导热沥青混凝土路面太阳能集热及融雪化冰研究
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摘要
黑色沥青路面具有很强的吸收太阳能的能力,利用沥青路面吸收太阳能成为了一项新型的能源利用技术；此外,在低温冰雪天气中,用夏季收集并储存的热量来给建筑物供暖制冷和加热道路进行融雪化冰,实现热量的跨季节应用。因此,该技术不仅可以大大缓解我国能源紧张并提高道路交通的安全畅通,而且还可以有效降低路面温度和缓解城市热岛效应,减轻夏季高温天气中车辙、推移、泛油等病害的产生。沥青道面换热器是实现太阳能集热和融雪过程的关键构造体,在实现并提高集热和融雪功能之前必须保证道路本身的功能和路用性能。
本文首先提出了集热和融雪化冰沥青道路的结构形式,对集热和融雪用沥青路面建筑材料进行了设计和制备,包括复合导热相填料制备导热沥青胶浆和导热沥青混凝土、利用页岩陶粒制备隔热层沥青混凝土等。对沥青路面建筑材料的力学性能进行了系统试验和优化研究,评价导热相填料对沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土性能的影响,检验了页岩陶粒沥青混凝土的路用性能。结果表明针对导热沥青混凝土的路用性能,宜采用石墨作为导热相填料,但需要控制掺量。
第二,基于传热学和气象学的基本原理,分析沥青路面太阳能集热及融雪的传热机理和热工过程,解析影响沥青路面集热和融雪的路面材料、结构特性和环境气候条件等基本概念,界定影响沥青混凝土路面换热的关键参数。对复合材料的各种导热模型进行归纳和总结,采用瞬态平板热源法精确测量沥青胶浆及沥青混凝土的热学参数,确定了导热沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土的导热机理,提出适合导热沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土导热系数的计算预估模型。
第三,由于沥青路面太阳能集热和流体加热路面融雪化冰会改变沥青路面温度变化规律,给沥青路面带来额外的水温耦合冲击。在设定的冻融条件下进行多次冻融循环试验,研究导热沥青混凝土性能的变化规律,评价导热沥青混凝土耐水温耦合冲击的性能；模拟路面结构制备了组合式车辙板采用结构自诊断的方法评价温度的重复变化对混凝土性能及路面功能的影响；提出了适合导热沥青混凝土抗水温耦合冲击的检测方法和指标。
第四,参考相关国标并结合沥青混凝土制备和成型的实际情况对混凝土太阳能集热和融雪的室内试验装置进行设计,包括试验数据采集处理系统、温度流量测控系统、辐照度测量控制系统三大部分。建立了一个沥青混凝土换热大板来模拟路面的融雪,利用低温流体加热沥青路面在冰雪天气中进行融雪研究,主要通过实验测量融雪率、基本特征点的温度变化、融化时间以及表面温度场等数据,讨论实际道路管道融雪化冰的热工特性和融化规律,对融雪过程进行性能评价。虽然换热工质温度为25℃时,融雪时间长,但是仍然可以应用于道路的融雪化冰；提高换热工质的温度可以有效地降低融雪的时间,但从有效利用工业低温余热、地热和降低热量损失角度出发,在实际应用过程中没有必要一味地增大换热工质的温度。融雪过程中路表无雪率和管道与管道之间区域的升温过程可以分为四个阶段：初始期、线性期(稳定期)、加速期和后加速期；导热沥青混凝土可以明显加速融雪的速度,使融雪的时间降低30%以上,并且能有效提高沥青路面的换热效率和融雪的效率。
第五,通过集热试验验证了试验装置和方法能模拟集热条件,同时可进行沥青混凝土试块进行温度场测试；测试结果的精度满足室内可控条件下对沥青混凝土太阳能集热性能评价的要求。根据沥青路面所处的实际气候条件,借助实验装置模拟气候条件在室内对路面温度场进行测量；获得沥青路面温度的变化过程、温度的垂直分布、温度变化速率以及温度梯度等结果,分析结果表明导热沥青混凝土对路面温度场有很大影响,路面埋管的最佳深度为2.5cm～5cm。
在室内和大气环境中利用沥青混凝土换热板进行太阳能集热试验,测量集热器内部温度的变化过程；评价不同流量对降低路面温度的效果以及路面初始温度对路面升温过程的影响。结果表明了沥青混凝土路面太阳能集热技术可以较大幅度地降低路面温度；随着流量的提高,路面表面温度呈线性关系降低,出口水温下降而单位面积集热量逐渐增加,集热效率增大。在室内持续辐照条件下导热沥青混凝土集热效率达37.5%-47.7%；换热管道间距为30cm,在自然辐照环境中导热沥青混凝土的全天平均集热效率仍相对于普通沥青混凝土可达29.7%。
Asphalt solar collectors are becoming a new way of harnessing solar energy due to its excellent heating-absorption property. While in the low-temperature weather, the heat energy collected in summer can be developed for the heating and cooling of adjacent buildings as well as to melt the snow and ice on the asphalt pavement. As a result, this technology not only can solve the problems of energy sources and impove road safety, but also can effectively reduce the pavement temperature and urban heat island effect, reduce the damages of bleeding, traction, rutting and other usually happened on asphalt pavement during summer. Heat exchanger in asphalt pavement is a key component in heat collection process of solar energy and ice-snow melting process. Before realize and improve the fuction of solar collection and ice-snow melting on asphalt pavement, the fuction of roadways and pavement performance must be guaranteed.
