辽西中生代火山岩年代学及地球化学研究
摘要
前人对中国东部幔源包体的研究已揭示了在显生宙期间中国东部岩石圈减薄了约100km，然而对岩石圈减薄的时间和机制尚存在争议。辽西地区出露有大量的不同时代的中生代火山岩，它们地球化学性质的演化能够对华北北缘岩石圈减薄的时间和机制给以制约。因此，本文对辽西中生代火山岩进行了年代学和地球化学研究。
1．初步建立辽西中生代火山作用的年代学格架
本文对辽西中生代四期火山岩和两个含珍稀化石层位火山岩进行了精确的锆石U-Pb SHRIMP和全岩Ar-Ar定年，结果为：兴隆沟组(～176 Ma)、蓝旗组(166-153 Ma)、义县组(125-122 Ma)、张老公屯(～106 Ma)、道虎沟含珍稀化石层(～165Ma)、义县组含珍稀化石层(～125Ma)。结合已发表的年代学数据，初步建立了辽西地区中生代火山作用的年代学格架，辽西地区中生代共有四次岩浆事件，分别是(176Ma)、(166-148 Ma)，(132-120 Ma)，(～106 Ma)。并确定了辽西热河生物群的时代归属为早白垩世；道虎沟生物群的时代归属为中侏罗世，它对应蓝旗组下部或海房沟组上部层位。
2．辽西中生代各期火山岩的地球化学特征及成因
兴隆沟组安山岩：属于富镁的埃达克质岩石，除具有典型埃达克岩(adakite)的特征(如：SiO_2％＞56％，Al_3O_2％＞15％，MgO＜3％，Y＜18 ppm，Yb＜1．9 ppm，Sr＞400 ppm，无Eu负异常)外，还表现出高Mg~#(0．57)，Cr(156 ppm)、Ni(82．2 ppm)含量的特点，表明其源区有石榴石残留，且岩浆上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生过反应。在同位素方面，兴隆沟组安山岩具有中等富集~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr为0．706597，不太低的ε_(Nd)(T)为-1．5和高放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb=18．211，~(207)pb／~(204)pb=15．554和~(208)pb／~(204)pb=38．176)，这一特征反映了其源区Sr-Nd-Pb同位素性质，因此其源区应是底垫在华北克拉通之下的古老洋壳。
蓝旗组粗面玄武岩和玄武质粗安岩：具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．5，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3，~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．5)，中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(T)值(～-12)，富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)，亏损高场强元素(HFSE)，低Ce／Pb比值(＜10)的特征，表现出强烈的下地壳特征而并非富集岩石圈地幔的特征，指示了其形成过程中有下地壳物质的加入。同时它们还具有低MgO、Cr、Ni含量，亏损Th、U的特征，指示其在岩浆演化过程中经历了强烈的橄榄石结晶分异和同化混染华北下地壳麻粒岩的过程，反映此时发生了一次玄武岩浆的底侵作用，这一过程使得该区镁铁质下地壳发生增厚。
蓝旗组粗面安山岩：不属于埃达克质岩石，它以高Al_2O_3(＞16％)，低MgO(＜2．5％)，低Cr(＜1 ppm)和Ni(＜7 ppm)含量为特征，与兴隆沟组安山岩有显著不同，具有明显Eu负异常，Sr-Nd-Pb同位素与该组玄武岩相似表现为中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr初始比值(0．704～0．706)，低ε_(Nd)(T)值(-13～-10)，低放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．6，~(207)pb＜~(204)pb＜15．4和~(208)pb＜~(204)pb＜36．8)，表明其是华北麻粒岩相下地壳部分熔融的产物。熔融过程所需热量可能来自底侵玄武岩及其AFC过程。
义县组粗面玄武岩和玄武质粗安岩：与蓝旗组粗面玄武岩具有相似的地球化学特征，具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．7，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．7)，具有中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(t)值(＜-9．7)，富集LREE和LILE，亏损HFSE，低Ce／Pb比值的特征，因此表明其形成过程中也有下地壳物质的加入。其与蓝旗组粗面玄武岩的不同之处是具有高MgO、Cr、Ni含量，不亏损Th、U，这一特征表明其混入地壳物质的方式不是AFC过程，而可能是地幔源区混染的是拆离下地壳熔融的富SiO_2熔体。
义县组粗面安山岩：与兴隆沟组安山岩地化特征相似，同属富镁的埃达克质岩石(SiO_2％＞56％，Al_3O_2％＞15％，MgO＜3％，低Y＜18ppm，低Yb＜1．9ppm，高Sr＞400ppm，无Eu负异常，Mg~#＞0．54，Cr＞200ppm，Ni＞100ppm)，所不同的是具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．7，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．7)，具有中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(T)值(＜-9．7)，表明其源区可能是拆离并进入地幔的华北克拉通下地壳。因此，辽西地区镁铁质下地壳的拆沉应可能发生在早白垩世。
张老公屯组玄武岩：与蓝旗组和义县组粗面玄武岩不同，它具有Nb、Ta的正异常和Pb负异常，富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素，不亏损高场强元素，高放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＞17．8，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＞15．4和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＞37．6)，低~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(＜0．704)和高ε_(Nd)(T)值(＞4)的特征，指示其源自一个亏损的软流圈上地幔。源自软流圈地幔的张老公屯玄武岩的出现，说明辽西地区在106Ma时发生了一次岩石圈减薄的重要事件。
3．中生代华北克拉通北缘岩石圈的演化模型
结合火山岩年代学、地球化学数据和区域构造背景，本文建立了华北克拉通北缘中生代岩石圈演化模型，A三叠纪-早侏罗世：蒙古增生褶皱带向华北克拉通俯冲并与之拼合，蒙古带洋壳平俯冲并底垫在华北克拉通岩石圈之下。Bca．176 Ma：底垫的洋壳在地幔中受到充分加热，发生部分熔融诱发兴隆沟组火山作用。C 166-148 Ma：底垫的蒙古增生褶皱带岩石圈拆离，并扰动上地幔，诱发了大规模的玄武质岩浆底侵作用及低镁粗安岩火山作用。玄武质岩浆底侵作用使该区镁铁质下地壳增厚。D 148-132 Ma：发生在义县组之前的燕山二幕挤压事件，导致地壳的进一步加厚并使加厚镁铁质下地壳相变为榴辉岩。E 132-120 Ma：郯庐断裂系发生大规模走滑运动，诱发了榴辉岩相下地壳发生拆离和拉分引张事件，它导致义县组火山作用。F ca．106 Ma：郯庐断裂系由最初的走滑运动转变为东西向引张运动，这一大规模引张作用导致岩石圈进一步减薄(＜80km)。
The studies of mantle xenoliths hosted in the Paleozoic kimberlites and the Cenozoic basalts indicate that about 100 km lithosphere has bee removed during Phanerozoic. However, timing and mechanism for the thinning is still controversial. The Mesozoic volcanic rocks with variable ages widely developed in Westem Liaoning. The geochemical variation of these rocks could provide constraints on timing and mechanism for the thinning. Therefore, this work focuses on the geochronology and geochemistry of these rocks.
1. Timing of the each Mesozoic magmatisms in Western Liaoning.
The samples collected from four formations including two fossil-bearing beds have been selected for geochronological studies. The results are ca. 176 Ma for the Xinglonggou Formation, 166-153 Ma for the Lanqi Formation, 125-122 Ma for the Yixian Formation, ca. 106 Ma for the Zhanglaogongtun Formation, ca. 165 Ma for the Daohugou bed and ca. 125 Ma for the Yixian fossil-bearing bed. Based on these and previously reported data, four Mesozoic magmatic episodes in Western Liaoning have been recognized, e.g. they occurred in ca. 176Ma, 166-148 Ma, 132-120 Ma and ca. 106 Ma, respectively. The age of Jehol Biota in Western Liaoning is the early Cretaceous And the age of Daohugou Biota is the Middle Jurassic.
2. Geochemical characteristics and origin of the volcanic rocks.
Xinglonggou andesites: this Magnesian adakitic rock has not only the typical adakitic characteristics (such as SiO_2%＞56%, Al_3O_2%＞15%, MgO＜3%, Y＜18ppm, Yb＜1.9ppm, Sr＞400ppm, without negative Eu anomaly), but also have high Mg~# (0.57), and high Cr (156ppm) and Ni (82.2ppm) contents. These characteristics indicate the presence of residual gamet in their magma source and interaction between the adakitic melt and the mantle rocks during ascending of the melt. The moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr (0.706597), slightly lowε_(Nd)(T)(-1.5) and high radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb=18.211, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb=15.554 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)pb=38.176) suggest that the Xinglonggou high Mg adakitic rocks were formed by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust.
Lanqi basalts and basaltic andesites: They have extremely low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.5, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.5), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706) and lowε_(Nd)(T)(～-12). They are enriched in light rare earth dements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and Pb with low Ce/Pb (＜10), while depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE). These geochemical characteristics suggest significant involvement of low crust materials in their mantle source. They have low MgO, Cr, Ni contents, with depletion of Th and U, indicating granulite wall rock assimilation and large amount olivine fractional crystallization during magma underplating. This basaltic magma underplating may thicken the lower mafic crust.
Lanqi andesites: They have high Al_2O_3(＞16%), and low MgO (＜2.5%), Cr (＜1ppm) and Ni(＜7ppm) as well as lower Sr and higher Y, with negative Eu anomaly, showing difference from the Xinglonggou andesites and adakites. They have similar Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions to the Lanqi basalts and basaltic andesites. Their moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr (0.704～0.706), lowε_(Nd)(T)(-13～-10) and low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.6, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb＜15.4 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.8) suggest that the Lanqi andesites were derived from lower crust. AFC processes during magmatic underplating may provide the heat needed by partial melting of the lower crust.
Yixian basalts and basaltic andesites: They show similar geochemical characteristics to the Lanqi basalts, such as low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.7,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.7), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706), lowε_(Nd)(T)(＜-9.7), enrichment of LREE and LILE, depletion of HFSE, and low Ce/Pb, suggesting involvement of low crust materials in their mantle source, which could be hybridized by the SiO_2-rich liquids produced by partial melting of delaminated crust. Because high MgO, Cr, Ni contents without depletion of Th and U distinguish them from the Lanqi basalts, indicating that the basaltic magma may derive directly from the mantle source without AFC process.
