹的形成与防止.连铸, 1999,(06):10-18
69 J.D. Benrardin, Mudawar. The Leidenrfost Point: Experimental Study and Assessment of Existing Models. Journal of the Asme,2002,121:894-903
70 M. Uehara, I.V. Samarasekera, J.K. Brimacombe. Mathematical Modeling of Continulusly Cast Steel Slabs. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1986,13 (3):139-153
71 Deisinger, K.H. Tacke. Unbending of Continuously Cast Slabs with Liquid Core. Ironmaking and steelmaking,1997,24(4):321-328
72 N.A. Mcpberson and Mecer RE. Continuous Casting of Slabs at BSC Ravenscraig Works 1Ironand Steelmaking,1980,(4):167-179.
73 M. Hater, et al. Results From a Curved Mould Continuous Casting Machine Pipe and Plate Steel. AIME,1973,12(02): 202-217
74山中章裕,冈村一男,金泽敬.连铸坯内裂产生的机理.铁&钢,1996,82(12):35-40
75 Mietinen, Jyrki, Louhenkilpi, Seppo. Calculation of Thermophysical Properties of Carbon and Low Alloyed Steels for Modeling of Solidification Processes. Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science,1994,25(6):909-916
76 M. El-Bealy, N. Leskinen, H. Fredriksson. Simulation of Cooling Conditions in Secondary Cooling in Continuous Casting Process. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1995,22(3):246-255
77 M. El-Bealy. On the Mechanism of Halfway Cracks and Macro-Segregation in Continuously Casts Teel Slabs. Metallurgy and foundry engineering,1995,24(3):106-120
78 Louhenkilpi, Seppo, Uoti, Markku, Kytonen, Heli, Vapalahti, Sami. Effect of Thermophysical Material Data on Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting. Modeling of Csating,Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes,2003,43(6):733-740
79李金,谭连兵,小方坯内部裂纹成因研究.湖南冶金,2002,5:24-27
80 V. Drunen, G. Brimacombe, J.K, Weinberg, F. Internal Cracks in Strand-Cast Billets. Ironmaking and Steelmaking (Quarterly),1975,2:125-133
81韩志强,袁伟霞,韩传基,等.连铸坯内裂纹的形成与防止.连铸,1999,(06):3
82 V. Drunen, J.K.Brimacombe, Weinberg, F. Internal Cracks in Strand-Cast Billets. Ironmaking and Steelmaking (Quarterly),1975,2:128-133
83杨玉,陈昕,金纪勇,等.钢中氢含量的测定和分析.鞍钢技术,2008(2):28-30
84 M.K. Mukhopadhyay. Hydrogenin Steel-A Review. IIM Metalnews,2002,5(4):22-23
85毕梦熊.钢中氢致白点及其预防.上海冶金情报,1998,(3):41-49
86赵晗,周小明,陈栋,等. GCr15轴承钢的白点特征.理化检验-物理分册,2005(01) :17-18
87大桥彻郎.连铸坯内部裂纹与表面裂纹的形成机理.钢铁,1982,17(3)674-691
88李殿明,张明祥,陶金波.高拉速方坯内部裂纹产生原因分析.山东冶金,1999,2(1):40-43
89 W. Youngmok, H. Namhan, Tae-Jung YEO and Kyu Hwan OH. Analysis of Solidiifcation Cracking Using the Specific Crack. ISIJ International,2000,40(2):129-136
90 G. K. Sigworth and C. Wang, Mechanisms of Porosity Formation During Solidification: A Theoretical Analysis. Metal. Trans. B,24B,1993,(4):349-364
91马庆贤.高温塑性加工过程中缺陷修复规律.清华大学学报,1999,39 (11) : 94-96
92张永军,韩静涛,任秀平,等. 16Mn钢内裂纹愈合区域的微观分析.北京科技大学学报, 2006,28(2):129-131
93韦东滨,韩静涛,谢建新,等.热塑性变形条件下钢内部裂纹愈合的实验研究.金属学报, 2000,36(6):622-625
94蔡开科.连铸坯裂纹.钢铁,1982,(09) :10
95 S. E. Royzman. Shrinking Stress in a Solidifying Continuous Casting Slab. Steel Technology International,1997,6: 123
96 S. Li, K.W. Gao, L.J. Qiao. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Microcrack Healing in Copper. Comput Mater Sci,2001,202,20(2):143
97 X.G. Li, C.F. Dong, H. Chen. Healing of Hydrogen Attack in Austenite Stainless Steel Under Heat Treatmen. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters),2002,154,15(4):385-390
98赵琼,刘占存.白点的检测、形成原因与预防.一重技术,2005(03):31-32
99 R.J. Frnehan.盛钢桶冶金学.北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:275-300
100菲·阿泰斯.钢水的真空处理.钢铁,1980,(3):17-22
101 J. Fluhrer. User' s Manual. DEFORM3D Version,2003,388:279-360
102李传民,王向里,闫华军. DEFORM5.03金属成形有限元分析实例指导教程.北京:机械工业出版社,2007:1-10
103孙洁,王汝琳,王俊霞.连铸坯裂纹的成因.河北理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(3):42-46
104彭大暑.金属塑性加工原理.长沙:中南大学出版社,2004:110-112
105杜海威,刘凯泉,郭义. DEFORM软件在加工制造业中的应用.一重技术,2008,3:103-105
106郝彦英,董大西,张瑞峰.石钢连铸大方坯内裂纹产生原因及控制途径.河北冶金,2004,1:38-40
107吕日松,董万鹏,陈军.金属塑性成形缺陷的数值模拟预测研究.模具技术,2003,(3):3-4
108蒋国昌.纯净钢及二次精炼.上海:上海科技出版社,1995:76
109徐世铮. VHD精炼GCr15钢造渣制度对氢含量的影响.钢铁,1991,(3):18-21