传统医药的知识产权保护研究
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摘要
传统医药是一个文化多样性和生物多样性交织的领域。近年来,传统医药的知识产权保护问题随着传统医药重要性的上升和生物盗版的猖獗引起了发展中国家的极大关注。我国与许多发展中国家一样面临传统医药商业化开发带来的知识产权问题,但我国法学界对这一问题的研究十分薄弱。本文在厘清传统医药概念、范畴及其与知识产权关系的基础上,采用比较分析的方法研究国外的传统医药保护制度,找寻其中的共性和差异,挖掘其中可供借鉴的成功和先进的经验,探索我国传统医药的知识产权保护制度。
本文包括引言、主文和结论三部分,主文共四章,具体内容如下:
第一章主要介绍了传统医药的定义、特征和范畴,并分析了传统医药知识产权保护问题提起的两个原因——传统医药重要性的上升和生物盗版的猖獗。
第二章主要分析了传统医药与知识产权在制度和实践方面的冲突及其冲突的根源,并进一步分析了以知识产权保护传统医药的双重作用。
第三章主要介绍了泰国、印度、老挝、菲律宾、厄瓜多尔及哥斯达黎加的传统医药保护制度,并采取比较分析的方法找寻其中的共性和差异。
第四章对我国传统医药的知识产权保护制度进行探索,分别探讨了现有知识产权制度的调整适用和建立传统医药的特殊知识产权保护制度两种途径。
Traditional Medicine is an overlapped field of cultural diversity and biodiversity. In recent years, with the rising importance of traditional medicine and the rampant biopiracy, a great deal of attention has been paid on the intellectual property rights protection of traditional medicine by developing countries. Like many other developing countries, China faces the intellectual property rights problem caused by commercial exploitation of traditional medicine, however, Chinese law circle’s research on this problem is still very weak. This article introduces the definition, category of traditional medicine and its link with intellectual property rights. This article also analyzes protection systems of traditional medicine in some foreign countries by using comparison analysis methods, points out the commonalities and differences between these systems, tries to find out some successful and advanced experiences and seeks the intellectual property rights protection system of traditional medicine in China.
This article consists of three parts: preface, main text body and epilogue. There are four chapters in the main text body. They are as follows:
Chapter One mainly introduces the definition, characteristics and category of traditional medicine, and analyzes two reasons which lead to the raise of the problem of intellectual property rights protection for traditional medicine—the rising importance of traditional medicine and the rampant biopiracy.
Chapter Two analyzes the institutional and practical conflicts between traditional medicine and intellectual property rights, as well as the origin of the conflicts. Furthermore, the twofold effects of intellectual property rights on traditional medicine protection are analyzed.
Chapter Three presents the protection systems of Thailand, India, Laos, Philippines, Ecuador and Costa Rica, points out the commonalities and differences between them based on comparison analysis methods.
Chapter Four seeks the intellectual property rights protection system of traditional medicine in China and respectively discusses two ways——adjusting current intellectual property rights to traditional medicine and setting up a special
本文包括引言、主文和结论三部分,主文共四章,具体内容如下:
第一章主要介绍了传统医药的定义、特征和范畴,并分析了传统医药知识产权保护问题提起的两个原因——传统医药重要性的上升和生物盗版的猖獗。
第二章主要分析了传统医药与知识产权在制度和实践方面的冲突及其冲突的根源,并进一步分析了以知识产权保护传统医药的双重作用。
第三章主要介绍了泰国、印度、老挝、菲律宾、厄瓜多尔及哥斯达黎加的传统医药保护制度,并采取比较分析的方法找寻其中的共性和差异。
第四章对我国传统医药的知识产权保护制度进行探索,分别探讨了现有知识产权制度的调整适用和建立传统医药的特殊知识产权保护制度两种途径。
Traditional Medicine is an overlapped field of cultural diversity and biodiversity. In recent years, with the rising importance of traditional medicine and the rampant biopiracy, a great deal of attention has been paid on the intellectual property rights protection of traditional medicine by developing countries. Like many other developing countries, China faces the intellectual property rights problem caused by commercial exploitation of traditional medicine, however, Chinese law circle’s research on this problem is still very weak. This article introduces the definition, category of traditional medicine and its link with intellectual property rights. This article also analyzes protection systems of traditional medicine in some foreign countries by using comparison analysis methods, points out the commonalities and differences between these systems, tries to find out some successful and advanced experiences and seeks the intellectual property rights protection system of traditional medicine in China.
This article consists of three parts: preface, main text body and epilogue. There are four chapters in the main text body. They are as follows:
Chapter One mainly introduces the definition, characteristics and category of traditional medicine, and analyzes two reasons which lead to the raise of the problem of intellectual property rights protection for traditional medicine—the rising importance of traditional medicine and the rampant biopiracy.
Chapter Two analyzes the institutional and practical conflicts between traditional medicine and intellectual property rights, as well as the origin of the conflicts. Furthermore, the twofold effects of intellectual property rights on traditional medicine protection are analyzed.
