上海城乡梯度上重金属污染格局及其磁学响应
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摘要
环境磁学已广泛用于研究城市环境污染问题,但目前为止,对上海城乡梯度上土壤重金属与磁性物质的分布格局尚无系统揭示,而利用植物叶片作为环境载体反演大气环境质量状况更是少有报道。本文以上海16区1县为研究对象,对上海城乡梯度上公园或绿地、居民区、工厂(宝钢)和道路(龙吴路)等不同功能区的土壤、植物样品进行大规模的采样,通过重金属、磁学以及电镜扫描等多种测试方法,结合多元统计、GIS等手段,探讨不同人为干扰强度下,上海城乡梯度上土壤与植物叶片中重金属与磁性参数的分布格局,揭示环境磁性物质对重金属污染的响应,解析多污染源区域土壤与植物叶片中重金属与磁性物质的来源,构建土壤与大气重金属污染磁学评价体系,主要结论如下：
(1)上海城乡梯度上土壤中重金属浓度均高于土壤背景值,且在各功能区间重金属浓度有所差异。
(2)上海城乡梯度上不同功能区土壤污染程度存在差异,且各土壤主要污染元素迥异。具体如下,上海市内公园或绿地土壤中度污染,而居民区、宝钢厂内和龙吴路重度污染；Cd是上海市公园或绿地、居民区的主要污染元素,而到宝钢厂内和龙吴路,其污染元素分别转变成Zn和Cd及Zn、Cd和Pb。
(3)沿上海城乡梯度,公园、绿地和居民区的土壤重金属污染程度逐渐减少,但在城市与郊区间差异不显著(P>0.05),而在城市或郊区与农村间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。
(4)植物叶片内各重金属元素浓度均值在上海城乡梯度上不同功能区间的分布存在差异。如,Cr、Zn、Cu由大到小分别为：宝钢厂内>龙吴路>居民区>公园或绿地；Pb为宝钢厂内>公园或绿地>居民区>龙吴路；Ni和Cd除在宝钢厂内有最大值外,其它三个功能区差异不明显。其次,沿上海市城乡梯度,公园和绿地植物叶片中Pb浓度均值逐渐增加,居民区植物叶片中Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb浓度逐渐减小。
(5)亚铁磁性矿物主导了上海土壤和植物叶片的磁性特性,亚铁磁性矿物晶粒以PSD-MD为主。依据磁化率(χ)的分析结果,上海市城乡梯度上各类型功能区的土壤已不同程度受到了人为活动的污染。
(6)上海城乡梯度上各功能区土壤中,除Ni和Cu分别与磁性参数负相关,不相关外,其余表征磁性矿物含量的χ、χARM、SIRM与Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb均表现出显著正相关(P<0.01)。而对于植物叶片中重金属,其含量全部与χ、XARM、 SIRM显著正相关(P<0.01)。说明磁性颗粒与重金属具有相同来源,磁性参数χ、χARM、SIRM可作为指示重金属污染的替代指标。
(7)以多污染源区域-宝山区的土壤与植物叶片为例,分析其土壤和植物叶片中重金属与磁性物质污染来源。结果表明,土壤与植物叶片中磁性参数和重金属的空间分布存在差异。具体如下,对于土壤,χ、χARM、SIRM、Cr、Zn主要来源于工业污染源;Cu、Cd和Pb主要来源于交通污染源；而HIRM受多种工业源的共同影响；Ni主要源于成土过程。而对于植物叶片,χ、χARM、SIRM、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn主要来源于工业污染源,但也受到交通污染源的影响；而HIRM,Cd、Pb主要来源于交通污染源。
(8)磁性参数和重金属浓度间关系显著,因此,可用环境磁学数据构建土壤与大气重金属污染磁学评价体系：
1)当土壤中χ和SIRM值分别处于0-29.1×10-8m3kg-1和0-2371×10"6Am2kg-1之间时,土壤环境清洁；两者分别在在29.1-40x10-8m3kg-1和2371-5228x10-6Am2kg-1之间,土壤环境轻度污染；在40-132××10-8m3kg-1和5228-17904×10-6Am2kg-1之间,土壤环境中度污染；χ>132x10-8m3kg-1、SIRM>17904×10-6Am2kg-1时,土壤环境重度污染。
2)当植物叶片中SIRM值处于0-242×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境清洁；处于242-473×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境轻度污染；处于473-1345×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境中度污染；SIRM>1345×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境重度污染。
Environmental magnetism has been widely used to characterize the pattern of urban environmental. But, little research has been performed to systematically reveal the spatial pattern of heavy metals and magnetic characters along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. Nearly no regional magnetic distribution pattern using dust-loaded tree leaves was described in published papers in Shanghai. In this study, a total of97soil and82dust-loaded tree leaves samples was collected spatially from17districts along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. Magnetic properties, heavy metal contents, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) measures, combined with multivariate statistics and GIS methods were used to characterize the spatial pattern of soil and dust-loaded tree leaves along urban-rural gradient of Shanghai. The paper found the significant positive between magnetic parameters and heavy metal contents in soil and dust-loaded tree leaves, identified the source of heavy metal and magnetic particles in a multi-pollution sources area, and established a magnetic evaluation system for assessing soil and atmosphere environment quality. The major results as follows:
(1) The average concentrations of heavy metals were increased over the corresponding background values of the soils in Shanghai. The heavy metals contents in soils were differ among various functional areas.
(2) Different pollution level was found among four land use types soils in Shanghai. The soils in parks were moderate polluted, while the soils in residential areas, Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant and Longwu roadside were all heavily polluted. Cd in the soils collected from parks and residential areas, Zn and Cd inside the Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant, and Zn, Cd, and Pb along Longwu Road were the most polluted elements.
