中国城乡商品市场协调发展实证研究
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摘要
目前,我国的市场化程度已达到73.8%,远超过60%这一市场经济临界水平,这表明,在建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制中,市场正不断成为促进分工和优化资源配置的重要手段。城乡商品市场作为市场经济下资源配置的主要载体,其协调发展问题已经成为影响城乡二元经济的重要因素,并日益受到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文试从城乡商品市场运行机理、贸易壁垒和协调发展程度来系统、全面地分析中国城乡商品市场。
本文共分为八章：除了第一章导论和第八章结论与展望之外,其余各章均从不同角度分析了中国城乡商品市场协调发展问题。首先本文系统地梳理城乡经济相关理论,从马克思主义城乡经济理论、发展经济学城乡理论、制度经济学城乡理论到空间经济学城乡理论,指出城乡经济研究经历了由一个定性到定量、由静态到动态、由时间分析到空间分析的发展过程。并且对国内外城乡商品市场研究现状进行了系统总结和简要述评。
其次,本文深入分析了商品市场的运行机理。验证了马克思提出的“商业的独立发展与社会生产成反比例”与杨格提出的“分工决定市场,市场决定分工”的两个假说。指出商品市场的发展与区域经济呈现出非线性的关系,在经济发展的初期和后期,商品市场对于区域经济的作用不明显,而在经济发展中期,商品市场的拉动效应最为明显。商品市场能够有效降低微观经济运行中的交易成本。商品市场交易效率与城市化长期呈现出互为因果的关系,而在短期则是商品市场交易效率显著影响城市化。
第三,本文系统总结了中国城乡商品市场发展失衡的相关表现,指出城乡商品市场存在着很大的贸易壁垒,同时在商品市场总量、商品流通业态、商品市场基础设施、商品市场组织监管以及商品市场人才方面存在着非常大的差距,最后以湖南省的实地调查证实了这些结论。
第四,本文对于城乡商品市场的贸易壁垒进行了实证研究,通过相对价格法计算了1985-2007年中国城乡商品市场贸易壁垒,并通过计量分析发现,城乡消费差异、交通设施、城乡收入、财政对流通事业的投入等因素对城乡商品市场分割程度有着不同程度的影响。
第五,本文采用因子分析法,运用SPSS15.0与Eviews5.0软件实证研究了城乡商品市场协调发展程度,并从时间层面和空间层面分析了其影响因素。研究结果表明,城乡商品市场协调度受到除城乡贸易壁垒指标外其他所有指标的正向影响,城乡贸易壁垒则是负向影响。
最后,通过缩小城乡商品市场发展基础差距、城乡要素市场协调发展、城乡商品市场协调发展三个层面系统提出了相关对策。
本文的创新之处主要体现在三个方面：
1、研究视角比较新颖。本文从城乡商品市场的角度分析城乡二元经济问题,为城乡经济研究提供了一条新颖的思路。现有文献对于城乡二元经济问题的研究主要集中在二元劳动力市场、二元金融市场、二元土地市场等要素市场方面,但很少有学者从商品市场角度分析探讨,事实上由于商品市场对于区域经济、交易成本和城市化都有很大影响,城乡商品市场不协调必然会导致城乡经济运行不顺畅,因此从商品市场着手分析城乡问题应该是可行的也是比较重要的。
2、验证了商品市场运行的两个假说。在城乡商品市场发展机理分析中,通过对商品市场与区域经济的关联,以及城乡商品市场交易效率和城市化率的协整分析验证了马克思提出的“商业的独立发展与社会生产发展成反比例”和杨格提出的“分工决定市场,市场决定分工”假说。
3、深入分析了城乡商品市场贸易壁垒和协调度两个指标。通过相对价格法和因子分析法,分别计算出城乡商品市场的贸易壁垒以及城乡商品市场协调度指标。特别是在后者的计算中,构建了城乡商品市场协调发展的指标体系,为进一步研究城乡商品市场问题打下了良好的基础。
At present, the degree of China's market has reached 73.8 percent, which far exceeded the critical level of the 60 percent of the market economy, which concluded that in establishing and improving the socialist market economic system, the market is becoming an important means of constantly promoting the division of labor and optimize the allocation of resources. Urban-rural commodity markets is becoming a market economy the main vehicle for the allocation of resources, and the coordinated development of the impact of urban and rural areas has become an important factor in the dual economy, and increasingly wide attention from scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, the author tries to carry out systematic and comprehensive analysis of Chinese urban and rural commodity markets from the urban and rural merchandise market operation mechanism and from the coordinated development of trade barriers.