Yixian andesites: They are Magnesian adakitic rocks, similar to the Xinglonggou andesites, such as SiO_2%＞56%, Al_3O_2%＞15%, MgO＜3%, Y＜18ppm, Yb＜1.9ppm, Sr＞400ppm, no negative Eu anomaly, Mg~#＞0.54, Cr＞200ppm, Ni＞100ppm. However, the Yixian andasites are different from the Xinglonggou andesites in Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions. The Yixian andesites have very low radiogenic Pb (~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb＜16.7, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)Pb＜36.7), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706) and lowε_(Nd)(T)(＜-9.7), indicating that the Yixian adakitic magma was derived from delaminated lower continental crust.
Zhanglaogongtun basalts: The Zhanglaogongtun basalts are characterized by positive Nb and Ta anomaly, negative Pb anomaly, enriched in LREEs and LILEs, without depletion of HFSEs, low ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(＜0.704), and highε_(Nd)(T)(＞4) and Pb isotopic ratios (~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb＞17.8, ~(207)Pb/~(204)pb＞15.4 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb＞37.6), suggesting derivation from the depleted upper mantle. The abruptly going up ofε_(Nd)(T) values showing by Zhanglaogongtun basalts indicates that an important lithospheric thinning event happened at about 106 Ma in Western Liaoing.
3. The Mesozoic lithosphere evolution model for the North margin of the NCC.
Based on the geochronological, geochemical data mentioned above, a model for lithospheric evolution of the North margin of the NCC has been proposed here. A) The Triassic-early Jurassic: the Mongolia slab subducted under the NCC. B) Partial melting of the subducted oceanic crust, which was underplating beneath the lithosphere of the NCC, occurred at ca. 176Ma to produce the Xinglonggou adakitic rocks. C) 166 -148 Ma: The delamination of subducted oceanic crust caused the mantle upwelling and its partial melting at 166 Ma. The upwelling mantle and basaltic magma may result in magma underplating and partial melting of the lower crust to produce the Lanqi basalts and andesites. Accordingly, the mafic lower crust in Western Liaoning area was thickened. D) 148-132 Ma: The regional contraction of the YanshanianⅡbefore the Yixian magmatism further thickened the crust, resulting eclogitic facies trasformation in the thickened mafic lower crust. E) 132-120 Ma: The large scale strike-skip of the Tan-Lu fault may trigger the delamination of thickened mafic lower crust. The adakitic melt (i.e. the Yixian Magnesian andesites) produced by partial melting of the delaminated mafic lower crust may hybridize the upwelling mantle to forme a new enriched lithospheric mantle, which replaced the volume formerly occupied by the delaminated lithospheric mantle, resulting in the "continental" geochemical signatures observed in Yixian basalts. F) ca. 106 Ma: The movement of the Tan-Lu fault zone transferred into extension in the late Cretaceous. This large scale extention resulted in farther lithospheric thinning.
1．初步建立辽西中生代火山作用的年代学格架
本文对辽西中生代四期火山岩和两个含珍稀化石层位火山岩进行了精确的锆石U-Pb SHRIMP和全岩Ar-Ar定年，结果为：兴隆沟组(～176 Ma)、蓝旗组(166-153 Ma)、义县组(125-122 Ma)、张老公屯(～106 Ma)、道虎沟含珍稀化石层(～165Ma)、义县组含珍稀化石层(～125Ma)。结合已发表的年代学数据，初步建立了辽西地区中生代火山作用的年代学格架，辽西地区中生代共有四次岩浆事件，分别是(176Ma)、(166-148 Ma)，(132-120 Ma)，(～106 Ma)。并确定了辽西热河生物群的时代归属为早白垩世；道虎沟生物群的时代归属为中侏罗世，它对应蓝旗组下部或海房沟组上部层位。
2．辽西中生代各期火山岩的地球化学特征及成因
兴隆沟组安山岩：属于富镁的埃达克质岩石，除具有典型埃达克岩(adakite)的特征(如：SiO_2％＞56％，Al_3O_2％＞15％，MgO＜3％，Y＜18 ppm，Yb＜1．9 ppm，Sr＞400 ppm，无Eu负异常)外，还表现出高Mg~#(0．57)，Cr(156 ppm)、Ni(82．2 ppm)含量的特点，表明其源区有石榴石残留，且岩浆上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生过反应。在同位素方面，兴隆沟组安山岩具有中等富集~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr为0．706597，不太低的ε_(Nd)(T)为-1．5和高放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb=18．211，~(207)pb／~(204)pb=15．554和~(208)pb／~(204)pb=38．176)，这一特征反映了其源区Sr-Nd-Pb同位素性质，因此其源区应是底垫在华北克拉通之下的古老洋壳。
蓝旗组粗面玄武岩和玄武质粗安岩：具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．5，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3，~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．5)，中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(T)值(～-12)，富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)，亏损高场强元素(HFSE)，低Ce／Pb比值(＜10)的特征，表现出强烈的下地壳特征而并非富集岩石圈地幔的特征，指示了其形成过程中有下地壳物质的加入。同时它们还具有低MgO、Cr、Ni含量，亏损Th、U的特征，指示其在岩浆演化过程中经历了强烈的橄榄石结晶分异和同化混染华北下地壳麻粒岩的过程，反映此时发生了一次玄武岩浆的底侵作用，这一过程使得该区镁铁质下地壳发生增厚。
蓝旗组粗面安山岩：不属于埃达克质岩石，它以高Al_2O_3(＞16％)，低MgO(＜2．5％)，低Cr(＜1 ppm)和Ni(＜7 ppm)含量为特征，与兴隆沟组安山岩有显著不同，具有明显Eu负异常，Sr-Nd-Pb同位素与该组玄武岩相似表现为中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr初始比值(0．704～0．706)，低ε_(Nd)(T)值(-13～-10)，低放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．6，~(207)pb＜~(204)pb＜15．4和~(208)pb＜~(204)pb＜36．8)，表明其是华北麻粒岩相下地壳部分熔融的产物。熔融过程所需热量可能来自底侵玄武岩及其AFC过程。
义县组粗面玄武岩和玄武质粗安岩：与蓝旗组粗面玄武岩具有相似的地球化学特征，具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．7，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．7)，具有中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(t)值(＜-9．7)，富集LREE和LILE，亏损HFSE，低Ce／Pb比值的特征，因此表明其形成过程中也有下地壳物质的加入。其与蓝旗组粗面玄武岩的不同之处是具有高MgO、Cr、Ni含量，不亏损Th、U，这一特征表明其混入地壳物质的方式不是AFC过程，而可能是地幔源区混染的是拆离下地壳熔融的富SiO_2熔体。
义县组粗面安山岩：与兴隆沟组安山岩地化特征相似，同属富镁的埃达克质岩石(SiO_2％＞56％，Al_3O_2％＞15％，MgO＜3％，低Y＜18ppm，低Yb＜1．9ppm，高Sr＞400ppm，无Eu负异常，Mg~#＞0．54，Cr＞200ppm，Ni＞100ppm)，所不同的是具有非常低的放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＜16．7，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＜15．3和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＜36．7)，具有中等~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(～0．706)和低ε_(Nd)(T)值(＜-9．7)，表明其源区可能是拆离并进入地幔的华北克拉通下地壳。因此，辽西地区镁铁质下地壳的拆沉应可能发生在早白垩世。
张老公屯组玄武岩：与蓝旗组和义县组粗面玄武岩不同，它具有Nb、Ta的正异常和Pb负异常，富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素，不亏损高场强元素，高放射成因Pb(~(206)pb／~(207)pb＞17．8，~(207)pb／~(204)pb＞15．4和~(208)pb／~(204)pb＞37．6)，低~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值(＜0．704)和高ε_(Nd)(T)值(＞4)的特征，指示其源自一个亏损的软流圈上地幔。源自软流圈地幔的张老公屯玄武岩的出现，说明辽西地区在106Ma时发生了一次岩石圈减薄的重要事件。
3．中生代华北克拉通北缘岩石圈的演化模型
结合火山岩年代学、地球化学数据和区域构造背景，本文建立了华北克拉通北缘中生代岩石圈演化模型，A三叠纪-早侏罗世：蒙古增生褶皱带向华北克拉通俯冲并与之拼合，蒙古带洋壳平俯冲并底垫在华北克拉通岩石圈之下。Bca．176 Ma：底垫的洋壳在地幔中受到充分加热，发生部分熔融诱发兴隆沟组火山作用。C 166-148 Ma：底垫的蒙古增生褶皱带岩石圈拆离，并扰动上地幔，诱发了大规模的玄武质岩浆底侵作用及低镁粗安岩火山作用。玄武质岩浆底侵作用使该区镁铁质下地壳增厚。D 148-132 Ma：发生在义县组之前的燕山二幕挤压事件，导致地壳的进一步加厚并使加厚镁铁质下地壳相变为榴辉岩。E 132-120 Ma：郯庐断裂系发生大规模走滑运动，诱发了榴辉岩相下地壳发生拆离和拉分引张事件，它导致义县组火山作用。F ca．106 Ma：郯庐断裂系由最初的走滑运动转变为东西向引张运动，这一大规模引张作用导致岩石圈进一步减薄(＜80km)。
The studies of mantle xenoliths hosted in the Paleozoic kimberlites and the Cenozoic basalts indicate that about 100 km lithosphere has bee removed during Phanerozoic. However, timing and mechanism for the thinning is still controversial. The Mesozoic volcanic rocks with variable ages widely developed in Westem Liaoning. The geochemical variation of these rocks could provide constraints on timing and mechanism for the thinning. Therefore, this work focuses on the geochronology and geochemistry of these rocks.
1. Timing of the each Mesozoic magmatisms in Western Liaoning.
The samples collected from four formations including two fossil-bearing beds have been selected for geochronological studies. The results are ca. 176 Ma for the Xinglonggou Formation, 166-153 Ma for the Lanqi Formation, 125-122 Ma for the Yixian Formation, ca. 106 Ma for the Zhanglaogongtun Formation, ca. 165 Ma for the Daohugou bed and ca. 125 Ma for the Yixian fossil-bearing bed. Based on these and previously reported data, four Mesozoic magmatic episodes in Western Liaoning have been recognized, e.g. they occurred in ca. 176Ma, 166-148 Ma, 132-120 Ma and ca. 106 Ma, respectively. The age of Jehol Biota in Western Liaoning is the early Cretaceous And the age of Daohugou Biota is the Middle Jurassic.
