论政府行政行为的道德调控
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摘要
政府在社会生活中处于领导地位，其行为对社会生活起着规范、导向的作用；同时，在目前我国由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中，由于各种道德规范严重失衡，加上行政制度不全等种种原因导致各级政府行政行为活动中出现了大量的行政不公、行政不廉、行政不俭、行政不实等群体道德失范现象，不仅严重地损害了政府形象，而且对社会生活造成了极大的危害。毫无疑问，政府行政行为的道德失范现象的存在，必然会对政府自身机体及政府治理的效果等方面产生严重影响，并且，我国当前的道德理论和道德实践的建设偏重于个体道德行为，对群体道德行为相对重视不够，甚至把群体道德行为排斥在道德行为研究体系之外，这与我国改革开放以来的社会现实情况不相适应。因此，加强对政府行政行为的道德调控，不仅是理论建设和社会实践的需要，而且也是“以德治国”治国方略的重要体现。
首先，必须明确政府行政行为所应遵循的基本行政道德原则。即政府行政行为应当遵循公正的行政原则，弘扬民主精神的行政原则和坚持诚信的行政原则。
为此，政府在行政过程中应确立为民谋利、为民服务、为民守信和为民负责的行政道德理念；面对利益冲突，通过建立相应的道德选择的内在准则和良好的外在氛围，从内外两方面促使政府做出更有利于人民利益的道德选择；并且，通过建立政府行政行为道德评价的内在标准和外在环境，进一步强化公众舆论和大众媒介传播对政府行政行为的道德评价的作用，使我国政府行政行为更能体现社会主义国家的优越性，朝着公正、弘扬民主精神、诚信的方向积极迈进。
The government is the leader of the social living, its action also standards and guides the social living ; at the same time, in the cause of our country being in the transform from the Planned Economy to the Marketed Economy, because varies of moral standards lost theirs balance and the administrative institutions were not perfect, there appeared plenty of immoral phenomena in the administrative action of the government, such as administrating unfairly; administrating dishonestly; administrating extravagantly; administrating deceived. These phenomena strongly damaged the governmental figure and harmed the social living. So that, with no doubt, the existing of the immoral phenomena in the administrative action of the government will strongly influence the governing organize and the governing effects. And currently our construction of the moral theory and the moral practice always emphasizes on the individual moral action, and neglects the group moral action, even eliminates it from the research of the moral
action system. Which is not adapting the social real situation of our county from the Reform and Open. So that, to strengthening the moral adjusting and controlling for the administrative action of the government is not only the need of theory construction and social practice, but also the important reflection of the governing policy of Ethical Government.
Firstly, we should make clear the fundamental administrative moral
principals for the administrative action of the government. Such as, following the fair administrative principals, carrying forward the democracy spirit administrative principals, insisting on the honesty and credit administrative principals.
So that, the government should set up the administrative moral conception, such as making benefits for the people, serving for the people, crediting for the people and being responsible for the people; Facing the benefits confliction, the government sets up corresponding intrinsic standards and extrinsic atmosphere. From these two sides, we can accelerates the government to select the moral choice, which can better benefited the people; and the government sets up the intrinsic criterion and extrinsic circumstance for the moral asses, which can further reinforce the use of the public opinion and the public media propagate to asses the administrative action of the government. It can let the administrative action of our government better show the superiority of the socialism country, and make it to stride forward the direction of fair, carrying forward the democracy spirit and honesty and credit.
首先，必须明确政府行政行为所应遵循的基本行政道德原则。即政府行政行为应当遵循公正的行政原则，弘扬民主精神的行政原则和坚持诚信的行政原则。
为此，政府在行政过程中应确立为民谋利、为民服务、为民守信和为民负责的行政道德理念；面对利益冲突，通过建立相应的道德选择的内在准则和良好的外在氛围，从内外两方面促使政府做出更有利于人民利益的道德选择；并且，通过建立政府行政行为道德评价的内在标准和外在环境，进一步强化公众舆论和大众媒介传播对政府行政行为的道德评价的作用，使我国政府行政行为更能体现社会主义国家的优越性，朝着公正、弘扬民主精神、诚信的方向积极迈进。
The government is the leader of the social living, its action also standards and guides the social living ; at the same time, in the cause of our country being in the transform from the Planned Economy to the Marketed Economy, because varies of moral standards lost theirs balance and the administrative institutions were not perfect, there appeared plenty of immoral phenomena in the administrative action of the government, such as administrating unfairly; administrating dishonestly; administrating extravagantly; administrating deceived. These phenomena strongly damaged the governmental figure and harmed the social living. So that, with no doubt, the existing of the immoral phenomena in the administrative action of the government will strongly influence the governing organize and the governing effects. And currently our construction of the moral theory and the moral practice always emphasizes on the individual moral action, and neglects the group moral action, even eliminates it from the research of the moral
action system. Which is not adapting the social real situation of our county from the Reform and Open. So that, to strengthening the moral adjusting and controlling for the administrative action of the government is not only the need of theory construction and social practice, but also the important reflection of the governing policy of Ethical Government.
