我国西南典型喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤理化特征研究
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摘要
我国是世界上喀斯特面积最大、分布最广的国家,并以我国西南地区喀斯特地貌类型最典型且集中连片分布。作为世界性难题的喀斯特脆弱环境的恢复与治理一直是国内外相关学者关注的焦点。果化喀斯特生态示范区建立于2000年,位于广西百色市平果县果化镇,面积约1000公顷,属于典型的喀斯特峰丛洼地,是我国乃至世界热带、亚热带典型的喀斯特地貌。经过十多年的生态恢复和石漠化治理,果化示范区的生态环境和经济状况得到了很大程度的改善,当地群众的生活水平有了明显提高。在精确农业已成为一种产业的今天,了解和掌握示范区土壤理化性状特征对加快区域内土壤质量的提升、生态环境的恢复、当地群众’生活水平的提高等有着重要的意义。
以果化示范区内龙何屯、布尧屯和陇尧屯为研究区域,运用“3S”技术,结合岩溶环境在GIS中进行土壤监测样点的布设；开展了不同深度土壤理化指标的实地监测调查,获取了各监测点的空间位置和属性数据：利用地统计学方法探讨了示范区土壤理化指标的变异特征,获取了土壤理化指标的空间分布状况；利用经典统计学从高程、坡度、土壤厚度、植被、地块大小、石漠化和土壤侵蚀等岩溶环境对土壤理化性状的影响进行了分析,探讨了不同岩溶环境对土壤理化指标的主要影响因子,研究结果如下
①研究区不同深度土壤理化指标均存在不同程度的空间正相关,且相关性随距离的增大而减小,5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤pH空间自相关尺度分别为2200m、1600m、1600m和2000m：5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤电导率空间自相关尺度为2200m、2200m、1400m和800m；5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤温度空间自相关尺度分别为1800m、1400m、600m和2000m；5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤体积含水量空间自相关尺度分别为2400m、2400m、2200m和2000m；土壤颜色和厚度的空间自相关尺度均为2200m。不同深度的土壤理化指标多数存在明显的集聚特征,并在局部地区呈现孤立分布。
②不同深度土壤理化指标的垂直相关性较强,指数模型、球状模型和高斯模型能较好地反映研究区域不同深度土壤理化指标的空间分布与变异特征。研究区内不同深度土壤pH、土壤电导率、土壤温度、土壤体积含水量、土壤厚度和土壤颜色的最小空间变程分别约为650m、750m、1300m、2400m、500m和850m,各最小空间变程可作为区内土壤样点间隔的布设依据。
③土壤pH主要受植被覆盖度、石漠化程度、地质背景和地块大小的影响；土壤电导率主要受植被覆盖度、地质背景、石漠化程度和高程的影响；土壤温度主要受土壤厚度、土壤侵蚀、坡度和植被覆盖度的影响；土壤体积含水量主要受石漠化程度、植被覆盖度、土壤厚度和高程的影响。总体上看,土壤理化指标受岩溶环境的影响较为显著,不同岩溶环境下的土壤理化特征存在一定的规律性和特殊性。
China is the world's largest and most widely distributed area of karst. The karst landform of southwest China is one of the most typical concentrated distributions. The recovery and restoration of fragile karst environment have been focused by domestic and abroad scholars. Guohua karst ecological demonstration zone of about1000hectares was established in2000, located in Guohua town, Pingguo county, Baise city, Guangxi. Belonging to typical karst cluster-peak depression areas, Guohua demonstration area is China's and even the world's tropical and subtropical typical karst landforms. After more than ten years of ecological restoration and rocky desertification control, the ecological environment, economic conditions and living standard of Guohua demonstration zone have been greatly improved. While the precision agriculture has become an industry today, recognizing the soil physical and chemical properties is meaningful for accelerating resional soil quality, recovery ecological environment, improve local people's living standard, and so on.
Taking Longhe village, Burao village and Longrao village as Guohua study area, by using G1S, RS, and GPS, according to karst environment, the paper located the soil sampling point by GIS, surveyed soil physical and chemical indice of different soil depth, and obtained their spational positions and attribution data. Using geostatistics, the paper obtained the spatial variability characteristics and spatial distribution of soil physical and chemical indice. By using classical statistics from the elevation, slope, theckness of soil, vegetation, land size, rocky desertification, soil erosion and other karst environment factors, the paper analyzed the main influence factors of soil physical and chemical characteristics. The main results are as follows:
①Soil physical and chemical indice in different depth showed different spatial correlation which decreased in longer distance. Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil pH were respectively2200m、1600m、1600m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil electric conductivity were respectively2200m、2200m、1400m and800m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil Temperature was respectively1800m、1400m、600m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cn、 20cm and30cm of soil volumetric water content were respectively2400m2400m、2200m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of soil color and thickness were both2200m. The soil physical and chemical indice in different depth presented obvious cluster characteristics as well as isolated distribution in somewhere.
②The vertical correlation of soil physical and chemical indice in different depth was high. Semi variogram theory models of each soil indice were mainly index models, globular models, and gauss models which could better reflect the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of soil physical and chemical indice in different depth. The minimum space variable ranges of soil pH soil electric conductivity, soil temperature, soil volumetric water content in different depth were respectively650m、750m、1300m、2400m、500m and850m which could be used to define the soil sampling interval.