2. Geochemical characteristics and origin of the volcanic rocks.
Xinglonggou andesites: this Magnesian adakitic rock has not only the typical adakitic characteristics (such as SiO_2%＞56%, Al_3O_2%＞15%, MgO＜3%, Y＜18ppm, Yb＜1.9ppm, Sr＞400ppm, without negative Eu anomaly), but also have high Mg~# (0.57), and high Cr (156ppm) and Ni (82.2ppm) contents. These characteristics indicate the presence of residual gamet in their magma source and interaction between the adakitic melt and the mantle rocks during ascending of the melt. The moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr (0.706597), slightly lowε_(Nd)(T)(-1.5) and high radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb=18.211, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb=15.554 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)pb=38.176) suggest that the Xinglonggou high Mg adakitic rocks were formed by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust.
Lanqi basalts and basaltic andesites: They have extremely low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.5, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.5), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706) and lowε_(Nd)(T)(～-12). They are enriched in light rare earth dements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and Pb with low Ce/Pb (＜10), while depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE). These geochemical characteristics suggest significant involvement of low crust materials in their mantle source. They have low MgO, Cr, Ni contents, with depletion of Th and U, indicating granulite wall rock assimilation and large amount olivine fractional crystallization during magma underplating. This basaltic magma underplating may thicken the lower mafic crust.
Lanqi andesites: They have high Al_2O_3(＞16%), and low MgO (＜2.5%), Cr (＜1ppm) and Ni(＜7ppm) as well as lower Sr and higher Y, with negative Eu anomaly, showing difference from the Xinglonggou andesites and adakites. They have similar Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions to the Lanqi basalts and basaltic andesites. Their moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr (0.704～0.706), lowε_(Nd)(T)(-13～-10) and low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.6, ~(207)pb/~(204)pb＜15.4 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.8) suggest that the Lanqi andesites were derived from lower crust. AFC processes during magmatic underplating may provide the heat needed by partial melting of the lower crust.
Yixian basalts and basaltic andesites: They show similar geochemical characteristics to the Lanqi basalts, such as low radiogenic Pb (~(206)pb/~(207)pb＜16.7,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb＜36.7), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706), lowε_(Nd)(T)(＜-9.7), enrichment of LREE and LILE, depletion of HFSE, and low Ce/Pb, suggesting involvement of low crust materials in their mantle source, which could be hybridized by the SiO_2-rich liquids produced by partial melting of delaminated crust. Because high MgO, Cr, Ni contents without depletion of Th and U distinguish them from the Lanqi basalts, indicating that the basaltic magma may derive directly from the mantle source without AFC process.
Yixian andesites: They are Magnesian adakitic rocks, similar to the Xinglonggou andesites, such as SiO_2%＞56%, Al_3O_2%＞15%, MgO＜3%, Y＜18ppm, Yb＜1.9ppm, Sr＞400ppm, no negative Eu anomaly, Mg~#＞0.54, Cr＞200ppm, Ni＞100ppm. However, the Yixian andasites are different from the Xinglonggou andesites in Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions. The Yixian andesites have very low radiogenic Pb (~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb＜16.7, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb＜15.3 and ~(208)pb/~(204)Pb＜36.7), moderate ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(～0.706) and lowε_(Nd)(T)(＜-9.7), indicating that the Yixian adakitic magma was derived from delaminated lower continental crust.
Zhanglaogongtun basalts: The Zhanglaogongtun basalts are characterized by positive Nb and Ta anomaly, negative Pb anomaly, enriched in LREEs and LILEs, without depletion of HFSEs, low ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(＜0.704), and highε_(Nd)(T)(＞4) and Pb isotopic ratios (~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb＞17.8, ~(207)Pb/~(204)pb＞15.4 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb＞37.6), suggesting derivation from the depleted upper mantle. The abruptly going up ofε_(Nd)(T) values showing by Zhanglaogongtun basalts indicates that an important lithospheric thinning event happened at about 106 Ma in Western Liaoing.
3. The Mesozoic lithosphere evolution model for the North margin of the NCC.
Based on the geochronological, geochemical data mentioned above, a model for lithospheric evolution of the North margin of the NCC has been proposed here. A) The Triassic-early Jurassic: the Mongolia slab subducted under the NCC. B) Partial melting of the subducted oceanic crust, which was underplating beneath the lithosphere of the NCC, occurred at ca. 176Ma to produce the Xinglonggou adakitic rocks. C) 166 -148 Ma: The delamination of subducted oceanic crust caused the mantle upwelling and its partial melting at 166 Ma. The upwelling mantle and basaltic magma may result in magma underplating and partial melting of the lower crust to produce the Lanqi basalts and andesites. Accordingly, the mafic lower crust in Western Liaoning area was thickened. D) 148-132 Ma: The regional contraction of the YanshanianⅡbefore the Yixian magmatism further thickened the crust, resulting eclogitic facies trasformation in the thickened mafic lower crust. E) 132-120 Ma: The large scale strike-skip of the Tan-Lu fault may trigger the delamination of thickened mafic lower crust. The adakitic melt (i.e. the Yixian Magnesian andesites) produced by partial melting of the delaminated mafic lower crust may hybridize the upwelling mantle to forme a new enriched lithospheric mantle, which replaced the volume formerly occupied by the delaminated lithospheric mantle, resulting in the "continental" geochemical signatures observed in Yixian basalts. F) ca. 106 Ma: The movement of the Tan-Lu fault zone transferred into extension in the late Cretaceous. This large scale extention resulted in farther lithospheric thinning.
引文
Blundy, J. D., and Wood, B. J., 1991. Crystal-chemical controls on the partitioning of Sr and Ba between plagioclase feldspar, silicate melts and hydrothermal solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 55: 193-209
Brenan, J. M., Shaw, H. F, Ryerson, F. J., Phinney, D. L., 1995. Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900℃ and 2.0 GPa: constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 3331-3350.
Buchan, C, Pfander, J., Kroner, A., Brewer, T. S., Tomurtogoo, O., Tomurhuu, D., Cunningham, D., Windley, B. R, 2002. Timing of accretion and collisional deformation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications of granite geochronology in the Bayankhongor ophiolite zone. Chemical Geology, 192, 23-45.
Castillo, P. R., Janney, P. E., Solidum, R. U., 1999. Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin island, southern Philippines: Insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134,33-51.
Chen, B., Jahn, B. M., Zhai, M., 2003. Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of the Mesozoic magmatism in the Taihang-Yanshan orogen, North China Craton, and implication for Archaean lithosphere thinning. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 963-970.
Chen, B., Zhai, M., 2003. Geochemistry of late Mesozoic lamprophyre dykes from the Taihang Mountains, north China, and implications for the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geological Magazine, 140, 87-93.
Chen, P. J., Dong, Z.M., Zhen, S.N., 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 391, 147-152.
Cui, S., Wu, Z., On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic intracontinental orogenesis of the Yanshan area, China. Proc. 30th Int'l Geol. Congr. 14: 277-292
Daley, E.-E., Depaolo, D.-J., 1992, Isotopic evidence for lithospheric thinning during extension: Southeastern Great Basin. Geology, 20: 104-108
Davis, G.-A., Wang, C, Zheng, Y.-D., et al., 1998, The enigmatic Yanshan fold-and-trust belt of northern China: new views on its intraplate contrational styles. Geology, 26: 43-46
Davis, G. A., 2005. The Late Jurassic "Tuchengzi/Hongcheng" formation of the Yanshan fold thrust belt: an analysis, Earth Science Frontiers, 12, 331-345
Davis, G. A., Zheng, Y. D., Wang, C, Darby, B. J., Zhang, C. H, Gehrels G, 2001. Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yangshan fold and thrust belt, with emphasis on Hebei and Liaoning provinces, northern China. In: Hendrix, H. S.,
Davis, G. A. (eds.), Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, pp. 171-197. Boulder Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 194.
Defant, M.-J., Drummond, M.-S., 1990, Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347: 662-665
Depaolo, D.-J., Daley, E.-E., 2000, Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the southwest basin and range and lithospheric thinning during continental extension, Chemical Geology, 169: 157-185
Depaolo, D. J., 1981. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53: 189-202
Douglas, D. J., French, J. B., 1981. Elemental analysis with Microwave induced plasma/quadrupople mass spectrometer system, Anal. Chem., 53(1): 37
Fan, W.-M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.-J., Lin, G, Zhang, M., 2001. Post-orogenic bimodal volcanism along the Sulu orogenic belt in eastern China. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, 733-746.
Fan, W.-M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.-J., Zhang, M. 2004., Late Mesozoic volcanism in the northern Huaiyang tectono-magmatic belt, central China: partial melts from a lithospheric mantle with subducted continental crust relicts beneath the Dabie orogen? Chemical Geology, 209, 27-48.
Foley, S., Tiepolo, M., Vannucci, R., 2002, Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zone. Nature, 417(20): 837-840
Fraser, K. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Erland, A. I, Mitchell, R. H., Scott-Smith, B. H., 1985. Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and minor element geochemistry of lamproites and kimberlites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 57-70.
Gao, S., Luo, T. C, and Zhang, B. R., 1998. Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in Eastern China, Geochinica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(11): 1959-1975
Gao, S., Rudnick, R. L, Carlson, R. W., McDonough, W. F, Liu, Y. S., 2002. Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198(3-4): 307-322
Gao, S, Rudnick, R. L, Yuan, H. L, Liu, X. M., Liu, Y. S., Xu, W. L, Ling, W. L, Ayers, J., Wang, X. C, Wang, Q. H., 2004. Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton. Nature, 432, 892-897
Griffin, W.-L., Zhang, A. D., O'Reilly, S. Y, Ryan, C. G, 1998. Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y (eds.), Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, pp. 107-126. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 27.
Guo, F., Fan, W. M., Wang, Y. J., Lin, G. 2001., Late Mesozoic mafic intrusive complexes in North China Block: constraints on the Nature of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26,759-771.