The asphalt pavement structural form is proposed, which will be applied in pavement solar collection and ice-snow melting. Pavement construction materials is designed and prepared, including the preparation of thermal conductive asphalt concrete by adding thermal conductive fillers, preparation of heat insulation asphalt concrete with expanded shale and so on. System testing and optimization study on mechnical properties of pavement construction materials are used to evaluate the effect of conductive fillers on asphalt mortar and asphalt concrete, inspect the pavement performance of asphalt concrete with expanded shale. The results show that it is better for conductive asphalt concrete to use graphite as conductive filler, but the content of graphite should be controlled.
Secondly, Based on fundamentals of heat transfer theory and meteorology, analyzes principles and thermal process of asphalt pavement solar collection and ice-snow melting. Such basic concepts as pavement materials with an influence on asphalt solar collection and ice-snow melting, its structure characteristics as well as different environments and types of climate as are still explained in this paper in order to define key parameters that have effects on asphalt concrete's heat exchang performance. The thermal parameters of asphalt mortar and asphalt concrete are measured by transient plant source method. Comparing some typical thermal conductive model with experimental data of filled thermal composites, the thermal conductive principle in filled asphalt mortar and conductive asphalt concrete are identified and the proper calculation models for predict the thermal conductivity of filled asphalt mortar and conductive asphalt concrete are proposed.
Thirdly, the solar collection and ice-snow melting process will change the variation laws of pavement temperature and accelerate the impact of the coupled thermal and water on asphalt pavement.The study in the following aspects:the repeated freezing-thawing cycles test is used to evaluate the resistance capacity of the coupled impact of thermal and water; the full-depth asphalt concrete slab with thermal conductive layer is prepared to simulate the asphalt pavement structure and self-monitoring method to assess the effect of the variation of temperature on asphalt concrete properties and structure; the proper testing method and specifications for conductive asphalt concrete to evaluate the resistance capacity of the coupled impact of thermal and water.
Fourthly, with reference to relative national standards and the actual situation of preparation and formation of asphalt concrete, the design of the laboratory testing system for solar energy collection and ice-snow melting, including that of the data acquisition and processing unit, the temperature\flow measure and control unit and radiation test and control system are stated in this study. An experimental system with large asphalt concrete slab for snow melting experiments is built in field and low-temperature heating fuild is used to study snow melting performance. In discussing the behavior of heat and mass transfer and evaluating snow melting performance, it is mainly involved in confirming the surface free-area ratio, temperature variation at feature locations, the snow melting time and surface temperature distribution.