Chapter Three presents the protection systems of Thailand, India, Laos, Philippines, Ecuador and Costa Rica, points out the commonalities and differences between them based on comparison analysis methods.
Chapter Four seeks the intellectual property rights protection system of traditional medicine in China and respectively discusses two ways——adjusting current intellectual property rights to traditional medicine and setting up a special
引文
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③ 同上,第 659 页。
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② 同上。
③ 同上。
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② Quinine,来源于秘鲁的一种叫 Cinchona 的树皮,当地人用它作为治疗发烧的药物。据说当地人是在观察发烧的美洲虎吃它时认识到这种树皮的作用。Quinine 后来被西方医药公司开发作为治疗痢疾的药物,但未就使用传统医药知识而给当地人以任何补偿。See Naomi Roht-Arriaza.Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J].Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:921-922.
③ Periwinkle,是马达加斯加特有的一种植物,当地人早已发现其中包含一种抵抗某种癌症的特性。美国医药公司 Eli Lilly 的抗癌药物 vincristine 和 vinblastinc 就是从 peiwinkle 中开发出来的,给 Eli Lilly 每年带来 1亿万美元的销售额,但马达加斯加未得到任何收益。See Naomi Roht-Arriaza.Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J].Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:922.
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[17]郑永峰. 中药的专利保护范围(硕士学位论文)[D]. 北京:北京大学,2002.
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[1]WIPO/GA/26/6:Matters Concerning Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources,Traditional Knowledge and Folklore.
[2]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/3:WIPO Operational Principles for Intellectual Property Clauses of Contractual Agreements Concerning Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing.
[3]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/7:Review of Existing Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[4]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/8:Elements of a Sui Generis System For the Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[5]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/9 : Traditional Knowledge — — Operational Terms and Definitions.
[6]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/7:Consolidated Survey of Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[7]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/INF/2 : Information on National Experiences with the Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[8]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/6/4 Rev.:Revised Version of Traditional Knowledge:Policy andLegal Options.
[9]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/6/6:Traditional Knowledge,Traditional Cultural Expressions and Genetic Resources:the International Dimension.
② 参见李方.金龙胶囊事件挑战中药知识产权保护[N].中国经济时报,2001-07-10 ⑹.
① 参见李会军、李萍.药用植物资源与中药产业的可持续发展[J].世界科学技术—中药现代化,2001,⑵:55.
① WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1/3.Annex 3,p.3.译文参见唐广良.遗传资源、传统知识及民间文学艺术表达国际保护概述[A].郑成思.知识产权文丛⑻[C].北京:中国方正出版社,2000.11.
① Barrett P. Brenton,Helen E. Sheehan. Preface[J]. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science,2002,September:6.
① Michael J. Huft. Indigenous Peoples and Drug Discovery Research:A Question of Intellectual Property Rights[J]. Northwestern University Law Review,1995,89(summer):1695-1696.
② 中国大百科全书的解释是“中国传统医学就是中国各民族医学的统称,主要包括汉族医学、藏族医学、蒙古族医学、维吾尔族医学、朝鲜族医学、壮族医学、傣族医学、彝族医学,以及苗族、拉祜族、畲族、鄂伦春族等民族医药”。参见中国大百科全书:《中国传统医学》[Z].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1992.1.
③ 同上,第 659 页。
④ 诸国本.发展民族医药的现实意义[J].世界科学技术—中药现代化,2000,⑸:2.
⑤ 诸国本.发挥民族医药的专科优势[J].中国民族医药杂志,2002,⑶:1.
① Lester I. Yano. Protection of the Ethnobiological Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples[J]. UCLA Law Review,1993,December:449.
② 熊昌彪.传统医药面临三大挑战[J].世界科学技术—中药现代化,2000,⑶:8.
① 参见张晶.科技创新,发展中医药业[EB/OL].http://www.chinatech.com.cn/techforum/techforumhtml/techindustry/20020808.05005.htm,2006-02-28.
② 同上。
③ 同上。
① the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy[EB/OL]. http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/final_report/Ch4final.pdf,2006-03-25,p.83.
② Quinine,来源于秘鲁的一种叫 Cinchona 的树皮,当地人用它作为治疗发烧的药物。据说当地人是在观察发烧的美洲虎吃它时认识到这种树皮的作用。Quinine 后来被西方医药公司开发作为治疗痢疾的药物,但未就使用传统医药知识而给当地人以任何补偿。See Naomi Roht-Arriaza.Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J].Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:921-922.
③ Periwinkle,是马达加斯加特有的一种植物,当地人早已发现其中包含一种抵抗某种癌症的特性。美国医药公司 Eli Lilly 的抗癌药物 vincristine 和 vinblastinc 就是从 peiwinkle 中开发出来的,给 Eli Lilly 每年带来 1亿万美元的销售额,但马达加斯加未得到任何收益。See Naomi Roht-Arriaza.Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J].Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:922.
④ Naomi Roht-Arriaza.Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J].Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:953-955.
① 袁志明,张永祥.试析现行知识产权制度对我国中药的保护[J].世界科学技术-中药现代化,2002,⑵:9.
② 郑成思.创新之“源”与“流”[N].中国知识产权报,2002-06-28⑶.