Guo, F., Fan, W., Wang, Y, Lin, G, 2003. Geochemistry of later Mesozoic mafic magmatism in west Shandong Province, eastern China: characterizing the lost lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Block. Geochimical Journal, 37, 63-77.
Guo, F., Fan, W., Wang, Y, Zhang, M., 2004. Origin of early Cretaceous calc-alkaline lamprophyres from the Sulu orogen in eastern China: implications for enrichment processes beneath continental collisional belt. Lithos, 78, 291-305.
Hart, S. R., Davis, K. E., 1978. Nickel partitioning between olivine and silicate melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 40, 203-219.
He, H. Y., Wang, X. L, Zhou, Z. H, Zhu, R. X, Jin, F, Wang, F, Ding, X., Boven, A, 2004. ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Bed. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L20609, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020792.
Hofmann, A. W, Jochum, K. P., Seufert, M. & White, W. M. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 79, 33-45.
Hoffmann, A. W., and Jochum, K. P., 1996. Source chatacteristics derived from very incompatible trace elements in Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea basalts, Havaii Scientific Drilling Project. J. Geophys. Res., 101 (B5): 11831-11839
Hou, L. H., Zhou, Z. H., Martin, L. D., Feduccia, A., 1995. A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature, 337, 616-619.
Houk, R. S., Fassel, V. A., Flesch, G. D., Svec, H. J., Gray, A. L., Taylor, C. E., 1980. Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements. Anal. Chem., 52: 2283
Huang, F., Li, S. G, Yang, W, 2006. Contributions of the lower crust to Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks from the North China Craton: implications for lithospheric thinning. Lithos, (in press).
Huang, X. L., Xu, Y. G, Liu, D. Y, 2004. Geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the granulite xenoliths from Nushan, east China: Implication for a heterogeneous lower crust beneath the Sino-Korean Craton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68,127-149
Kennedy, A.K., Lofgren, G. E. and Wasserburg, G. J. 1993. An Experimental-Study of Trace-Element Partitioning between Olivine, Ortho-Pyroxene and Melt in Chondrules - Equilibrium Values and Kinetic Effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 115(1-4): 177-195. doi: 10.1016/0012-821 X(93)90221 -T.
Keppler, H., 1996. Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction zone fluids. Nature, 380,237-240.
Kogiso, T., Tatsumi, Y, Nakano, S., 1997. Trace element transport during dehydration processes in the subducted oceanic crust: 1. experiments and implications for the origin of ocean island basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148, 193-205.
Jahn, B.-M., Wu, F., Lo, C.-H. et al., 1999, Crust-mantle interaction induced by deep subduction of the continental crust: geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence from post-cellisional mafic-ultramafic intrasions of the Northern Dabie complex, central China, Chem.Geol; 157: 119-146
Ji, Q., Currie, P.J., Norell, M.A., Ji, S.A., 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393, 753-761.
Lamb, M.-A., Badarch, G, 1997, Paleozoic sedimentary basins and volcanic-arc system of southern Mongolia: new stratigraphic and sedimentologic constraints. International Geology Review, 39: 542-576
Liu, Y. Q, Liu, Y. X, Li, P. X., Zhang, H, Zhang, L. J., Li, Y, Xia, H. D., 2004. Daohugou biota-bearing lithostratigraphic succession on the southeastern margin of the Ningcheng basin, Inner Mongolia, and its geochronology. Geological Bulletin of China, 23, 1180-1185.
Lugmair G. W. and Marti K. 1978. Lunar initial ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd: Differential evolution of the lunar crust and mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 39, 349-357.
Lustrino, M., Melluso, L., Morra, V., 2000. The role of lower continental crust and lithospheric mantle in the genesis of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from Sardinia (Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 180,259-270.
Lustrino, M. 2005. How the delamination and detachment of lower crust can influence basaltic magmatism. Earth Science Reviews, 72, 21-38.
Manning, C. E., 2004. The chemistry of subduction-zone fluids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224, 1-16.
Menzies, M. A., Fan, W. M., Zhang, M., 1993. Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobe and the loss of >120km of Archaean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China. In: Prichard, H. M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N. B. W., Neary, C. R. (eds.), Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, pp. 71-81. Geological Society special publication.
Menzies, M. A., Xu, Y. G, 1998. Geodynamics of the North China craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y. (eds.), Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, pp. 155-165. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 27.
Merrihue, C, 1965. Trace-element determinations and potassium-argon dating by mass spectroscopy of neutuon-irradiated samples. Trsns. Am. Geophys. Un. 46, 125
Nohda, S., Chen, H. and Tastumi, Y, 1991. Geochemical stratification in the upper mantle beneath NE China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 97-100
Peate, D. W., Kokfelt, T. F., Hawkesworth, C. J., Calsteren, P. W. V., hergt, J. M., Pearce, J. A., 2001. U-series isotope data on Lau Basin glasses: the role of subduction-related fluids during melt generation in back-arc basins. Journal of Petrology, 42, 1449-1470.
Perry, F.-V., Baldridge, S., Depaolo, D.-J., 1988, Chemical and isotopic evidence for lithospheric thinning beneath the Rio Grande rift. Nature, 332: 432-434
Rapp, R. P.; Laporte, D.; Martin, H., 2005, Adakite Induced Metasomatism of the Mantle Wedge: a Systematic Experimental Study at 1.6 GPa. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #V31C-0628
Reagan, M. K., Volpe, A. M., and Cashman, K. V., 1992. ~(238)U and ~(232)Th series chronology of phonolite fractionation at Mount Erebus, Antarctica. Ceochim. Cosnochim. Acta., 1401-1407
Robinson, P. T., Zhou, M. F., Hu, X. F., Reynolds, P., Bai, W. J., Yang, J. S., 1999. Geochemical constraints on the origin of the Hegenshan ophiolite, Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 17,423-442.
Rudnick, R. L., Gao, S., Ling, W. L, Liu, Y. S., McDonough, W. F., 2004. Petrology and geochemistry of spinel peridotite xenoliths from Hannuoba and Qixia, North China craton. Lithos, 77: 609-637
Sovelev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Nikogosian, K., 2000. Recycled oceanic crust observed in ghost plagioclase within the source of Mauna Loa lavas. Nature, 404: 986-990
Steiger R. H. and Ja¨ger E. 1977. Subcommission on geochronology; convention on the use of decay constants in geochronology and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36, 359-362.
Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A. D., Norry, M. J. (eds), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, pp. 313-345. Geological society, London.
Swisher, C. C, Wang, X. L, Zhou, Z. H., Wang, Y. Q., Jin, F, Zhang, J. Y, Xu, Q., Zhang, F. Y, Wang, Y, 2001. Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47,135-138.
Swisher, C. C, Wang, Y. Q., Wang, X. L. Xu, X, Wang, Y, 1999. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400, 58-61.
Taylor, S. R., and McLenann, S. M. 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford Press, pp. 312
Tomurtugoo, O., Windley, B. F., Kroner, A., Bandarch, G, Liu, D. Y, 2005. Zircon age and occurrence of the Adaatsag ophiolite and Muron shear zone, central Mongolia: constraints on the evolution of the Mongol-Okhatsk ocean, suture and orogen. Journal of Geological Society, London, 162, 125-134.
Wang, H., Mo, X., An outline of the tectonic evolution of China. Episodes, 1995, 18: 6-16
Wang, W. Y, Takahashi, E., Sueno, S., 1998. Geochemical properties of lithospheric mantle beneath the Sino-Korean craton: Evidence from garnet Xenocrysts and diamond inclusions. Physics of Earth Planet Interiors, 107, 249-260.
Whitford, D. J., Nicholls, I. A., Taylor, S. R., 1979. The spatial variations in the geochemistry of Quaternary lavas across the Sunda Arc in Java and Bali.Contribution to Mineral and Petrology, 70: 341-356
Wu, F. Y, Walker, R. J., Ren, X. W., Sun, D. Y, Zhou, X. H., 2003. Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China. Chemical Geology, 196, 107-129.
Xiao, W. J., Windley, B. F, Hao, J., Zhai, M. G, 2003 Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonher Suture, Inner Mongolia, China: termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22 (6), 1069, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001484.
Xu, J. F, Shinjo, R., Defant, M. J., Wang, Q., Rapp, R. P., 2002. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust? Geology, 289, 1912-1916
Xu, Y. G, Chung, S. L., Jahn, B. M., Wu, G. Y., 2001. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southern China. Lithos, 58: 145-168
Xu, W. L., Wang, Q. H., Liu, X. C, et al. 2004a. Chronology and sources of Mesozoic intusive complexes in the Xuzhou-Huainan Region, central China: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating. Acta Geologyica Sinica, 78(1): 96-106
Xu, Y. G, 2001. Themo-tectonic destruction of the Archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean craton in China: evidence, timing and mechanism. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, 747-757.
Xu, Y.-G, Menzies, M.-A., Vroon, P., et al., 1998, Texture-temperature-geochemistry relationships in the upper mantle as revealed from spinel peridotite xenoliths from Wangqing, NE China. J. Petrol., 39: 469-493
Xu, Y, Huang, X., Ma, J., Wang, Y, Iizuka, Y, Xu, J., Wang, Q, Wu, X, 2004b. Crust-mantle interaction during the tectono-thermal reactivation of the North China Craton: constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons from western Shandong. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147,750-767.
Xu, Y, Ma, J., Huang, X., Izuka, Y, Chung, S., Wang, Y, Wu, X, 2004c. Early Cretaceous gabbroic complex from Yinan, Shangdong Province: petrogenesis and mantle domains beneath the North China Craton. International Journal of Earth Science, 93.
Yang, J. H., Chung, S. L., Zhai, M. G, Zhou, X. H., 2004. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of mafic dikes from the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Evidence for vein-plus-peridotite melting in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 73, 145 - 160.
Yin, A., Nie, S., A., 1996, Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions. In: Yin, A., Harrison, T.-M., ed. The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge Univ. Press, 442-485
Ying, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., 2004. Geochemical and isotopic investigation of the Laiwu-Zibo carbonatites from Western Shandong Province, China, and implications for their petrogenesis and enriched mantle source. Lithos, 75, 413-426.
