区域地表水水环境质量评价研究
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摘要
区域地表水水环境质量评价是水文学及水资源科学的重要组成部分,是水资源规划、开发、利用、保护和管理的基础工作,可为国民经济和社会发展提供有关水资源及水环境方面的决策依据。
本文论述了当前国内外常用的水质评价方法的应用状况以及水质评价工作中存在的问题和不足;全面分析了水环境质量评价的理论体系;并重点探讨了基于复杂理论的水质评价方法在区域地表水水质综合评价中的应用。主要包含以下内容:
(1)归纳总结了区域地表水水质评价的思路、方法及程序。从评价依据及标准、评价因子的选取及权重的确定、评价代表值的确定、方法的选择等方面,提出了较为科学全面的评价理论体系。
(2)在综合考虑当前多种水质评价模型,分析不同评价方法的适用范围和优缺点的基础上,选用了TOPSIS法和物元分析评价模型,介绍这两种综合评价模型的原理及构建过程,并在实际运用中对这两种评价方法进行改进。主要以三峡水库重庆段为例来说明所选模型的可行性,论证模型的适用性。对不同方法的评价结果进行对比分析,研究表明两种评价方法得出的断面水质类别基本一致,个别监测断面用物元分析法综合评价的水质类别略差于TOPSIS法。评价结果显示研究区域地表水水体干流段丰水期水质较差,干流各监测断面水质基本超过Ⅲ类水质标准;而支流各监测断面水质较好,基本满足水质目标管理的要求。
(3)区域主要污染物的趋势分析研究及原因分析。从整体上来看,2008年三峡水库重庆段干流段水质污染程度丰水期重于平水期和枯水期,所选水质指标浓度含量沿程大体呈下降变化趋势。采用季节性Kendall检验法对研究区域的主要污染指标总磷、高锰酸盐指数和石油类进行水质趋势分析。结果显示库区江段水质参数浓度趋势以下降变化为主,表明库区江段总体水质状况6年来基本趋于好转。
Regional surface water environmental quality assessment is an important part of Hydrology and Water Resources, and it is the basic work of planning, development, utilization, protection and management of water resource.It provides the decision-making of water resources and water environment for national economic and social development.
This paper relates to the application status, problems and insufficiency of regional surface water quality evaluation method in domestic and foreign. It has a comprehensive analysis of the technical framework of water environmental quality assessment, and it is discussed that the application of the quality assessment methods based on complex theory, It mainly includes the following content.
(1)It is summarized that strategy, methods, and procedures of the regional surface water quality evaluation, in terms of evaluation standard, the selection of evaluation factors, weight determination, representative value selection and the method etc. And the scientific theoretical system of the comprehensive assessment is proposed.
(2) On the basis of the comprehensive consideration of water quality evaluation model, and the analysis of the different evaluation method and its advantages and disadvantages. The improved TOPSIS method and matter-element evaluation model are selected, the principle and construction process of the two comprehensive evaluation models are described. And then the models are applied on evaluating the water quality of the Chongqing section of the three Gorges Reservoir to demonstrate its feasibility and applicability. It is intimated that the different methods of comparative analysis has coherence to results,except the grade of water quality of some monitoring sections is lower by the method of matter-element evaluation model than the improved TOPSIS. And it is showed that the water quality in the mainstream of the survey region is worse, and the grade of most of the water quality monitoring sections is exceedⅢ,but the water quality in the tributary river section is generally in good condition ,and reach the management goal of water quality.
(3) The variation trend of water quality and its influence factors were analyzed. The water quality is generally worse in the high-water period than in the drought period and the level period, and the density variation trend of the selected water quality indexes in three water period primary showed a decreasing trend. It is analysed on water quality trend of the concentrations of Total Phosphorus、Permanganate Index and oil type in the survey region using the method of seasonal Kendall test. The result shows that the concentrations trend primary showed a decreasing change, indicting that the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir was getting better in general during the past six years.
本文论述了当前国内外常用的水质评价方法的应用状况以及水质评价工作中存在的问题和不足;全面分析了水环境质量评价的理论体系;并重点探讨了基于复杂理论的水质评价方法在区域地表水水质综合评价中的应用。主要包含以下内容:
(1)归纳总结了区域地表水水质评价的思路、方法及程序。从评价依据及标准、评价因子的选取及权重的确定、评价代表值的确定、方法的选择等方面,提出了较为科学全面的评价理论体系。
(2)在综合考虑当前多种水质评价模型,分析不同评价方法的适用范围和优缺点的基础上,选用了TOPSIS法和物元分析评价模型,介绍这两种综合评价模型的原理及构建过程,并在实际运用中对这两种评价方法进行改进。主要以三峡水库重庆段为例来说明所选模型的可行性,论证模型的适用性。对不同方法的评价结果进行对比分析,研究表明两种评价方法得出的断面水质类别基本一致,个别监测断面用物元分析法综合评价的水质类别略差于TOPSIS法。评价结果显示研究区域地表水水体干流段丰水期水质较差,干流各监测断面水质基本超过Ⅲ类水质标准;而支流各监测断面水质较好,基本满足水质目标管理的要求。
(3)区域主要污染物的趋势分析研究及原因分析。从整体上来看,2008年三峡水库重庆段干流段水质污染程度丰水期重于平水期和枯水期,所选水质指标浓度含量沿程大体呈下降变化趋势。采用季节性Kendall检验法对研究区域的主要污染指标总磷、高锰酸盐指数和石油类进行水质趋势分析。结果显示库区江段水质参数浓度趋势以下降变化为主,表明库区江段总体水质状况6年来基本趋于好转。
Regional surface water environmental quality assessment is an important part of Hydrology and Water Resources, and it is the basic work of planning, development, utilization, protection and management of water resource.It provides the decision-making of water resources and water environment for national economic and social development.