(3) The heavy metal pollution degree in soils of parks and residential areas soils was gradually decreased along urban-rural gradient. Significant difference of heavy metal content between urban and rural, suburban and rural was found in parks and residential areas soils (P＜0.05).
(4) The spatial distribution of average contents of heavy metals in dust-loaded tree leaves was different among four land use types. The Cr, Zn, and Cu contents in dust-loaded tree leaves of different functional areas were ranked as Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant＞Longwu Roadside＞residential areas＞parks, and the Pb content was ranked as Longwu Roadside＞Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant＞residential areas> parks. Ni content had no difference in samples from all functional areas except Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant. Average content of Pb was gradually increased along urban-rural gradient in parks leaf, but the average contents of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb in residential areas leaves were gradually decreased along urban-rural gradient.
(5) The magnetic parameters showed that ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic particles were the main magnetic carriers in soils and dust-loaded tree leaves, and magnetic grains were predominantly pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multidomain (MD) in size. The soils in each land use type along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai were polluted more or less according to x values.
(6) Significant positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between x, xARM, SIRM and Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb in soils, and Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb in dust-loaded tree leaves, which indicating the same source of heavy metals and magnetic particles in soils and leaves. The magnetic parameters like x, XARM, SIRM could be used as a proxy for heavy metal contents.
(7) Baoshan district is a multi-source of pollution area in Shanghai. In this paper, this area was selected to indentify different sources contributing to observed pollution in Baoshan district, x,xARM, SIRM, Cr, Zn in Baoshan district soil samples were mainly from industrial pollution source; Cu, Cd, Pb were in Baoshan district soil samples mainly from traffic pollution source; HIRM was controlled by multi-source of industrial pollution and Ni was mainly controlled by parent materials in Baoshan district soil samples.x,xasm, SIRM, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn in dust-loaded tree leaves were mainly from industrial pollution source, and also controlled partly by traffic pollution source. HIRM, Cd, Pb in dust-loaded tree leaves were mainly controlled by traffic pollution source.
(8) A magnetic evaluation system for assessing soil and atmosphere environment quality was established according to the significant positive correlations between magnetic parameters and heavy metals contents in soils and dust-loaded leaves.
1) In soil samples, when x, SIRM were0-29.1x10-8m3kg-1and0-2371×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was clean; when x, SIRM were29.1-40×10-8m3kg-1and2371-5228×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was slightly polluted; when x, SIRM were40-132×10-8m3kg-1and5228-17904×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was moderate polluted; when x＞132×10-8m3kg-1and SIRM>17904×10-6Am2kg-1, the soil environment was heavily polluted.