Zhai, M. G, Guo, J. H., and Liu, W. J., 2001. An exposed cross-section of Early Precambrian continental lower crust in North China Craton. Phys. Chem. Earth, 26(9-10): 781-792
Zhang, H., 2005. Transformation of lithospheric mantle through peridotite-melt reaction: a case of Sino-Korean craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 768-780
Zhang, H., Sun, M., 2002. Geochemistry of Mesozoic basalts and mafic dikes, Southeastern North China craton, and tectonic implications. International Geological Review, 44, 370-382.
Zhang, H. F, Sun, M., Zhou, X. H., Fan, W. M., Zhai M. G, Yin, J. F., 2002. Mesozoic lithosphere destruction beneath the North China Craton: evidence from major-, trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope studies of Fangcheng basalts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 241-253.
Zhang, H., Sun, M., Zhou, X., Zhou, M., Fan, W., Zheng, J., 2003. Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 4373-4387.
Zhang, H., Sun, M., Zhou, M., Fan, W., Zhou, X., Zhai, M., 2004. Highly heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China craton: evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks. Geological Magazine, 141, 55-62.
Zhang, H.-F., Sun, M., Zhou, X.-H., Ying, J.-F., 2005. Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Craton and tectonic implications. Lithos, 81,297-317.
Zhang, Z.-M., Liou, J.-G., Coleman, R.-G., 1984, An outline of the plate tectonics'; of China. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 95:295-312
Zheng, J., Sun, M., Lu, F., Pearson, N., 2003. Mesozoic lower crustal xenoliths and their significance in Iithospheric evolution beneath the Sino-Korean Cral:on. Tectonophysics, 361, 37-60.
Zhu, R. X., Shao, J. A., Pan, Y. X., Shi, R. P., Shi, G. H., Li, D. M., 2002. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of western Liaoning: Evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47, 1832-1837.
Zonenshain, L.-P., Muzmin, M.-I., Natapov, L.-M., 1990, Mongol-Okhotsk fold belt. In: Page B M, ed. Geologyof the USSR: a plate tectonic synthesis. Geophysical Union G~odynamic Series, 21: 97-120
陈斌，翟明国，邵济安．2002，太行山北段中生代岩基的成因和意义：主要和微量元素地球化学证据．中国科学(D)，32：896—907
陈义贤，陈文寄．1997，辽西及邻区中生代火山岩—年代学、地球化学和构造背景．北京：地震出版社
池际尚，路凤香．1996，华北地台金伯利岩及古生代岩石圈地幔特征．北京：科学出版社，292
邓晋福，刘厚祥，赵海玲等．1996．燕辽地区燕山期火成岩与造山模型，现代地质，10：137-148
邓晋福，莫宣学，赵海玲等．1994．中国东部岩石圈根／去根作用与大陆”活化”，现代地质，8：349-356
邓晋福，苏尚国，赵海玲，莫宣学，肖庆辉，周肃，刘翠，赵国春．2003．华北地区燕山期岩石圈减薄的深部过程，地学前缘，10：41-50
葛小月，李献华，陈志刚，等．2002，中国东部燕山期高Sr低Y型中酸性：尺成岩的地球化学特征及其成因：对中国东部地壳厚度的制约．科学通报， 47：474-480
顾知微．1962，中国的侏罗系和白垩系．《全国地层会议学术论文汇编》．北京：科学出版社，1-84
郭洪中，张招崇，1992，辽宁西部中生代火山岩基本特征．岩石矿物学杂志，11(3)：193-204
季强，陈文，王五力，等．2004，中国辽西中生代热河生物群．北京：地址出版社
季强，袁崇喜．2002，宁城中生代道虎沟生物群中两类具原始羽毛翼龙的发现及其地层学和生物学意义．地质论评，48：221-224
蒋福兴，陈金华，曹美珍，等．2000，关于辽西孔子鸟层时代的讨论．古生物学报，39：307-311
金帆．1996，辽西晚中生代地层研究之进展及存在问题．古脊椎动物学报，34(2)：102-122
李曙光，聂永红，Hart SR，张宗清，1998，俯冲陆壳与上地幔的相互作用—Ⅱ 大别山同碰撞镁铁—超镁铁岩的Sr，Nd同位素地球化学，中国科学(D)，28(1)：19-22
李曙光，杨蔚，2002，大别造山带深部地缝合线与地表地缝合线的解耦及大陆碰撞岩石圈楔入模型：中生代幔源岩浆岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据，科学通报，47(24)：1898-1905
李曙光，黄方，杨蔚，2005，下地壳对华北克拉通及大别造山带中生代镁铁质岩浆岩地幔源区的贡献，2005年全国岩石学与地球动力学研讨会论文摘要，杭州：33-34
李伍平，2006，辽西北票早侏罗世兴隆沟组英安岩的地球化学特征，岩石学报，22(6)：1608-1616
李晓勇，范蔚茗，郭锋，等，2004，古亚洲洋对华北陆缘岩石圈的改造作用：来自于西山南大岭组中基性火山岩的地球化学证据，岩石学报，20(3)：557-566
李晓勇，李超文，范立勇，2006，燕山地区中生代中基性火山岩地球化学对岩石圈性质的约束，高校地质学报，12(3)：319-327
刘勇胜，高山，骆庭川，1999，华北克拉通麻粒岩的地球化学特征及其对太古宙下地壳组成的指示意义，地质地球化学，27(3)：40-46
路凤香，郑建平，李伍平，等．2000，中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式：“蘑菇云”模型．地学前缘，7：97-107
路凤香，郑建平，张瑞生，等，2006，地壳与弱化岩石圈地幔的相互作用—以燕山造山带为例，地球科学，31(1)：1-7
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽，等．1999，中华鸟龙与孔子鸟类的时代—辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光40Ar/39Ar年龄测定．地球化学，28(4)：405-409
牛漫兰，2001，郯庐断裂带中南段岩浆活动与深部过程。合肥工业大学博士论文
马金龙，徐义刚，2006，河北阳原幔源包体的Sr-Nd同位素特征指示华北克拉通中部存在EMI型古老富集岩石圈地幔，科学通报，51(1)：1-7
彭艳东，张立东，张长捷，等，2003，辽西北票、义县地区髫髻山旋回火山岩的地球化学特征，地质与资源，12(3)：177-184
彭艳东，张立东，张长捷，等，2004，辽西北票—义县地区义县旋回火山岩的岩石化学特征，中国地质，31(4)：356-364
邱检生，王德滋，曾家湖，McInnes,B.I.A.,1997,鲁西中生代富钾火山岩及煌斑岩微量元素和Nd-Sr同位素地球化学．高校地质学报，3：384-395
邱检生，徐夕生，罗清华．2001，鲁西富钾火山岩和煌斑岩的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年及源区示踪．科学通报，46(18)：1500-1508
任东，尹继才．2002，内蒙古自治区中侏罗世表翼蛉化石—新种(脉翅目：翼蛉科)．动物分类学报，27：274-277
邵济安，牟保磊，何国琦，等．1997，华北北部在古亚洲域与古太平洋域构造叠加过程中的地质作用．中国科学，27(5)：390-394
邵济安，牟保磊，张履桥．2000，华北东部中生代构造格局转换过程中的深部作用与浅部响应．地质论评，46(1)：32-40
邵济安，路凤香，张履桥，杨进辉，2006a，辽西义县组玄武岩捕虏晶的发现及其意义。岩石学报，21(6)：1547-1558
邵济安，陈福坤，路凤香，周新华，2006b，辽西中生代软流圈底辟体的脉动式上涌。地球科学，31(6)：807-816
邵济安，张宏福，柳小明，李之彤，2007，华北北缘早中生代岩浆底侵作用的年代学记录：来自辽西晚中生代安山岩锆石U-Pb定年结果。自然科学进展，17(5)：609-613
宋彪，张玉海，万渝生，简平，2002，锆石SHRIMP样品靶制作，年龄测定及有关现象讨论，地质论评，48(增刊)：26-30
汪筱林，周忠和，张福成，等．2002，热河生物群发现带“毛”的翼龙化石，科学通报，47：54-58
王松山，胡华光，李佩贤，等．2001a，再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：Ar-Ar年龄证据．岩石学报，17(4)：663-668
王松山，王元青，胡华光，等．2001b，辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：锆石U-Pb年龄证据．科学通报，46(4)：330-333
王五力，郑少林，张立君．1989，辽西中生代地层古生物．北京：地址出版社
王晓蕊，高山，刘小明，袁洪林，胡兆初，张宏，王选策，2005，辽西四合屯早白垩世义县组富镁安山岩的地球化学：对下地壳拆沉作用和Sr/Y变化的指示，中国科学(D)，35(8)：700-709
王瑜．1996，中国东部内蒙古—燕山造山带晚古生代—中生代的造山作用过程．北京：地质出版社
王原．2000，早白垩世热河生物群—新的有尾两栖类．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：100-103
翁文灏．1927，中国东部中生代以来之地壳运动及火山活动．地质学报，6：9-36
吴福元，葛文春，孙德有，郭春丽．2004，中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题，地学前缘，10：51-60
吴福元，孙德有，张广良等．2000．论燕山运动的深部地球动力的本质，高校地质学报，6：379-38
吴福元，孙德有．1999．中国东部中生代岩浆作用与岩石圈减薄，长春科技大学学报，29：313-318
许文良，王东艳，刘晓春，王清海，林景仟．2002，徐淮地区早侏罗世侵入杂岩中榴辉岩类包体的发现及其地质意义，科学通报，47(8)：618-622
徐刚，赵越，胡建民，等．2003，辽西牛营子地区晚三叠世逆冲构造，地质学报， 77：23-34
徐义刚．2004，华北岩石圈减薄的时空不均一特征．高校地质学报，10：324-331
徐义刚，林传勇，Menzies,M.-A.,等．1996，吉林汪清尖晶石橄榄岩包体的矿物化学成分指示意义：上地幔温度史和交代作用．地球化学，25：481-493
徐义刚．1999，岩石圈的热—机械侵蚀和化学侵蚀与岩石圈减薄．矿物岩石地球化学通报，18：1-5
闫俊，陈江峰，谢智，周泰禧．2003，鲁东晚白垩世玄武岩中的幔源捕虏体：对中国东部岩石圈减薄时间制约的新证据，科学通报，48(14)：1570-1574
张宏，张旗．2005，辽西北票四合屯地区义县组富镁火山岩的稀土、微量元素特征及启示，中国稀土学报，23(6)：736-741
张宏，刘小明，李之彤，杨芳林，王晓蕊．2005，辽西阜新—义县盆地及附近地区早白垩世地壳大规模减薄及成因探讨，地质论评，51(4)：360-372
张俊峰．2002，道虎沟生物群(前热河生物群)的发现及其地质时代．地层学杂志，26：173-177
张旗，王焰，钱青，等．2001，中国东部燕山期埃达克岩的特征及其构造—成矿意义．岩石学报，17：236-244
张旗，金惟俊，王元龙，李承东，王焰，贾秀勤．2006．大陆下地壳拆沉模式初探，岩石学报，22：265-276
赵越．1990，燕山地区中生代造山运动及构造演化．地质论评，36(1)：1-13
赵越，杨振宇，马醒华．1994，东亚大地构造发展的重要转折．29：105-119
赵越，崔盛芹，郭涛，等．2002，北京西山侏罗纪盆地演化及其构造意义，地质通报，21：211-217
赵越，张拴宏，徐刚，杨振宇，胡建民．2004，燕山板内变形带侏罗纪主要构造事件，地质通报，23(9-10)：854-863
郑建平．1999，中国东部地幔置换作用与中新生代岩石圈减薄．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，126
郑建平，路凤香，1999．胶辽半岛金伯利岩中地幔捕虏体岩石学特征：古生代岩石圈地幔及其不均一性，岩石学报，15(1)：65-74
郑建平，路凤香，Reilly,S.Y,Griffin.W.L.,张明．2000．华北东部地幔改造作用 和置换作用：单斜辉石激光探针研究，中国科学(D)，30(4)：373-382
郑建平，路凤香，余淳梅，Reilly,S.Y.2003．地幔置换作用：华北两类橄榄岩及其透辉石微量元素对比证据，地球科学，28(3)：235-240
郑建平，路凤香，余淳梅，袁晓萍，张瑞生，2006，华北东部橄榄岩岩石化学特征及其岩石圈地幔演化意义，地球科学，31(1)：49-56
郑建平，余淳梅，路凤香，李惠民，2004．辽宁金伯利岩变基性岩石捕虏体地球化学及锆石年代学：示踪华北下地壳早期演化，中国科学(D)：34(5)：412-422
郑亚东，Davis,G.-A.,王琮，等．2000，燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题．地质学报，74(4)：289-302
周新华，陈义贤，张国辉，陈文寄，1998．中生代火山岩源区特征的多元同位素制约—以华北北缘为例，科学通报，43(23)：2483-2488
朱光，宋传中，王道轩，等．2001a，郯庐断裂带走滑时代的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究及其构造意义．中国科学(D辑)，31：250-256
朱光，王道轩，刘国生，等．2001b，郯庐断裂带的伸展活动及其动力学背景，地质科学，36：269-278
朱日祥，绍济安，潘永信，史瑞萍，施光海，李大明，2002．辽西白垩纪火山岩古地磁测定与陆内旋转运动，科学通报，47(17)：1335-1340
Brenan, J. M., Shaw, H. F, Ryerson, F. J., Phinney, D. L., 1995. Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900℃ and 2.0 GPa: constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 3331-3350.
Buchan, C, Pfander, J., Kroner, A., Brewer, T. S., Tomurtogoo, O., Tomurhuu, D., Cunningham, D., Windley, B. R, 2002. Timing of accretion and collisional deformation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications of granite geochronology in the Bayankhongor ophiolite zone. Chemical Geology, 192, 23-45.