This paper relates to the application status, problems and insufficiency of regional surface water quality evaluation method in domestic and foreign. It has a comprehensive analysis of the technical framework of water environmental quality assessment, and it is discussed that the application of the quality assessment methods based on complex theory, It mainly includes the following content.
(1)It is summarized that strategy, methods, and procedures of the regional surface water quality evaluation, in terms of evaluation standard, the selection of evaluation factors, weight determination, representative value selection and the method etc. And the scientific theoretical system of the comprehensive assessment is proposed.
(2) On the basis of the comprehensive consideration of water quality evaluation model, and the analysis of the different evaluation method and its advantages and disadvantages. The improved TOPSIS method and matter-element evaluation model are selected, the principle and construction process of the two comprehensive evaluation models are described. And then the models are applied on evaluating the water quality of the Chongqing section of the three Gorges Reservoir to demonstrate its feasibility and applicability. It is intimated that the different methods of comparative analysis has coherence to results,except the grade of water quality of some monitoring sections is lower by the method of matter-element evaluation model than the improved TOPSIS. And it is showed that the water quality in the mainstream of the survey region is worse, and the grade of most of the water quality monitoring sections is exceedⅢ,but the water quality in the tributary river section is generally in good condition ,and reach the management goal of water quality.
(3) The variation trend of water quality and its influence factors were analyzed. The water quality is generally worse in the high-water period than in the drought period and the level period, and the density variation trend of the selected water quality indexes in three water period primary showed a decreasing trend. It is analysed on water quality trend of the concentrations of Total Phosphorus、Permanganate Index and oil type in the survey region using the method of seasonal Kendall test. The result shows that the concentrations trend primary showed a decreasing change, indicting that the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir was getting better in general during the past six years.
引文
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[6]丁桑岚.环境评价概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001,99-100.
[7]高学民.长江沿程河湖及城市内河水质评价与模拟研究[D].硕士论文,北京:北京大学,2000.
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[9]刘荣珍,赵军.模糊评价模型在长江水质评价中的应用[J].环境工程,2003,20(2):59-61.
[10]郑建青.水环境质量评价的灰色局势决策法[J].科技与管理,2003(3):29-30.
[11]胡国华,夏军.河流水质风险评价的灰色一随机风险率方法[J].地理科学,2002,2(22):249-252.
[12]肖晓柏,许学工.地表水环境质量灰关联评价方法探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2003,26(3):34-36.
[13]李志霞.用灰色局势决策理论对我国六湖泊营养化程度的分析与评价[J].燕山大学学报,2004,28(3):269-272.
[14]Robert O .Sylvester.ComPuter analysis of water quality data[J].Joumal of Water Pollution Control Federation,1962,34(6):605-612.
[15]门宝辉,梁川.水质量评价的物元分析法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,35(3):358-361.
[16]付强,赵小勇.投影寻踪模型原理及其应用[M].北京,科学出版社,2006.
[17]李柞泳,丁晶,彭荔红.环境质量评价原理与方法[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[18]崔振才,程兴奇,杜守建等.应用逼近理想解法综合评价水环境质量[J].水资源保护,2006,22(4):50-51.
[19]张文鸽.水质评价的人工神经网络方法[J].东北水利水电,200,22(243):42-45.
[20]W.J.Walley, V.N.Fontama.Neural network Predictors of average score per taxon and number of families at unpolluted river sites in Great Britain[J].water Research,1998 ,32(3):613-622.
[21]董曼玲,黄胜伟.径向基函数神经网络在水质评价中的应用[J].环境科学与术,2003,26(l):23-25.
[22]Dominic M.Di Toro.Probability model of stream quality due to Runoff [J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1984,110(3):607-628.
[23]申献辰,邹晓雯,杜霞.中国地表水资源质量评价方法的研究[J].水利学报2002,12:63-64.
[24]申献辰,邹晓雯,杜霞.中国地表水资源质量评价方法的研究[J].水利学报,2002,12:64-65.
[25]易文林.水质数据合理性检验方法与水环境管理系统研究—以太湖流域为例[D].河海大学.硕士学位论文.2006.
[26]冀天保,《环保知识与工作问答》[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1987,6.
[27]卢文喜,李俊等.逐步判别分析法在筛选水质评价因子中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2009,1(1):127.
[28]高学民.长江沿程河湖及城市内河水质评价与模拟研究[D].北京大学博士学位论文,2000.
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