2) In dust-loaded tree leaves, when SIRM was0-242×10-6Amkg-1, the air environment was clean; when242＜SIRM＜473, the air environment was slightly polluted; when473＜SIRM＜1345, the air environment was moderate polluted; when SIRM＞1345×10-6Am2kg-1, the air environment was heavily polluted.
(1)上海城乡梯度上土壤中重金属浓度均高于土壤背景值,且在各功能区间重金属浓度有所差异。
(2)上海城乡梯度上不同功能区土壤污染程度存在差异,且各土壤主要污染元素迥异。具体如下,上海市内公园或绿地土壤中度污染,而居民区、宝钢厂内和龙吴路重度污染；Cd是上海市公园或绿地、居民区的主要污染元素,而到宝钢厂内和龙吴路,其污染元素分别转变成Zn和Cd及Zn、Cd和Pb。
(3)沿上海城乡梯度,公园、绿地和居民区的土壤重金属污染程度逐渐减少,但在城市与郊区间差异不显著(P>0.05),而在城市或郊区与农村间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。
(4)植物叶片内各重金属元素浓度均值在上海城乡梯度上不同功能区间的分布存在差异。如,Cr、Zn、Cu由大到小分别为：宝钢厂内>龙吴路>居民区>公园或绿地；Pb为宝钢厂内>公园或绿地>居民区>龙吴路；Ni和Cd除在宝钢厂内有最大值外,其它三个功能区差异不明显。其次,沿上海市城乡梯度,公园和绿地植物叶片中Pb浓度均值逐渐增加,居民区植物叶片中Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb浓度逐渐减小。
(5)亚铁磁性矿物主导了上海土壤和植物叶片的磁性特性,亚铁磁性矿物晶粒以PSD-MD为主。依据磁化率(χ)的分析结果,上海市城乡梯度上各类型功能区的土壤已不同程度受到了人为活动的污染。
(6)上海城乡梯度上各功能区土壤中,除Ni和Cu分别与磁性参数负相关,不相关外,其余表征磁性矿物含量的χ、χARM、SIRM与Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb均表现出显著正相关(P<0.01)。而对于植物叶片中重金属,其含量全部与χ、XARM、 SIRM显著正相关(P<0.01)。说明磁性颗粒与重金属具有相同来源,磁性参数χ、χARM、SIRM可作为指示重金属污染的替代指标。
(7)以多污染源区域-宝山区的土壤与植物叶片为例,分析其土壤和植物叶片中重金属与磁性物质污染来源。结果表明,土壤与植物叶片中磁性参数和重金属的空间分布存在差异。具体如下,对于土壤,χ、χARM、SIRM、Cr、Zn主要来源于工业污染源;Cu、Cd和Pb主要来源于交通污染源；而HIRM受多种工业源的共同影响；Ni主要源于成土过程。而对于植物叶片,χ、χARM、SIRM、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn主要来源于工业污染源,但也受到交通污染源的影响；而HIRM,Cd、Pb主要来源于交通污染源。
(8)磁性参数和重金属浓度间关系显著,因此,可用环境磁学数据构建土壤与大气重金属污染磁学评价体系：
1)当土壤中χ和SIRM值分别处于0-29.1×10-8m3kg-1和0-2371×10"6Am2kg-1之间时,土壤环境清洁；两者分别在在29.1-40x10-8m3kg-1和2371-5228x10-6Am2kg-1之间,土壤环境轻度污染；在40-132××10-8m3kg-1和5228-17904×10-6Am2kg-1之间,土壤环境中度污染；χ>132x10-8m3kg-1、SIRM>17904×10-6Am2kg-1时,土壤环境重度污染。
2)当植物叶片中SIRM值处于0-242×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境清洁；处于242-473×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境轻度污染；处于473-1345×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境中度污染；SIRM>1345×10-6Am2kg-1时,大气环境重度污染。
Environmental magnetism has been widely used to characterize the pattern of urban environmental. But, little research has been performed to systematically reveal the spatial pattern of heavy metals and magnetic characters along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. Nearly no regional magnetic distribution pattern using dust-loaded tree leaves was described in published papers in Shanghai. In this study, a total of97soil and82dust-loaded tree leaves samples was collected spatially from17districts along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. Magnetic properties, heavy metal contents, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) measures, combined with multivariate statistics and GIS methods were used to characterize the spatial pattern of soil and dust-loaded tree leaves along urban-rural gradient of Shanghai. The paper found the significant positive between magnetic parameters and heavy metal contents in soil and dust-loaded tree leaves, identified the source of heavy metal and magnetic particles in a multi-pollution sources area, and established a magnetic evaluation system for assessing soil and atmosphere environment quality. The major results as follows:
(1) The average concentrations of heavy metals were increased over the corresponding background values of the soils in Shanghai. The heavy metals contents in soils were differ among various functional areas.