Castillo, P. R., Janney, P. E., Solidum, R. U., 1999. Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin island, southern Philippines: Insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134,33-51.
Chen, B., Jahn, B. M., Zhai, M., 2003. Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of the Mesozoic magmatism in the Taihang-Yanshan orogen, North China Craton, and implication for Archaean lithosphere thinning. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 963-970.
Chen, B., Zhai, M., 2003. Geochemistry of late Mesozoic lamprophyre dykes from the Taihang Mountains, north China, and implications for the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geological Magazine, 140, 87-93.
Chen, P. J., Dong, Z.M., Zhen, S.N., 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 391, 147-152.
Cui, S., Wu, Z., On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic intracontinental orogenesis of the Yanshan area, China. Proc. 30th Int'l Geol. Congr. 14: 277-292
Daley, E.-E., Depaolo, D.-J., 1992, Isotopic evidence for lithospheric thinning during extension: Southeastern Great Basin. Geology, 20: 104-108
Davis, G.-A., Wang, C, Zheng, Y.-D., et al., 1998, The enigmatic Yanshan fold-and-trust belt of northern China: new views on its intraplate contrational styles. Geology, 26: 43-46
Davis, G. A., 2005. The Late Jurassic "Tuchengzi/Hongcheng" formation of the Yanshan fold thrust belt: an analysis, Earth Science Frontiers, 12, 331-345
Davis, G. A., Zheng, Y. D., Wang, C, Darby, B. J., Zhang, C. H, Gehrels G, 2001. Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yangshan fold and thrust belt, with emphasis on Hebei and Liaoning provinces, northern China. In: Hendrix, H. S.,
Davis, G. A. (eds.), Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, pp. 171-197. Boulder Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 194.
Defant, M.-J., Drummond, M.-S., 1990, Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347: 662-665
Depaolo, D.-J., Daley, E.-E., 2000, Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the southwest basin and range and lithospheric thinning during continental extension, Chemical Geology, 169: 157-185
Depaolo, D. J., 1981. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53: 189-202
Douglas, D. J., French, J. B., 1981. Elemental analysis with Microwave induced plasma/quadrupople mass spectrometer system, Anal. Chem., 53(1): 37
Fan, W.-M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.-J., Lin, G, Zhang, M., 2001. Post-orogenic bimodal volcanism along the Sulu orogenic belt in eastern China. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, 733-746.
Fan, W.-M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.-J., Zhang, M. 2004., Late Mesozoic volcanism in the northern Huaiyang tectono-magmatic belt, central China: partial melts from a lithospheric mantle with subducted continental crust relicts beneath the Dabie orogen? Chemical Geology, 209, 27-48.
Foley, S., Tiepolo, M., Vannucci, R., 2002, Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zone. Nature, 417(20): 837-840
Fraser, K. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Erland, A. I, Mitchell, R. H., Scott-Smith, B. H., 1985. Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and minor element geochemistry of lamproites and kimberlites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 57-70.
Gao, S., Luo, T. C, and Zhang, B. R., 1998. Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in Eastern China, Geochinica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(11): 1959-1975
Gao, S., Rudnick, R. L, Carlson, R. W., McDonough, W. F, Liu, Y. S., 2002. Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198(3-4): 307-322
Gao, S, Rudnick, R. L, Yuan, H. L, Liu, X. M., Liu, Y. S., Xu, W. L, Ling, W. L, Ayers, J., Wang, X. C, Wang, Q. H., 2004. Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton. Nature, 432, 892-897
Griffin, W.-L., Zhang, A. D., O'Reilly, S. Y, Ryan, C. G, 1998. Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y (eds.), Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, pp. 107-126. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 27.
Guo, F., Fan, W. M., Wang, Y. J., Lin, G. 2001., Late Mesozoic mafic intrusive complexes in North China Block: constraints on the Nature of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26,759-771.
Guo, F., Fan, W., Wang, Y, Lin, G, 2003. Geochemistry of later Mesozoic mafic magmatism in west Shandong Province, eastern China: characterizing the lost lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Block. Geochimical Journal, 37, 63-77.
Guo, F., Fan, W., Wang, Y, Zhang, M., 2004. Origin of early Cretaceous calc-alkaline lamprophyres from the Sulu orogen in eastern China: implications for enrichment processes beneath continental collisional belt. Lithos, 78, 291-305.
Hart, S. R., Davis, K. E., 1978. Nickel partitioning between olivine and silicate melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 40, 203-219.
He, H. Y., Wang, X. L, Zhou, Z. H, Zhu, R. X, Jin, F, Wang, F, Ding, X., Boven, A, 2004. ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Bed. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L20609, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020792.
Hofmann, A. W, Jochum, K. P., Seufert, M. & White, W. M. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 79, 33-45.
Hoffmann, A. W., and Jochum, K. P., 1996. Source chatacteristics derived from very incompatible trace elements in Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea basalts, Havaii Scientific Drilling Project. J. Geophys. Res., 101 (B5): 11831-11839
Hou, L. H., Zhou, Z. H., Martin, L. D., Feduccia, A., 1995. A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature, 337, 616-619.
Houk, R. S., Fassel, V. A., Flesch, G. D., Svec, H. J., Gray, A. L., Taylor, C. E., 1980. Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements. Anal. Chem., 52: 2283
Huang, F., Li, S. G, Yang, W, 2006. Contributions of the lower crust to Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks from the North China Craton: implications for lithospheric thinning. Lithos, (in press).
Huang, X. L., Xu, Y. G, Liu, D. Y, 2004. Geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the granulite xenoliths from Nushan, east China: Implication for a heterogeneous lower crust beneath the Sino-Korean Craton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68,127-149
Kennedy, A.K., Lofgren, G. E. and Wasserburg, G. J. 1993. An Experimental-Study of Trace-Element Partitioning between Olivine, Ortho-Pyroxene and Melt in Chondrules - Equilibrium Values and Kinetic Effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 115(1-4): 177-195. doi: 10.1016/0012-821 X(93)90221 -T.
Keppler, H., 1996. Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction zone fluids. Nature, 380,237-240.
Kogiso, T., Tatsumi, Y, Nakano, S., 1997. Trace element transport during dehydration processes in the subducted oceanic crust: 1. experiments and implications for the origin of ocean island basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148, 193-205.
Jahn, B.-M., Wu, F., Lo, C.-H. et al., 1999, Crust-mantle interaction induced by deep subduction of the continental crust: geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence from post-cellisional mafic-ultramafic intrasions of the Northern Dabie complex, central China, Chem.Geol; 157: 119-146
Ji, Q., Currie, P.J., Norell, M.A., Ji, S.A., 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393, 753-761.