Despite the entire snowmelt time is longer than expected and higher fluid temperature is a positive way to improve the performance of melting system, it is acceptable for us to use asphalt solar collector for snow melting. Especially, it is feasible that low temperature water about25℃is used for snow melting. During practical design and applications, to utilize low temperature water is of significance to reduce the waste of energy and it is unnecessary to keep a too high fluid temperature. The variations of free-area ratio and temperature at lacation between pipes during snow melting process generally include four stages:the starting period, accelerated period, stable period and post-acceleration. The conductive asphalt concrete can accelerate the heat transmission and improve the snow melting efficiency. The time of snow melting decreases about30%with the thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete.
Lastly, it is proved that factual solar collecting circumstance can be simulated and temperature distribution test of the asphalt concrete slab is practical through heat-extracting test. The accuracy of the test results under the laboratory situation meets the demand of evaluating sample asphalt concrete's solar energy collecting performance. With the aid of equipment, the climatic conditions of pavement are simulated so that the temperature distribution can be measured. It can be concluded through such results as the whole changing process of the pavement temperature, the temperature vertical distributions and the temperature change rate and temperature gradient that thermal conductive asphalt concrete has a great influence on pavement temperature distribution, which helps to deduce that the optimum depth of pipe-laying is2.5cm-5cm.
Solar energy collection experiments using asphalt concrete slabs are operated in laboratory and atmospheric environment. The change process of internal temperature of the collector is measured, the effects of various flows on deducing pavement temperature are evaluated and the effects of initial temperature on the temperature changes are assessed during collection. The experiments mentioned above prove that solar energy collecting of asphalt concrete pavement can considerably reduce surface temperature:with the increase in flow, pavement surface temperature witnesses a linearity decrease; the thermal energy gain per unit area and collection efficiency rises gradually as the outleting water temperature drops. Under the given indoor conditions, the collection efficiency reaches37.5%～47.7%in conductive asphalt concrete slabs, while the daily average efficiency of29.7%in conductive asphalt concrete slabs due to the pipe spacing increases to30mm and under the atmospheric radiation condition.
本文首先提出了集热和融雪化冰沥青道路的结构形式,对集热和融雪用沥青路面建筑材料进行了设计和制备,包括复合导热相填料制备导热沥青胶浆和导热沥青混凝土、利用页岩陶粒制备隔热层沥青混凝土等。对沥青路面建筑材料的力学性能进行了系统试验和优化研究,评价导热相填料对沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土性能的影响,检验了页岩陶粒沥青混凝土的路用性能。结果表明针对导热沥青混凝土的路用性能,宜采用石墨作为导热相填料,但需要控制掺量。