(2) Different pollution level was found among four land use types soils in Shanghai. The soils in parks were moderate polluted, while the soils in residential areas, Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant and Longwu roadside were all heavily polluted. Cd in the soils collected from parks and residential areas, Zn and Cd inside the Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant, and Zn, Cd, and Pb along Longwu Road were the most polluted elements.
(3) The heavy metal pollution degree in soils of parks and residential areas soils was gradually decreased along urban-rural gradient. Significant difference of heavy metal content between urban and rural, suburban and rural was found in parks and residential areas soils (P＜0.05).
(4) The spatial distribution of average contents of heavy metals in dust-loaded tree leaves was different among four land use types. The Cr, Zn, and Cu contents in dust-loaded tree leaves of different functional areas were ranked as Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant＞Longwu Roadside＞residential areas＞parks, and the Pb content was ranked as Longwu Roadside＞Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant＞residential areas> parks. Ni content had no difference in samples from all functional areas except Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant. Average content of Pb was gradually increased along urban-rural gradient in parks leaf, but the average contents of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb in residential areas leaves were gradually decreased along urban-rural gradient.
(5) The magnetic parameters showed that ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic particles were the main magnetic carriers in soils and dust-loaded tree leaves, and magnetic grains were predominantly pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multidomain (MD) in size. The soils in each land use type along urban-rural gradient in Shanghai were polluted more or less according to x values.
(6) Significant positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between x, xARM, SIRM and Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb in soils, and Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb in dust-loaded tree leaves, which indicating the same source of heavy metals and magnetic particles in soils and leaves. The magnetic parameters like x, XARM, SIRM could be used as a proxy for heavy metal contents.
(7) Baoshan district is a multi-source of pollution area in Shanghai. In this paper, this area was selected to indentify different sources contributing to observed pollution in Baoshan district, x,xARM, SIRM, Cr, Zn in Baoshan district soil samples were mainly from industrial pollution source; Cu, Cd, Pb were in Baoshan district soil samples mainly from traffic pollution source; HIRM was controlled by multi-source of industrial pollution and Ni was mainly controlled by parent materials in Baoshan district soil samples.x,xasm, SIRM, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn in dust-loaded tree leaves were mainly from industrial pollution source, and also controlled partly by traffic pollution source. HIRM, Cd, Pb in dust-loaded tree leaves were mainly controlled by traffic pollution source.
(8) A magnetic evaluation system for assessing soil and atmosphere environment quality was established according to the significant positive correlations between magnetic parameters and heavy metals contents in soils and dust-loaded leaves.
1) In soil samples, when x, SIRM were0-29.1x10-8m3kg-1and0-2371×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was clean; when x, SIRM were29.1-40×10-8m3kg-1and2371-5228×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was slightly polluted; when x, SIRM were40-132×10-8m3kg-1and5228-17904×10-6Am2kg-1, respectively, the soil environment was moderate polluted; when x＞132×10-8m3kg-1and SIRM>17904×10-6Am2kg-1, the soil environment was heavily polluted.
2) In dust-loaded tree leaves, when SIRM was0-242×10-6Amkg-1, the air environment was clean; when242＜SIRM＜473, the air environment was slightly polluted; when473＜SIRM＜1345, the air environment was moderate polluted; when SIRM＞1345×10-6Am2kg-1, the air environment was heavily polluted.
引文
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