Lamb, M.-A., Badarch, G, 1997, Paleozoic sedimentary basins and volcanic-arc system of southern Mongolia: new stratigraphic and sedimentologic constraints. International Geology Review, 39: 542-576
Liu, Y. Q, Liu, Y. X, Li, P. X., Zhang, H, Zhang, L. J., Li, Y, Xia, H. D., 2004. Daohugou biota-bearing lithostratigraphic succession on the southeastern margin of the Ningcheng basin, Inner Mongolia, and its geochronology. Geological Bulletin of China, 23, 1180-1185.
Lugmair G. W. and Marti K. 1978. Lunar initial ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd: Differential evolution of the lunar crust and mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 39, 349-357.
Lustrino, M., Melluso, L., Morra, V., 2000. The role of lower continental crust and lithospheric mantle in the genesis of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from Sardinia (Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 180,259-270.
Lustrino, M. 2005. How the delamination and detachment of lower crust can influence basaltic magmatism. Earth Science Reviews, 72, 21-38.
Manning, C. E., 2004. The chemistry of subduction-zone fluids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224, 1-16.
Menzies, M. A., Fan, W. M., Zhang, M., 1993. Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobe and the loss of >120km of Archaean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China. In: Prichard, H. M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N. B. W., Neary, C. R. (eds.), Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, pp. 71-81. Geological Society special publication.
Menzies, M. A., Xu, Y. G, 1998. Geodynamics of the North China craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y. (eds.), Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, pp. 155-165. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 27.
Merrihue, C, 1965. Trace-element determinations and potassium-argon dating by mass spectroscopy of neutuon-irradiated samples. Trsns. Am. Geophys. Un. 46, 125
Nohda, S., Chen, H. and Tastumi, Y, 1991. Geochemical stratification in the upper mantle beneath NE China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 97-100
Peate, D. W., Kokfelt, T. F., Hawkesworth, C. J., Calsteren, P. W. V., hergt, J. M., Pearce, J. A., 2001. U-series isotope data on Lau Basin glasses: the role of subduction-related fluids during melt generation in back-arc basins. Journal of Petrology, 42, 1449-1470.
Perry, F.-V., Baldridge, S., Depaolo, D.-J., 1988, Chemical and isotopic evidence for lithospheric thinning beneath the Rio Grande rift. Nature, 332: 432-434
Rapp, R. P.; Laporte, D.; Martin, H., 2005, Adakite Induced Metasomatism of the Mantle Wedge: a Systematic Experimental Study at 1.6 GPa. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #V31C-0628
Reagan, M. K., Volpe, A. M., and Cashman, K. V., 1992. ~(238)U and ~(232)Th series chronology of phonolite fractionation at Mount Erebus, Antarctica. Ceochim. Cosnochim. Acta., 1401-1407
Robinson, P. T., Zhou, M. F., Hu, X. F., Reynolds, P., Bai, W. J., Yang, J. S., 1999. Geochemical constraints on the origin of the Hegenshan ophiolite, Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 17,423-442.
Rudnick, R. L., Gao, S., Ling, W. L, Liu, Y. S., McDonough, W. F., 2004. Petrology and geochemistry of spinel peridotite xenoliths from Hannuoba and Qixia, North China craton. Lithos, 77: 609-637
Sovelev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Nikogosian, K., 2000. Recycled oceanic crust observed in ghost plagioclase within the source of Mauna Loa lavas. Nature, 404: 986-990
Steiger R. H. and Ja¨ger E. 1977. Subcommission on geochronology; convention on the use of decay constants in geochronology and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36, 359-362.
Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A. D., Norry, M. J. (eds), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, pp. 313-345. Geological society, London.
Swisher, C. C, Wang, X. L, Zhou, Z. H., Wang, Y. Q., Jin, F, Zhang, J. Y, Xu, Q., Zhang, F. Y, Wang, Y, 2001. Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47,135-138.
Swisher, C. C, Wang, Y. Q., Wang, X. L. Xu, X, Wang, Y, 1999. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400, 58-61.
Taylor, S. R., and McLenann, S. M. 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford Press, pp. 312
Tomurtugoo, O., Windley, B. F., Kroner, A., Bandarch, G, Liu, D. Y, 2005. Zircon age and occurrence of the Adaatsag ophiolite and Muron shear zone, central Mongolia: constraints on the evolution of the Mongol-Okhatsk ocean, suture and orogen. Journal of Geological Society, London, 162, 125-134.
Wang, H., Mo, X., An outline of the tectonic evolution of China. Episodes, 1995, 18: 6-16
Wang, W. Y, Takahashi, E., Sueno, S., 1998. Geochemical properties of lithospheric mantle beneath the Sino-Korean craton: Evidence from garnet Xenocrysts and diamond inclusions. Physics of Earth Planet Interiors, 107, 249-260.
Whitford, D. J., Nicholls, I. A., Taylor, S. R., 1979. The spatial variations in the geochemistry of Quaternary lavas across the Sunda Arc in Java and Bali.Contribution to Mineral and Petrology, 70: 341-356
Wu, F. Y, Walker, R. J., Ren, X. W., Sun, D. Y, Zhou, X. H., 2003. Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China. Chemical Geology, 196, 107-129.
Xiao, W. J., Windley, B. F, Hao, J., Zhai, M. G, 2003 Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonher Suture, Inner Mongolia, China: termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22 (6), 1069, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001484.
Xu, J. F, Shinjo, R., Defant, M. J., Wang, Q., Rapp, R. P., 2002. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust? Geology, 289, 1912-1916
Xu, Y. G, Chung, S. L., Jahn, B. M., Wu, G. Y., 2001. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southern China. Lithos, 58: 145-168
Xu, W. L., Wang, Q. H., Liu, X. C, et al. 2004a. Chronology and sources of Mesozoic intusive complexes in the Xuzhou-Huainan Region, central China: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating. Acta Geologyica Sinica, 78(1): 96-106
Xu, Y. G, 2001. Themo-tectonic destruction of the Archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean craton in China: evidence, timing and mechanism. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, 747-757.
Xu, Y.-G, Menzies, M.-A., Vroon, P., et al., 1998, Texture-temperature-geochemistry relationships in the upper mantle as revealed from spinel peridotite xenoliths from Wangqing, NE China. J. Petrol., 39: 469-493
Xu, Y, Huang, X., Ma, J., Wang, Y, Iizuka, Y, Xu, J., Wang, Q, Wu, X, 2004b. Crust-mantle interaction during the tectono-thermal reactivation of the North China Craton: constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons from western Shandong. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147,750-767.
Xu, Y, Ma, J., Huang, X., Izuka, Y, Chung, S., Wang, Y, Wu, X, 2004c. Early Cretaceous gabbroic complex from Yinan, Shangdong Province: petrogenesis and mantle domains beneath the North China Craton. International Journal of Earth Science, 93.
Yang, J. H., Chung, S. L., Zhai, M. G, Zhou, X. H., 2004. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of mafic dikes from the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Evidence for vein-plus-peridotite melting in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 73, 145 - 160.
Yin, A., Nie, S., A., 1996, Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions. In: Yin, A., Harrison, T.-M., ed. The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge Univ. Press, 442-485
Ying, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., 2004. Geochemical and isotopic investigation of the Laiwu-Zibo carbonatites from Western Shandong Province, China, and implications for their petrogenesis and enriched mantle source. Lithos, 75, 413-426.
Zhai, M. G, Guo, J. H., and Liu, W. J., 2001. An exposed cross-section of Early Precambrian continental lower crust in North China Craton. Phys. Chem. Earth, 26(9-10): 781-792
Zhang, H., 2005. Transformation of lithospheric mantle through peridotite-melt reaction: a case of Sino-Korean craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 768-780
Zhang, H., Sun, M., 2002. Geochemistry of Mesozoic basalts and mafic dikes, Southeastern North China craton, and tectonic implications. International Geological Review, 44, 370-382.
Zhang, H. F, Sun, M., Zhou, X. H., Fan, W. M., Zhai M. G, Yin, J. F., 2002. Mesozoic lithosphere destruction beneath the North China Craton: evidence from major-, trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope studies of Fangcheng basalts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 241-253.
Zhang, H., Sun, M., Zhou, X., Zhou, M., Fan, W., Zheng, J., 2003. Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 4373-4387.
Zhang, H., Sun, M., Zhou, M., Fan, W., Zhou, X., Zhai, M., 2004. Highly heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China craton: evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks. Geological Magazine, 141, 55-62.
Zhang, H.-F., Sun, M., Zhou, X.-H., Ying, J.-F., 2005. Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Craton and tectonic implications. Lithos, 81,297-317.
Zhang, Z.-M., Liou, J.-G., Coleman, R.-G., 1984, An outline of the plate tectonics'; of China. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 95:295-312
Zheng, J., Sun, M., Lu, F., Pearson, N., 2003. Mesozoic lower crustal xenoliths and their significance in Iithospheric evolution beneath the Sino-Korean Cral:on. Tectonophysics, 361, 37-60.
Zhu, R. X., Shao, J. A., Pan, Y. X., Shi, R. P., Shi, G. H., Li, D. M., 2002. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of western Liaoning: Evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47, 1832-1837.