第二,基于传热学和气象学的基本原理,分析沥青路面太阳能集热及融雪的传热机理和热工过程,解析影响沥青路面集热和融雪的路面材料、结构特性和环境气候条件等基本概念,界定影响沥青混凝土路面换热的关键参数。对复合材料的各种导热模型进行归纳和总结,采用瞬态平板热源法精确测量沥青胶浆及沥青混凝土的热学参数,确定了导热沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土的导热机理,提出适合导热沥青胶浆和沥青混凝土导热系数的计算预估模型。
第三,由于沥青路面太阳能集热和流体加热路面融雪化冰会改变沥青路面温度变化规律,给沥青路面带来额外的水温耦合冲击。在设定的冻融条件下进行多次冻融循环试验,研究导热沥青混凝土性能的变化规律,评价导热沥青混凝土耐水温耦合冲击的性能；模拟路面结构制备了组合式车辙板采用结构自诊断的方法评价温度的重复变化对混凝土性能及路面功能的影响；提出了适合导热沥青混凝土抗水温耦合冲击的检测方法和指标。
第四,参考相关国标并结合沥青混凝土制备和成型的实际情况对混凝土太阳能集热和融雪的室内试验装置进行设计,包括试验数据采集处理系统、温度流量测控系统、辐照度测量控制系统三大部分。建立了一个沥青混凝土换热大板来模拟路面的融雪,利用低温流体加热沥青路面在冰雪天气中进行融雪研究,主要通过实验测量融雪率、基本特征点的温度变化、融化时间以及表面温度场等数据,讨论实际道路管道融雪化冰的热工特性和融化规律,对融雪过程进行性能评价。虽然换热工质温度为25℃时,融雪时间长,但是仍然可以应用于道路的融雪化冰；提高换热工质的温度可以有效地降低融雪的时间,但从有效利用工业低温余热、地热和降低热量损失角度出发,在实际应用过程中没有必要一味地增大换热工质的温度。融雪过程中路表无雪率和管道与管道之间区域的升温过程可以分为四个阶段：初始期、线性期(稳定期)、加速期和后加速期；导热沥青混凝土可以明显加速融雪的速度,使融雪的时间降低30%以上,并且能有效提高沥青路面的换热效率和融雪的效率。
第五,通过集热试验验证了试验装置和方法能模拟集热条件,同时可进行沥青混凝土试块进行温度场测试；测试结果的精度满足室内可控条件下对沥青混凝土太阳能集热性能评价的要求。根据沥青路面所处的实际气候条件,借助实验装置模拟气候条件在室内对路面温度场进行测量；获得沥青路面温度的变化过程、温度的垂直分布、温度变化速率以及温度梯度等结果,分析结果表明导热沥青混凝土对路面温度场有很大影响,路面埋管的最佳深度为2.5cm～5cm。
在室内和大气环境中利用沥青混凝土换热板进行太阳能集热试验,测量集热器内部温度的变化过程；评价不同流量对降低路面温度的效果以及路面初始温度对路面升温过程的影响。结果表明了沥青混凝土路面太阳能集热技术可以较大幅度地降低路面温度；随着流量的提高,路面表面温度呈线性关系降低,出口水温下降而单位面积集热量逐渐增加,集热效率增大。在室内持续辐照条件下导热沥青混凝土集热效率达37.5%-47.7%；换热管道间距为30cm,在自然辐照环境中导热沥青混凝土的全天平均集热效率仍相对于普通沥青混凝土可达29.7%。
Asphalt solar collectors are becoming a new way of harnessing solar energy due to its excellent heating-absorption property. While in the low-temperature weather, the heat energy collected in summer can be developed for the heating and cooling of adjacent buildings as well as to melt the snow and ice on the asphalt pavement. As a result, this technology not only can solve the problems of energy sources and impove road safety, but also can effectively reduce the pavement temperature and urban heat island effect, reduce the damages of bleeding, traction, rutting and other usually happened on asphalt pavement during summer. Heat exchanger in asphalt pavement is a key component in heat collection process of solar energy and ice-snow melting process. Before realize and improve the fuction of solar collection and ice-snow melting on asphalt pavement, the fuction of roadways and pavement performance must be guaranteed.
The asphalt pavement structural form is proposed, which will be applied in pavement solar collection and ice-snow melting. Pavement construction materials is designed and prepared, including the preparation of thermal conductive asphalt concrete by adding thermal conductive fillers, preparation of heat insulation asphalt concrete with expanded shale and so on. System testing and optimization study on mechnical properties of pavement construction materials are used to evaluate the effect of conductive fillers on asphalt mortar and asphalt concrete, inspect the pavement performance of asphalt concrete with expanded shale. The results show that it is better for conductive asphalt concrete to use graphite as conductive filler, but the content of graphite should be controlled.