This paper is divided into eight chapters:all the chapters except Introduction and Chapter VII Conclusions and prospects are analyzed the coordinated development of urban and rural problem in Chinese commodity market from different angles. First of all, this paper systematically reorganizes the urban and rural economic theory, from the Marxist economic theory of urban and rural, urban and rural development economics theory, and institutional economics theory to space in urban and rural areas of urban and rural economics theory, pointed out that the study of urban and rural economy has undergone a development process: from qualitative to quantitative, from static to dynamic, from time to analyze the spatial analysis. And it carries out briefly Review of the status quo of urban and rural areas for domestic and foreign merchandise market research.
Secondly, this paper carries out a deep analysis of operation mechanism of the commodity market. Besides it Verifies the Marx's "independent development of commercial is in inverse proportion to social production " and Young's two hypotheses " the division of labor decides markets, and markets determine the division of labor".It pointes out that the commodity market development and regional economy has shown signs of a non-linear relationship and that at the early and late period of economic development,it is not obvious for the role in the regional economy market merchandise, while is most obvious for pulling effect of commodity markets in the medium-term economic. Commodity markets can reduce effectively transaction costs in the operation of the micro-economic. Trading efficiency of commodity markets and urbanization showed long-term cause and effect relationship, and in the short term, commodity market transaction efficiency has a great effect on a significant impact of urbanization.
Thirdly, this paper summarizes the performance of imbalance related to the development of Chinese urban and rural market merchandise pointing out that urban-rural commodity markets have significant trade barriers, at the same time, there are very big gap in the total in the commodities market, commodity Format, commodity market infrastructure, commodity market organization regulation of commodity markets as well as talented people, and finally it confirmed these findings of the field survey in Hunan Province.
Fourth, this paper have done empirical studies of trade barriers for the urban-rural commodity markets, through the relative price method to calculate the years 1985-2007 for urban and rural Chinese barriers to trade in commodity markets and, through econometric analysis found that it has been affected by the differences between urban and rural consumption, transport facilities, the City Rural income, financial input into the cause of the circulation and other factors on the extent of urban and rural merchandise market segmentation.
Fifthly, this paper, through factor analysis, using software SPSS 15.0 and Empirical Research Eviews5.0 approves the degree of coordinated development of commodity markets in urban and rural areas, and analyses its influencing factors from the time dimension and space dimension. The results show that the degree of coordination of urban and rural commodity markets have positive impact of trade barriers in urban and rural areas in addition to all other indicators of indicators of trade barriers in urban and rural areas is a negative impact.
Finally, it put forward relevant countermeasures system by narrowing the urban-rural gap in basic commodity market development, and the coordinated development of urban-rural factor markets, the coordinated development of urban and rural commodity markets the three levels of the. This innovation is mainly embodied in three aspects:
1. A perspective. This article carries an analysis of urban-rural dual economic problems for the urban and rural from the perspective of urban and rural commodity market of economic research and provides a novel way of thinking. There are literatures for the urban-rural dual economic issues focused on the dual labor market, the dual financial market, the dual land market factors such as market, but few scholars have analyzed from the perspective of commodity markets to explore, in fact because of the effects of merchandise market on regional economic, transaction costs and urbanization, urban-rural commodity markets will not inevitably lead to that the lack of co-ordination of urban and rural economic operation is smooth, therefore, it should be feasible and important to proceed with an analysis of commodity markets from urban and rural areas problem.
2.Two hypothesis. By the analysis of Merchandise at the urban and rural market development mechanism,through the commodity markets and regional economic linkages, as well as urban and rural merchandise market efficiency and urbanization co-integration analysis, it verified Marx's "independent commercial development and the development of social production into inverse proportion "and Young's hypothesis" division of the market, the market decide the division of labor ".