Zonenshain, L.-P., Muzmin, M.-I., Natapov, L.-M., 1990, Mongol-Okhotsk fold belt. In: Page B M, ed. Geologyof the USSR: a plate tectonic synthesis. Geophysical Union G~odynamic Series, 21: 97-120
陈斌，翟明国，邵济安．2002，太行山北段中生代岩基的成因和意义：主要和微量元素地球化学证据．中国科学(D)，32：896—907
陈义贤，陈文寄．1997，辽西及邻区中生代火山岩—年代学、地球化学和构造背景．北京：地震出版社
池际尚，路凤香．1996，华北地台金伯利岩及古生代岩石圈地幔特征．北京：科学出版社，292
邓晋福，刘厚祥，赵海玲等．1996．燕辽地区燕山期火成岩与造山模型，现代地质，10：137-148
邓晋福，莫宣学，赵海玲等．1994．中国东部岩石圈根／去根作用与大陆”活化”，现代地质，8：349-356
邓晋福，苏尚国，赵海玲，莫宣学，肖庆辉，周肃，刘翠，赵国春．2003．华北地区燕山期岩石圈减薄的深部过程，地学前缘，10：41-50
葛小月，李献华，陈志刚，等．2002，中国东部燕山期高Sr低Y型中酸性：尺成岩的地球化学特征及其成因：对中国东部地壳厚度的制约．科学通报， 47：474-480
顾知微．1962，中国的侏罗系和白垩系．《全国地层会议学术论文汇编》．北京：科学出版社，1-84
郭洪中，张招崇，1992，辽宁西部中生代火山岩基本特征．岩石矿物学杂志，11(3)：193-204
季强，陈文，王五力，等．2004，中国辽西中生代热河生物群．北京：地址出版社
季强，袁崇喜．2002，宁城中生代道虎沟生物群中两类具原始羽毛翼龙的发现及其地层学和生物学意义．地质论评，48：221-224
蒋福兴，陈金华，曹美珍，等．2000，关于辽西孔子鸟层时代的讨论．古生物学报，39：307-311
金帆．1996，辽西晚中生代地层研究之进展及存在问题．古脊椎动物学报，34(2)：102-122
李曙光，聂永红，Hart SR，张宗清，1998，俯冲陆壳与上地幔的相互作用—Ⅱ 大别山同碰撞镁铁—超镁铁岩的Sr，Nd同位素地球化学，中国科学(D)，28(1)：19-22
李曙光，杨蔚，2002，大别造山带深部地缝合线与地表地缝合线的解耦及大陆碰撞岩石圈楔入模型：中生代幔源岩浆岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据，科学通报，47(24)：1898-1905
李曙光，黄方，杨蔚，2005，下地壳对华北克拉通及大别造山带中生代镁铁质岩浆岩地幔源区的贡献，2005年全国岩石学与地球动力学研讨会论文摘要，杭州：33-34
李伍平，2006，辽西北票早侏罗世兴隆沟组英安岩的地球化学特征，岩石学报，22(6)：1608-1616
李晓勇，范蔚茗，郭锋，等，2004，古亚洲洋对华北陆缘岩石圈的改造作用：来自于西山南大岭组中基性火山岩的地球化学证据，岩石学报，20(3)：557-566
李晓勇，李超文，范立勇，2006，燕山地区中生代中基性火山岩地球化学对岩石圈性质的约束，高校地质学报，12(3)：319-327
刘勇胜，高山，骆庭川，1999，华北克拉通麻粒岩的地球化学特征及其对太古宙下地壳组成的指示意义，地质地球化学，27(3)：40-46
路凤香，郑建平，李伍平，等．2000，中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式：“蘑菇云”模型．地学前缘，7：97-107
路凤香，郑建平，张瑞生，等，2006，地壳与弱化岩石圈地幔的相互作用—以燕山造山带为例，地球科学，31(1)：1-7
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽，等．1999，中华鸟龙与孔子鸟类的时代—辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光40Ar/39Ar年龄测定．地球化学，28(4)：405-409
牛漫兰，2001，郯庐断裂带中南段岩浆活动与深部过程。合肥工业大学博士论文
马金龙，徐义刚，2006，河北阳原幔源包体的Sr-Nd同位素特征指示华北克拉通中部存在EMI型古老富集岩石圈地幔，科学通报，51(1)：1-7
彭艳东，张立东，张长捷，等，2003，辽西北票、义县地区髫髻山旋回火山岩的地球化学特征，地质与资源，12(3)：177-184
彭艳东，张立东，张长捷，等，2004，辽西北票—义县地区义县旋回火山岩的岩石化学特征，中国地质，31(4)：356-364
邱检生，王德滋，曾家湖，McInnes,B.I.A.,1997,鲁西中生代富钾火山岩及煌斑岩微量元素和Nd-Sr同位素地球化学．高校地质学报，3：384-395
邱检生，徐夕生，罗清华．2001，鲁西富钾火山岩和煌斑岩的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年及源区示踪．科学通报，46(18)：1500-1508
任东，尹继才．2002，内蒙古自治区中侏罗世表翼蛉化石—新种(脉翅目：翼蛉科)．动物分类学报，27：274-277
邵济安，牟保磊，何国琦，等．1997，华北北部在古亚洲域与古太平洋域构造叠加过程中的地质作用．中国科学，27(5)：390-394
邵济安，牟保磊，张履桥．2000，华北东部中生代构造格局转换过程中的深部作用与浅部响应．地质论评，46(1)：32-40
邵济安，路凤香，张履桥，杨进辉，2006a，辽西义县组玄武岩捕虏晶的发现及其意义。岩石学报，21(6)：1547-1558
邵济安，陈福坤，路凤香，周新华，2006b，辽西中生代软流圈底辟体的脉动式上涌。地球科学，31(6)：807-816
邵济安，张宏福，柳小明，李之彤，2007，华北北缘早中生代岩浆底侵作用的年代学记录：来自辽西晚中生代安山岩锆石U-Pb定年结果。自然科学进展，17(5)：609-613
宋彪，张玉海，万渝生，简平，2002，锆石SHRIMP样品靶制作，年龄测定及有关现象讨论，地质论评，48(增刊)：26-30
汪筱林，周忠和，张福成，等．2002，热河生物群发现带“毛”的翼龙化石，科学通报，47：54-58
王松山，胡华光，李佩贤，等．2001a，再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：Ar-Ar年龄证据．岩石学报，17(4)：663-668
王松山，王元青，胡华光，等．2001b，辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：锆石U-Pb年龄证据．科学通报，46(4)：330-333
王五力，郑少林，张立君．1989，辽西中生代地层古生物．北京：地址出版社
王晓蕊，高山，刘小明，袁洪林，胡兆初，张宏，王选策，2005，辽西四合屯早白垩世义县组富镁安山岩的地球化学：对下地壳拆沉作用和Sr/Y变化的指示，中国科学(D)，35(8)：700-709
王瑜．1996，中国东部内蒙古—燕山造山带晚古生代—中生代的造山作用过程．北京：地质出版社
王原．2000，早白垩世热河生物群—新的有尾两栖类．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：100-103
翁文灏．1927，中国东部中生代以来之地壳运动及火山活动．地质学报，6：9-36
吴福元，葛文春，孙德有，郭春丽．2004，中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题，地学前缘，10：51-60
吴福元，孙德有，张广良等．2000．论燕山运动的深部地球动力的本质，高校地质学报，6：379-38
吴福元，孙德有．1999．中国东部中生代岩浆作用与岩石圈减薄，长春科技大学学报，29：313-318
许文良，王东艳，刘晓春，王清海，林景仟．2002，徐淮地区早侏罗世侵入杂岩中榴辉岩类包体的发现及其地质意义，科学通报，47(8)：618-622
徐刚，赵越，胡建民，等．2003，辽西牛营子地区晚三叠世逆冲构造，地质学报， 77：23-34
徐义刚．2004，华北岩石圈减薄的时空不均一特征．高校地质学报，10：324-331
徐义刚，林传勇，Menzies,M.-A.,等．1996，吉林汪清尖晶石橄榄岩包体的矿物化学成分指示意义：上地幔温度史和交代作用．地球化学，25：481-493
徐义刚．1999，岩石圈的热—机械侵蚀和化学侵蚀与岩石圈减薄．矿物岩石地球化学通报，18：1-5
闫俊，陈江峰，谢智，周泰禧．2003，鲁东晚白垩世玄武岩中的幔源捕虏体：对中国东部岩石圈减薄时间制约的新证据，科学通报，48(14)：1570-1574
张宏，张旗．2005，辽西北票四合屯地区义县组富镁火山岩的稀土、微量元素特征及启示，中国稀土学报，23(6)：736-741
张宏，刘小明，李之彤，杨芳林，王晓蕊．2005，辽西阜新—义县盆地及附近地区早白垩世地壳大规模减薄及成因探讨，地质论评，51(4)：360-372
张俊峰．2002，道虎沟生物群(前热河生物群)的发现及其地质时代．地层学杂志，26：173-177
张旗，王焰，钱青，等．2001，中国东部燕山期埃达克岩的特征及其构造—成矿意义．岩石学报，17：236-244
张旗，金惟俊，王元龙，李承东，王焰，贾秀勤．2006．大陆下地壳拆沉模式初探，岩石学报，22：265-276
赵越．1990，燕山地区中生代造山运动及构造演化．地质论评，36(1)：1-13
赵越，杨振宇，马醒华．1994，东亚大地构造发展的重要转折．29：105-119
赵越，崔盛芹，郭涛，等．2002，北京西山侏罗纪盆地演化及其构造意义，地质通报，21：211-217
赵越，张拴宏，徐刚，杨振宇，胡建民．2004，燕山板内变形带侏罗纪主要构造事件，地质通报，23(9-10)：854-863
郑建平．1999，中国东部地幔置换作用与中新生代岩石圈减薄．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，126
郑建平，路凤香，1999．胶辽半岛金伯利岩中地幔捕虏体岩石学特征：古生代岩石圈地幔及其不均一性，岩石学报，15(1)：65-74
郑建平，路凤香，Reilly,S.Y,Griffin.W.L.,张明．2000．华北东部地幔改造作用 和置换作用：单斜辉石激光探针研究，中国科学(D)，30(4)：373-382
郑建平，路凤香，余淳梅，Reilly,S.Y.2003．地幔置换作用：华北两类橄榄岩及其透辉石微量元素对比证据，地球科学，28(3)：235-240
郑建平，路凤香，余淳梅，袁晓萍，张瑞生，2006，华北东部橄榄岩岩石化学特征及其岩石圈地幔演化意义，地球科学，31(1)：49-56
郑建平，余淳梅，路凤香，李惠民，2004．辽宁金伯利岩变基性岩石捕虏体地球化学及锆石年代学：示踪华北下地壳早期演化，中国科学(D)：34(5)：412-422
郑亚东，Davis,G.-A.,王琮，等．2000，燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题．地质学报，74(4)：289-302
周新华，陈义贤，张国辉，陈文寄，1998．中生代火山岩源区特征的多元同位素制约—以华北北缘为例，科学通报，43(23)：2483-2488
朱光，宋传中，王道轩，等．2001a，郯庐断裂带走滑时代的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究及其构造意义．中国科学(D辑)，31：250-256
朱光，王道轩，刘国生，等．2001b，郯庐断裂带的伸展活动及其动力学背景，地质科学，36：269-278
朱日祥，绍济安，潘永信，史瑞萍，施光海，李大明，2002．辽西白垩纪火山岩古地磁测定与陆内旋转运动，科学通报，47(17)：1335-1340