Firstly, we should make clear the fundamental administrative moral
principals for the administrative action of the government. Such as, following the fair administrative principals, carrying forward the democracy spirit administrative principals, insisting on the honesty and credit administrative principals.
So that, the government should set up the administrative moral conception, such as making benefits for the people, serving for the people, crediting for the people and being responsible for the people; Facing the benefits confliction, the government sets up corresponding intrinsic standards and extrinsic atmosphere. From these two sides, we can accelerates the government to select the moral choice, which can better benefited the people; and the government sets up the intrinsic criterion and extrinsic circumstance for the moral asses, which can further reinforce the use of the public opinion and the public media propagate to asses the administrative action of the government. It can let the administrative action of our government better show the superiority of the socialism country, and make it to stride forward the direction of fair, carrying forward the democracy spirit and honesty and credit.
引文
[1] [美] 约翰·罗尔斯．正义论．何怀宏译．北京：中国社科出版，1988．
[2] [美] 特里·L·库珀．行政伦理学：实现行政责任的途径．张秀琴译．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2001
[3] [古希腊] 亚里士多德全集 (第八卷)．苗力田译．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1994．
[4] [日] 岩崎允胤．人的尊严、价值以及实现．刘奔译．北京：当代中国出版社，1998
[5] [法] 贝尔纳·古尔内．行政学．江振霄译．北京：商务印书馆，1995
[6] [美] 阿尔蒙得·小鲍威尔．当代比较政治学．林智译．商务印书馆，1993．49
[7] [德] 马克斯·韦伯．新教伦理与资本主义精神．黄晓京译．陕西：陕西大学出版社，2002
[8] [法] 拉法格．思想起源论．王子野译．北京：三联书店出版社，1963．
[9] Small, J. Political Ethics. Cambridge, Mass. : Havard University Press. 1960
[10] Thompson. D. F. The possible of Administrative Ethics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Universtity Press. 1992
[11] Wakeflied, S. Ethics and the Public Sevice: A case for individual Responsibility, New York: Free Press. 1981
[12] Waldo. D. Reflections on Public Morality. Syracusē, N. y. : Syraruse Universty Press 1976
[13] 罗国杰．伦理学教程．北京：中国人民大学出版，1985
[14] 王伟．行政伦理概述．北京：人民出版社．2001
[15] 王伟．我们面临的道德选择．北京：人民出版社，1988
[16] 王惠岩．政治学原理．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[17] 崔裕蒙．决策新论．吉林：延边大学出版社，2001
[18] 何怀宏．伦理学是什么．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[19] 辛向阳．红墙决策．北京：中国经济出版社，1998
[20] 江超庸．行政管理学案例教程．广州：中山大学出版社，2001
[21] 甘绍平．伦理智慧．北京：中国发展出版社，2000
[22] 王浦劬．政治学基础．北京：北京大学出版社，1995
[23] 黄卫平．当代中国政治研究报告．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2002
[24] 程立显．伦理学与社会公正．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[25] 罗德刚．行政伦理的理论与实践研究．北京：国家行政学院，2002
[26] 张康之．寻找公共行政的伦理视角．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002
[27] 彭和平．现代行政管理．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1995
[28] 彭澎．政府角色论．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002
[29] 丁煌．西方行政学说史．湖北：武汉大学出版社，1999
[30] 张康之．论公共行政的道德责任．行政论坛．2001．(4)
[31] 张康之．论作为行政伦理原则的民主范畴．天津社会科学．1998．(6)