3. Two indicators. Through relative prices and factor analysis, it calculated separately for urban and rural markets merchandise trade barriers and the coordination of urban and rural commodity markets index. Especially in the latter calculation, it built the indicator system of the coordinated development in urban-rural commodity markets, which has laid a good foundation of further study of the issue of urban-rural commodity markets.
本文共分为八章：除了第一章导论和第八章结论与展望之外,其余各章均从不同角度分析了中国城乡商品市场协调发展问题。首先本文系统地梳理城乡经济相关理论,从马克思主义城乡经济理论、发展经济学城乡理论、制度经济学城乡理论到空间经济学城乡理论,指出城乡经济研究经历了由一个定性到定量、由静态到动态、由时间分析到空间分析的发展过程。并且对国内外城乡商品市场研究现状进行了系统总结和简要述评。
其次,本文深入分析了商品市场的运行机理。验证了马克思提出的“商业的独立发展与社会生产成反比例”与杨格提出的“分工决定市场,市场决定分工”的两个假说。指出商品市场的发展与区域经济呈现出非线性的关系,在经济发展的初期和后期,商品市场对于区域经济的作用不明显,而在经济发展中期,商品市场的拉动效应最为明显。商品市场能够有效降低微观经济运行中的交易成本。商品市场交易效率与城市化长期呈现出互为因果的关系,而在短期则是商品市场交易效率显著影响城市化。
第三,本文系统总结了中国城乡商品市场发展失衡的相关表现,指出城乡商品市场存在着很大的贸易壁垒,同时在商品市场总量、商品流通业态、商品市场基础设施、商品市场组织监管以及商品市场人才方面存在着非常大的差距,最后以湖南省的实地调查证实了这些结论。
第四,本文对于城乡商品市场的贸易壁垒进行了实证研究,通过相对价格法计算了1985-2007年中国城乡商品市场贸易壁垒,并通过计量分析发现,城乡消费差异、交通设施、城乡收入、财政对流通事业的投入等因素对城乡商品市场分割程度有着不同程度的影响。
第五,本文采用因子分析法,运用SPSS15.0与Eviews5.0软件实证研究了城乡商品市场协调发展程度,并从时间层面和空间层面分析了其影响因素。研究结果表明,城乡商品市场协调度受到除城乡贸易壁垒指标外其他所有指标的正向影响,城乡贸易壁垒则是负向影响。
最后,通过缩小城乡商品市场发展基础差距、城乡要素市场协调发展、城乡商品市场协调发展三个层面系统提出了相关对策。
本文的创新之处主要体现在三个方面：
1、研究视角比较新颖。本文从城乡商品市场的角度分析城乡二元经济问题,为城乡经济研究提供了一条新颖的思路。现有文献对于城乡二元经济问题的研究主要集中在二元劳动力市场、二元金融市场、二元土地市场等要素市场方面,但很少有学者从商品市场角度分析探讨,事实上由于商品市场对于区域经济、交易成本和城市化都有很大影响,城乡商品市场不协调必然会导致城乡经济运行不顺畅,因此从商品市场着手分析城乡问题应该是可行的也是比较重要的。
2、验证了商品市场运行的两个假说。在城乡商品市场发展机理分析中,通过对商品市场与区域经济的关联,以及城乡商品市场交易效率和城市化率的协整分析验证了马克思提出的“商业的独立发展与社会生产发展成反比例”和杨格提出的“分工决定市场,市场决定分工”假说。
3、深入分析了城乡商品市场贸易壁垒和协调度两个指标。通过相对价格法和因子分析法,分别计算出城乡商品市场的贸易壁垒以及城乡商品市场协调度指标。特别是在后者的计算中,构建了城乡商品市场协调发展的指标体系,为进一步研究城乡商品市场问题打下了良好的基础。
At present, the degree of China's market has reached 73.8 percent, which far exceeded the critical level of the 60 percent of the market economy, which concluded that in establishing and improving the socialist market economic system, the market is becoming an important means of constantly promoting the division of labor and optimize the allocation of resources. Urban-rural commodity markets is becoming a market economy the main vehicle for the allocation of resources, and the coordinated development of the impact of urban and rural areas has become an important factor in the dual economy, and increasingly wide attention from scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, the author tries to carry out systematic and comprehensive analysis of Chinese urban and rural commodity markets from the urban and rural merchandise market operation mechanism and from the coordinated development of trade barriers.