Secondly, Based on fundamentals of heat transfer theory and meteorology, analyzes principles and thermal process of asphalt pavement solar collection and ice-snow melting. Such basic concepts as pavement materials with an influence on asphalt solar collection and ice-snow melting, its structure characteristics as well as different environments and types of climate as are still explained in this paper in order to define key parameters that have effects on asphalt concrete's heat exchang performance. The thermal parameters of asphalt mortar and asphalt concrete are measured by transient plant source method. Comparing some typical thermal conductive model with experimental data of filled thermal composites, the thermal conductive principle in filled asphalt mortar and conductive asphalt concrete are identified and the proper calculation models for predict the thermal conductivity of filled asphalt mortar and conductive asphalt concrete are proposed.
Thirdly, the solar collection and ice-snow melting process will change the variation laws of pavement temperature and accelerate the impact of the coupled thermal and water on asphalt pavement.The study in the following aspects:the repeated freezing-thawing cycles test is used to evaluate the resistance capacity of the coupled impact of thermal and water; the full-depth asphalt concrete slab with thermal conductive layer is prepared to simulate the asphalt pavement structure and self-monitoring method to assess the effect of the variation of temperature on asphalt concrete properties and structure; the proper testing method and specifications for conductive asphalt concrete to evaluate the resistance capacity of the coupled impact of thermal and water.
Fourthly, with reference to relative national standards and the actual situation of preparation and formation of asphalt concrete, the design of the laboratory testing system for solar energy collection and ice-snow melting, including that of the data acquisition and processing unit, the temperature\flow measure and control unit and radiation test and control system are stated in this study. An experimental system with large asphalt concrete slab for snow melting experiments is built in field and low-temperature heating fuild is used to study snow melting performance. In discussing the behavior of heat and mass transfer and evaluating snow melting performance, it is mainly involved in confirming the surface free-area ratio, temperature variation at feature locations, the snow melting time and surface temperature distribution.
Despite the entire snowmelt time is longer than expected and higher fluid temperature is a positive way to improve the performance of melting system, it is acceptable for us to use asphalt solar collector for snow melting. Especially, it is feasible that low temperature water about25℃is used for snow melting. During practical design and applications, to utilize low temperature water is of significance to reduce the waste of energy and it is unnecessary to keep a too high fluid temperature. The variations of free-area ratio and temperature at lacation between pipes during snow melting process generally include four stages:the starting period, accelerated period, stable period and post-acceleration. The conductive asphalt concrete can accelerate the heat transmission and improve the snow melting efficiency. The time of snow melting decreases about30%with the thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete.
Lastly, it is proved that factual solar collecting circumstance can be simulated and temperature distribution test of the asphalt concrete slab is practical through heat-extracting test. The accuracy of the test results under the laboratory situation meets the demand of evaluating sample asphalt concrete's solar energy collecting performance. With the aid of equipment, the climatic conditions of pavement are simulated so that the temperature distribution can be measured. It can be concluded through such results as the whole changing process of the pavement temperature, the temperature vertical distributions and the temperature change rate and temperature gradient that thermal conductive asphalt concrete has a great influence on pavement temperature distribution, which helps to deduce that the optimum depth of pipe-laying is2.5cm-5cm.
Solar energy collection experiments using asphalt concrete slabs are operated in laboratory and atmospheric environment. The change process of internal temperature of the collector is measured, the effects of various flows on deducing pavement temperature are evaluated and the effects of initial temperature on the temperature changes are assessed during collection. The experiments mentioned above prove that solar energy collecting of asphalt concrete pavement can considerably reduce surface temperature:with the increase in flow, pavement surface temperature witnesses a linearity decrease; the thermal energy gain per unit area and collection efficiency rises gradually as the outleting water temperature drops. Under the given indoor conditions, the collection efficiency reaches37.5%～47.7%in conductive asphalt concrete slabs, while the daily average efficiency of29.7%in conductive asphalt concrete slabs due to the pipe spacing increases to30mm and under the atmospheric radiation condition.
引文
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