[32] 张康之．论公共行政的道德责任．行政论坛．2001．(4)
[33] 张康之．论行政道德缺失的根源．甘肃理论学刊．97．(4)
[34] 王伟．行政伦理界说北京行政学院学报．1994．(4)
[35] 李景鹏．论权力分析在政治学研究的地位．政治学．1996．(4)
[36] 杨雪娉．当代道德理念系统建设．南昌大学学报．1997．(7)
[37] 高兆明．简论道德失范的范畴．道德与文明．1999．(6)
[38] 于仁伯．转变职能建立诚信政府．中央社会主义学院学报．2002．(4)
[39] 于远何．构建诚信社会和诚信政府．党政干部学刊．2002．(8)
[40] 孟华．论行政公正．求实．1998．(3)
[41] 孟兰芬．关于道德选择的几个问题．道德与文明．1998．(4)
[42] 彪晓红．社会转型与道德选择．陕西师范大学学报．1998．(9)
[43] 陈炳水．论政府行政行为的规范化建设．社会科学．2002．(1)
[44] 马国荣．WTO与中国政府行政行为规范．公共行政．1998．(4)
[45] 陈奇彪．WTO对我国政府行政行为的影响．行政与法．2002．(10)
[46] 董吉渝．试析转型时期地方政府行政行为．地方政府管理．1997．(10)
[47] 何建华．论道德冲突中的行为选择．道德与文明．1998．(2)
[48] 王运生．当代民主行政的价值、构架与生态环境．中国行政管理．2000．(6)
[2] [美] 特里·L·库珀．行政伦理学：实现行政责任的途径．张秀琴译．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2001
[3] [古希腊] 亚里士多德全集 (第八卷)．苗力田译．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1994．
[4] [日] 岩崎允胤．人的尊严、价值以及实现．刘奔译．北京：当代中国出版社，1998
[5] [法] 贝尔纳·古尔内．行政学．江振霄译．北京：商务印书馆，1995
[6] [美] 阿尔蒙得·小鲍威尔．当代比较政治学．林智译．商务印书馆，1993．49
[7] [德] 马克斯·韦伯．新教伦理与资本主义精神．黄晓京译．陕西：陕西大学出版社，2002
[8] [法] 拉法格．思想起源论．王子野译．北京：三联书店出版社，1963．
[9] Small, J. Political Ethics. Cambridge, Mass. : Havard University Press. 1960
[10] Thompson. D. F. The possible of Administrative Ethics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Universtity Press. 1992
[11] Wakeflied, S. Ethics and the Public Sevice: A case for individual Responsibility, New York: Free Press. 1981
[12] Waldo. D. Reflections on Public Morality. Syracusē, N. y. : Syraruse Universty Press 1976
[13] 罗国杰．伦理学教程．北京：中国人民大学出版，1985
[14] 王伟．行政伦理概述．北京：人民出版社．2001
[15] 王伟．我们面临的道德选择．北京：人民出版社，1988
[16] 王惠岩．政治学原理．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[17] 崔裕蒙．决策新论．吉林：延边大学出版社，2001
[18] 何怀宏．伦理学是什么．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[19] 辛向阳．红墙决策．北京：中国经济出版社，1998
[20] 江超庸．行政管理学案例教程．广州：中山大学出版社，2001
[21] 甘绍平．伦理智慧．北京：中国发展出版社，2000
[22] 王浦劬．政治学基础．北京：北京大学出版社，1995
[23] 黄卫平．当代中国政治研究报告．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2002
[24] 程立显．伦理学与社会公正．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[25] 罗德刚．行政伦理的理论与实践研究．北京：国家行政学院，2002
[26] 张康之．寻找公共行政的伦理视角．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002
[27] 彭和平．现代行政管理．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1995
[28] 彭澎．政府角色论．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002
[29] 丁煌．西方行政学说史．湖北：武汉大学出版社，1999
[30] 张康之．论公共行政的道德责任．行政论坛．2001．(4)
[31] 张康之．论作为行政伦理原则的民主范畴．天津社会科学．1998．(6)
[32] 张康之．论公共行政的道德责任．行政论坛．2001．(4)
[33] 张康之．论行政道德缺失的根源．甘肃理论学刊．97．(4)
[34] 王伟．行政伦理界说北京行政学院学报．1994．(4)
[35] 李景鹏．论权力分析在政治学研究的地位．政治学．1996．(4)
[36] 杨雪娉．当代道德理念系统建设．南昌大学学报．1997．(7)
[37] 高兆明．简论道德失范的范畴．道德与文明．1999．(6)
[38] 于仁伯．转变职能建立诚信政府．中央社会主义学院学报．2002．(4)
[39] 于远何．构建诚信社会和诚信政府．党政干部学刊．2002．(8)
[40] 孟华．论行政公正．求实．1998．(3)
[41] 孟兰芬．关于道德选择的几个问题．道德与文明．1998．(4)
[42] 彪晓红．社会转型与道德选择．陕西师范大学学报．1998．(9)
[43] 陈炳水．论政府行政行为的规范化建设．社会科学．2002．(1)
[44] 马国荣．WTO与中国政府行政行为规范．公共行政．1998．(4)
[45] 陈奇彪．WTO对我国政府行政行为的影响．行政与法．2002．(10)
[46] 董吉渝．试析转型时期地方政府行政行为．地方政府管理．1997．(10)
[47] 何建华．论道德冲突中的行为选择．道德与文明．1998．(2)
[48] 王运生．当代民主行政的价值、构架与生态环境．中国行政管理．2000．(6)