This paper is divided into eight chapters:all the chapters except Introduction and Chapter VII Conclusions and prospects are analyzed the coordinated development of urban and rural problem in Chinese commodity market from different angles. First of all, this paper systematically reorganizes the urban and rural economic theory, from the Marxist economic theory of urban and rural, urban and rural development economics theory, and institutional economics theory to space in urban and rural areas of urban and rural economics theory, pointed out that the study of urban and rural economy has undergone a development process: from qualitative to quantitative, from static to dynamic, from time to analyze the spatial analysis. And it carries out briefly Review of the status quo of urban and rural areas for domestic and foreign merchandise market research.
Secondly, this paper carries out a deep analysis of operation mechanism of the commodity market. Besides it Verifies the Marx's "independent development of commercial is in inverse proportion to social production " and Young's two hypotheses " the division of labor decides markets, and markets determine the division of labor".It pointes out that the commodity market development and regional economy has shown signs of a non-linear relationship and that at the early and late period of economic development,it is not obvious for the role in the regional economy market merchandise, while is most obvious for pulling effect of commodity markets in the medium-term economic. Commodity markets can reduce effectively transaction costs in the operation of the micro-economic. Trading efficiency of commodity markets and urbanization showed long-term cause and effect relationship, and in the short term, commodity market transaction efficiency has a great effect on a significant impact of urbanization.
Thirdly, this paper summarizes the performance of imbalance related to the development of Chinese urban and rural market merchandise pointing out that urban-rural commodity markets have significant trade barriers, at the same time, there are very big gap in the total in the commodities market, commodity Format, commodity market infrastructure, commodity market organization regulation of commodity markets as well as talented people, and finally it confirmed these findings of the field survey in Hunan Province.
Fourth, this paper have done empirical studies of trade barriers for the urban-rural commodity markets, through the relative price method to calculate the years 1985-2007 for urban and rural Chinese barriers to trade in commodity markets and, through econometric analysis found that it has been affected by the differences between urban and rural consumption, transport facilities, the City Rural income, financial input into the cause of the circulation and other factors on the extent of urban and rural merchandise market segmentation.
Fifthly, this paper, through factor analysis, using software SPSS 15.0 and Empirical Research Eviews5.0 approves the degree of coordinated development of commodity markets in urban and rural areas, and analyses its influencing factors from the time dimension and space dimension. The results show that the degree of coordination of urban and rural commodity markets have positive impact of trade barriers in urban and rural areas in addition to all other indicators of indicators of trade barriers in urban and rural areas is a negative impact.
Finally, it put forward relevant countermeasures system by narrowing the urban-rural gap in basic commodity market development, and the coordinated development of urban-rural factor markets, the coordinated development of urban and rural commodity markets the three levels of the. This innovation is mainly embodied in three aspects:
1. A perspective. This article carries an analysis of urban-rural dual economic problems for the urban and rural from the perspective of urban and rural commodity market of economic research and provides a novel way of thinking. There are literatures for the urban-rural dual economic issues focused on the dual labor market, the dual financial market, the dual land market factors such as market, but few scholars have analyzed from the perspective of commodity markets to explore, in fact because of the effects of merchandise market on regional economic, transaction costs and urbanization, urban-rural commodity markets will not inevitably lead to that the lack of co-ordination of urban and rural economic operation is smooth, therefore, it should be feasible and important to proceed with an analysis of commodity markets from urban and rural areas problem.
2.Two hypothesis. By the analysis of Merchandise at the urban and rural market development mechanism,through the commodity markets and regional economic linkages, as well as urban and rural merchandise market efficiency and urbanization co-integration analysis, it verified Marx's "independent commercial development and the development of social production into inverse proportion "and Young's hypothesis" division of the market, the market decide the division of labor ".
3. Two indicators. Through relative prices and factor analysis, it calculated separately for urban and rural markets merchandise trade barriers and the coordination of urban and rural commodity markets index. Especially in the latter calculation, it built the indicator system of the coordinated development in urban-rural commodity markets, which has laid a good foundation of further study of the issue of urban-rural commodity markets.