③Soil pH was mainly affected by vegetation, rock desertification degree, geological background and plot size; Soil electric conductivity was mainly affected by vegetation, geological background, rocky desertification degree and elevation; soil temperature was mainly affected by soil thickness, soil erosion, slope and vegetation; soil water content was mainly affected by rocky desertification, vegetation, soil thickness and height. On the whole, different karst environment had a significant effect in soil physical and chemical indice which showed a certain regularity and particularity in different karst environments.
以果化示范区内龙何屯、布尧屯和陇尧屯为研究区域,运用“3S”技术,结合岩溶环境在GIS中进行土壤监测样点的布设；开展了不同深度土壤理化指标的实地监测调查,获取了各监测点的空间位置和属性数据：利用地统计学方法探讨了示范区土壤理化指标的变异特征,获取了土壤理化指标的空间分布状况；利用经典统计学从高程、坡度、土壤厚度、植被、地块大小、石漠化和土壤侵蚀等岩溶环境对土壤理化性状的影响进行了分析,探讨了不同岩溶环境对土壤理化指标的主要影响因子,研究结果如下
①研究区不同深度土壤理化指标均存在不同程度的空间正相关,且相关性随距离的增大而减小,5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤pH空间自相关尺度分别为2200m、1600m、1600m和2000m：5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤电导率空间自相关尺度为2200m、2200m、1400m和800m；5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤温度空间自相关尺度分别为1800m、1400m、600m和2000m；5cm、10cm、20cm和30cm的土壤体积含水量空间自相关尺度分别为2400m、2400m、2200m和2000m；土壤颜色和厚度的空间自相关尺度均为2200m。不同深度的土壤理化指标多数存在明显的集聚特征,并在局部地区呈现孤立分布。
②不同深度土壤理化指标的垂直相关性较强,指数模型、球状模型和高斯模型能较好地反映研究区域不同深度土壤理化指标的空间分布与变异特征。研究区内不同深度土壤pH、土壤电导率、土壤温度、土壤体积含水量、土壤厚度和土壤颜色的最小空间变程分别约为650m、750m、1300m、2400m、500m和850m,各最小空间变程可作为区内土壤样点间隔的布设依据。
③土壤pH主要受植被覆盖度、石漠化程度、地质背景和地块大小的影响；土壤电导率主要受植被覆盖度、地质背景、石漠化程度和高程的影响；土壤温度主要受土壤厚度、土壤侵蚀、坡度和植被覆盖度的影响；土壤体积含水量主要受石漠化程度、植被覆盖度、土壤厚度和高程的影响。总体上看,土壤理化指标受岩溶环境的影响较为显著,不同岩溶环境下的土壤理化特征存在一定的规律性和特殊性。
China is the world's largest and most widely distributed area of karst. The karst landform of southwest China is one of the most typical concentrated distributions. The recovery and restoration of fragile karst environment have been focused by domestic and abroad scholars. Guohua karst ecological demonstration zone of about1000hectares was established in2000, located in Guohua town, Pingguo county, Baise city, Guangxi. Belonging to typical karst cluster-peak depression areas, Guohua demonstration area is China's and even the world's tropical and subtropical typical karst landforms. After more than ten years of ecological restoration and rocky desertification control, the ecological environment, economic conditions and living standard of Guohua demonstration zone have been greatly improved. While the precision agriculture has become an industry today, recognizing the soil physical and chemical properties is meaningful for accelerating resional soil quality, recovery ecological environment, improve local people's living standard, and so on.
Taking Longhe village, Burao village and Longrao village as Guohua study area, by using G1S, RS, and GPS, according to karst environment, the paper located the soil sampling point by GIS, surveyed soil physical and chemical indice of different soil depth, and obtained their spational positions and attribution data. Using geostatistics, the paper obtained the spatial variability characteristics and spatial distribution of soil physical and chemical indice. By using classical statistics from the elevation, slope, theckness of soil, vegetation, land size, rocky desertification, soil erosion and other karst environment factors, the paper analyzed the main influence factors of soil physical and chemical characteristics. The main results are as follows:
①Soil physical and chemical indice in different depth showed different spatial correlation which decreased in longer distance. Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil pH were respectively2200m、1600m、1600m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil electric conductivity were respectively2200m、2200m、1400m and800m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cm、20cm and30cm of soil Temperature was respectively1800m、1400m、600m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of5cm、10cn、 20cm and30cm of soil volumetric water content were respectively2400m2400m、2200m and2000m; Spatial autocorrelation scales of soil color and thickness were both2200m. The soil physical and chemical indice in different depth presented obvious cluster characteristics as well as isolated distribution in somewhere.
②The vertical correlation of soil physical and chemical indice in different depth was high. Semi variogram theory models of each soil indice were mainly index models, globular models, and gauss models which could better reflect the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of soil physical and chemical indice in different depth. The minimum space variable ranges of soil pH soil electric conductivity, soil temperature, soil volumetric water content in different depth were respectively650m、750m、1300m、2400m、500m and850m which could be used to define the soil sampling interval.
③Soil pH was mainly affected by vegetation, rock desertification degree, geological background and plot size; Soil electric conductivity was mainly affected by vegetation, geological background, rocky desertification degree and elevation; soil temperature was mainly affected by soil thickness, soil erosion, slope and vegetation; soil water content was mainly affected by rocky desertification, vegetation, soil thickness and height. On the whole, different karst environment had a significant effect in soil physical and chemical indice which showed a certain regularity and particularity in different karst environments.
引文
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