③ 崔国斌.传统知识保护的困境[A].国家知识产权局条法司.专利法研究[C].北京:知识产权出版社,2002,226.
① Carlos M Correa. Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property[EB/OL]. http://www.uicn.org/themes/pbia/themes/trade/training/TK%20and%20Intellectual%20Property.pdf,2006-03-07.
① Jakkrit Kuanpoth. Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge:The case of Thai Traditional Medicine,Paper presented at the ASEAN Workshop on the TRIPS Agreement & Traditional Medicine[A]. WHO,Jakarta,15 Feb 2001.
② 世界贸易组织贸易与环境委员会.与贸易有关的知识产权事务理事会文件(WT/CTE/W/156 IP/C/W/198)[EB/OL]. http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/Environ/sub_Environ-W198.htm,2000-07-14/2006-03-04.
① Grethel Aguilar. Access to Genetic Resources and Protection of Traditional Knowledge in the Territories of Indigenous Peoples[J]. Environmental Science & Policy,2001,⑷:254.
② the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy[EB/OL]. http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/final_report/Ch4final.pdf,2006-03-25,p.93.
① the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy[EB/OL]. http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/final_report/Ch4final.pdf,2006-03-25,p.99.
① Riley,Mary. The Traditional Medicine Research Center:A Potential Tool for Protecting Traditional and Tribal Medicinal Knowledge in Laos[EB/OL]. http://209.200.101.189/publications/CSQ/csq-article.cfm?id=1336,2001-01-31/2006-03-05.
① the Republic of the Philippines. Community Intellectual Rights Protection Act-CIRPA[EB/OL]. http://www.grain.org/brl/?docid=767&lawid=1469,2006-03-06.
① Graham Dutfield. TRIPS-Related Aspects of Traditional Knowledge[J]. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law,2001,Spring:254 -259.
② Curtis M. Horton. Protecting Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity Under Intellectual Property Law:Toward a New International System[J]. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation,1995:31.
① Naomi Roht-Arriaza. Of Seeds and Shamans:the Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities[J]. Michigan Journal of International Law,1996,Summer:958.
① 在先技术(The State of the Art),也被译为“现有技术”、“已有技术”、“原有技术”等,是指那些已经被(或已经能够被)人们所得到的技术。参见郑成思.知识产权法通论[M].北京:法律出版社,1986.7.
① Lester I. Yano. Protection of the Ethnobiological Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples[J]. UCLA Law Review,1993,December:.472-473.
① Leanne M. Fecteau. The Ayahuasca Patent Revocation:Raising Question About Current U.S. Patent Policy[J]. Boston College Third World Law Journal,2001,Winter:87-88.
① 国家知识产权专利审查业务管理部. 审查指南修改导读[M]. 北京:知识产权出版社,2003.137.
② The Commission of the Andean Community. Decision 486 Common Intellectual Property Regime[EB/OL]. http://www.comunidadandina.org/INGLES/normativa/D486e.htm,2006-03-09.
③ Gerard Bodeker. Traditional Medical Knowledge,Intellectual Property Rights & Benefit Sharing[J]. Gardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,2003,Summer:800.
① Nuno Pires de Carvalho. Requiring Disclosure of the Origin of Genetic Resource and Prior Informed Consent in Patent Applications Without Infringing the TRIPS Agreement:the Problem and the Solution[J]. Washington University Journal of Law and Policy,2000:389.
② Leanne M. Fecteau. The Ayahuasca Patent Revocation:Raising Question About Current U.S. Patent Policy[J]. Boston College Third World Law Journal,2001,Winter:100-101.
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① Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources,Traditional Knowledge and Folklore. WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/12[EB/OL]. http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/meetings/2003/igc/doc/grtkf_ic_5_12.doc,2003-07-15/2006-03-16.
① Jeff C. Dodd. Rights in Information:Conversion and Misappropriation Causes of Action in Intellectual Property Cases[J]. Houston Law Review,1995:480.
② Id.,p.464.
① 刘春茂,主编.中国民法学·知识产权[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1997.869-871.
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① 参见《关于获取遗传资源并公正和公平分享通过其利用所产生惠益的波恩准则》[EB/OL]. http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/ztxx/yczyhctzsbh/zlk/gjgy/t20050322_43167.htm,2006-03-16.
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[1]WIPO/GA/26/6:Matters Concerning Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources,Traditional Knowledge and Folklore.
[2]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/3:WIPO Operational Principles for Intellectual Property Clauses of Contractual Agreements Concerning Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing.
[3]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/7:Review of Existing Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[4]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/8:Elements of a Sui Generis System For the Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[5]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/9 : Traditional Knowledge — — Operational Terms and Definitions.
[6]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/7:Consolidated Survey of Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[7]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/INF/2 : Information on National Experiences with the Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge.
[8]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/6/4 Rev.:Revised Version of Traditional Knowledge:Policy andLegal Options.
[9]WIPO/GRTKF/IC/6/6:Traditional Knowledge,Traditional Cultural Expressions and Genetic Resources:the International Dimension.