引文
②转引自柳思维,《城乡市场发展失调的制度原因及主要危害分析》,《湖南社会科学》,2006年第2期：96-99页。
①马克思：《资本论》第3卷,人民出版社1975年版,第716页。
②《马克思恩格斯全集》第2版第1卷,第78-79页。
③《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷,人民出版社1995年版,第243页。
④马克思：《资本论》第1卷,人民出版社1975年版,第552页。
①转引自何增科：马克思恩格斯关于农业和农民问题的基本观点述要,《马克思主义与现实》2005年第5期。
②马克思：《资本论》第1卷,中国社会科学出版社1983年版,第463、578页。
①《马克思恩格斯全集》第23卷,人民出版社1972年版,第551页。
②《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,人民出版社1995年版,第543页。
① Boeke, J. H. Economies and Economic Policy of Dual Societies, as Exemplified by Indonesia. New York:International Secretariat of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1953.
①以上均转引自埃德温·S·米尔斯主编《区域和城市经济学手册》第二卷,经济科学出版社,2003年9月第一版。
① Lele, U.J. (1967), "Market Integration:A Study of Sorghum Prices in Western India ",15 Journal of Farm Economics, Vol.49, pp.14-59.
①见柳思维、唐红涛,《转轨经济过程中的新剪刀差与消费差距的扩大》,《.消费经济》,2006年第6期,15-19页。
②同注释①。
③见《资本论》第3卷,人民出版社1995年第2版,第366页。
①纪良纲.刘东英著,中国农村商品流通体制研究[M].北京：冶金出版社,2006年.
①杨小凯著,张定胜、张永生和李利明译：《经济学——新兴古典与古典框架》,社会科学文献出版社2003年版,第288页。
① Granger, C. W. T. Some Recent Development in a Concept oCausality[J].Journal of Econometrics, 1988,39,199-211
②曾令华、王朝军,《经济增长与货款增长相关性的实证分析》,《财经理论与实践》2004年第3期,15-20页。
②费景汉和拉尼斯,《增长和发展：演进观点》(北京：商务印书馆,2004年版,8-9页。
①2003年后,他们开始采用样本企业对所在地区有关“保护企业合法经营活动”的法制环境进行的评价打分。
②资料来源：樊纲等著,《中国市场化指数——各地区市场化相对进程2006年报告》,经济科学出版社,2007年2月第一版。
①中国家电下乡网,http://www.zgjdxx.com/。
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③《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷,人民出版社1995年版,第243页。
④马克思：《资本论》第1卷,人民出版社1975年版,第552页。
①转引自何增科：马克思恩格斯关于农业和农民问题的基本观点述要,《马克思主义与现实》2005年第5期。
②马克思：《资本论》第1卷,中国社会科学出版社1983年版,第463、578页。
①《马克思恩格斯全集》第23卷,人民出版社1972年版,第551页。
②《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,人民出版社1995年版,第543页。
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①以上均转引自埃德温·S·米尔斯主编《区域和城市经济学手册》第二卷,经济科学出版社,2003年9月第一版。
① Lele, U.J. (1967), "Market Integration:A Study of Sorghum Prices in Western India ",15 Journal of Farm Economics, Vol.49, pp.14-59.
①见柳思维、唐红涛,《转轨经济过程中的新剪刀差与消费差距的扩大》,《.消费经济》,2006年第6期,15-19页。
②同注释①。
③见《资本论》第3卷,人民出版社1995年第2版,第366页。
①纪良纲.刘东英著,中国农村商品流通体制研究[M].北京：冶金出版社,2006年.
①杨小凯著,张定胜、张永生和李利明译：《经济学——新兴古典与古典框架》,社会科学文献出版社2003年版,第288页。
① Granger, C. W. T. Some Recent Development in a Concept oCausality[J].Journal of Econometrics, 1988,39,199-211
②曾令华、王朝军,《经济增长与货款增长相关性的实证分析》,《财经理论与实践》2004年第3期,15-20页。
②费景汉和拉尼斯,《增长和发展：演进观点》(北京：商务印书馆,2004年版,8-9页。
①2003年后,他们开始采用样本企业对所在地区有关“保护企业合法经营活动”的法制环境进行的评价打分。
②资料来源：樊纲等著,《中国市场化指数——各地区市场化相对进程2006年报告》,经济科学出版社,2007年2月第一版。
①中国家电下乡网,http://www.zgjdxx.com/。
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