太行山南段洞栖蝙蝠研究
摘要
2009年8月至2011年9月，以河南省太行山区的林州市、辉县市、修武县、济源市，河北省太行山区的涉县、邢台县、内邱县、临城县，山西省太行山区的垣曲县、闻喜县、乡宁县、翼城县、沁水县、阳城县及陵川县共计15个县、市为抽样地，对太行山南段的洞栖蝙蝠及栖息地进行了调查，共调查洞穴38个，其中28个洞穴为首次调查，共观察蝙蝠约17000只，隶属2科4属9种：角菊头蝠Rhinolophus cornutus (Temminck,1835)；马铁菊头蝠Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber,1774)；大耳菊头蝠Rhinolophusmacrotis (Blyth,1844)；水鼠耳蝠Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl,1819)；毛腿鼠耳蝠Myotisfimbriatus (Peters,1871)；长尾鼠耳蝠Myotis frater (G. Allen,1923)；褐大耳蝠Plecotusauritus (Linnaeus,1758)；金管鼻蝠Murina aurata (Milne-Edwards,1872)；白腹管鼻蝠Murina leucogaster (Milne-Edwards,1872)。长尾鼠耳蝠和金管鼻蝠为易危(VU)物种，角菊头蝠、大耳菊头蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠和褐大耳蝠为近危(NT)物种，马铁菊头蝠、水鼠耳蝠、白腹管鼻蝠为无危(LC)物种。在太行山南段，马铁菊头蝠和白腹管鼻蝠为优势种，角菊头蝠为常见种，大耳菊头蝠、金管鼻蝠、褐大耳蝠和鼠耳蝠属的水鼠耳蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、长尾鼠耳蝠的物种数量少、分布范围窄，为稀有种。有些蝙蝠其种群数量存在着明显的季节性差异，金管鼻蝠、褐大耳蝠仅在冬季观察到；马铁菊头蝠、角菊头蝠、鼠耳蝠属(水鼠耳蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、长尾鼠耳蝠)夏季与冬季的数量差别较大，分别是13628：1388、816：129、381：71。
对栖息洞穴进行了测量、研究并作出了重要性评估，涧河洞、黄楝树水渠属于水平1，涧河洞内有5种约2100只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠，其中有4种(角菊头蝠、大耳菊头蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、褐大耳蝠)属近危(NT)物种，黄楝树水渠有8种约2500只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠，其中有2种(长尾鼠耳蝠,金管鼻蝠)属易危(VU)物种、3种(角菊头蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、褐大耳蝠)属近危(NT)物种。10个洞穴属于水平2，这些洞穴为蝙蝠提供了非常重要的冬眠环境。14个洞穴属于水平3，主要为蝙蝠夏季栖息洞穴。12个洞穴属于水平4，其中8个洞穴是蝙蝠夏季栖息地，另外4个洞穴中几乎没有蝙蝠栖息。
基于洞栖蝙蝠种类和洞穴测量数据的聚类及主成分分析，探讨了太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的分布状况、不同类型栖息地之间的差异以及洞栖蝙蝠对栖息地的选择。结果表明：太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的种类和种群数量差异不显著。冬眠洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度、最大高度、郁闭度均显著大于非冬眠洞穴。影响蝙蝠栖息地选择的主要因子有地形因子、隐蔽因子和干扰因子，这3个主成分的累计贡献率达到85.96%。目前，这些洞穴的保护现状均不理想，一些洞穴已经或正在被开发成旅游景点，这使该地区洞栖蝙蝠面临严重的生存危机。本研究结果以期能为决策者在制定开发旅游策略时提供参考和依据。
Populations of cave-dwelling bat species were investigated in the South of Taihang Mountain.Thisresearch was carried out in15counties of three districts in Taihang Mountain.Four counties(Linzhou,Huixian,Xiuwu and Jiyuan) are located in the Taihang mountain of Henan Province. Fourcounties(Shexian,Xingtai,Neiqiu and Lincheng) are located in the Taihang mountain of Hebei Province.Seven counties(Yuanqu,Wenxi,Xiangning,Yicheng,Qinshui,Yangcheng and Lingchuan) are located in theTaihang mountain of Shanxi Province.Data were collected during76surveys in38underground sites,28ofwhich had not been surveyed previously by bat researchers,between August2009and September2011.Approximately17000bats were recorded, representing nine species. Rhinolophus cornutus (Temminck,1835); Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber,1774); Rhinolophus macrotis (Blyth,1844); Myotisdaubentonii(Kuhl,1819); Myotis fimbriatus(Peters,1871); Myotis frater(G.Allen,1923); Plecotus auritus(Linnaeus,1758); Murina aurata(Milne-Edwards,1872); Murina leucogaster(Milne-Edwards,1872). Basedon the China Species Red List(2004),the conservation status of these species in China is as follows: Myotisfrater and Murina aurata are Vulnerable(VU);Rhinolophus cornutus,Rhinolophus macrotis,Myotisfimbriatus and Plecotus auritus are Near threatened(NT);Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,Myotis daubentoniiand Murina leucogaster are Least concern(LC).Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Murina leucogaster aredominant,Rhinolophus cornutus is common species.Rhinolophus macrotis,Murina aurata,Plecotus auritusand Myotis(Myotis daubentonii,Myotis fimbriatus and Myotis frater) are uncommon species.There was aconsiderable difference in species-specific abundances between seasons.Murina aurata and Plecotusauritus were encountered only in winter;Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus cornutus andMyotis(Myotis daubentonii,Myotis fimbriatus and Myotis frater)had many more individuals in summer thanin winter(13628:1388;816:129;381:71,respectively).
A conservation scoring system is proposed for those sites investigated, and the roosts were evaluatedfor their conservation importance.Based on our priority grading scheme, two sites were assigned to Level1,10sites to Level2,14sites to Level3and12sites to the Level4.The most important sites in the area wereJianhe caves and Huanglianshu tunnel,which serve as hibernaculaums and nursery roosts to c.2100batsrepresenting five species and2500representing eight species,respectively.There were four NT species(Rhinolophus cornutus,Rhinolophus macrotis,Myotis fimbriatus and Plecotus auritus) in Jianhecaves and two VU species(Myotis frater and Murina aurata)and three NT species(Rhinolophus cornutus,Myotis fimbriatus and Plecotus auritus) in Huanglianshu tunnel.
Based on cluster and principal component analyses,there were no significant difference between thetwo sides of the southern Taihang Mountain in terms of either bat species and population sizes.There weresignificant difference in the total length of passages,the maximal width,the maximal height and canopycover between hibernation and non-hibernation sites.Principal component analysis indicated thattopographic condition, concealment and human disturbance were the first three components of bat habitatselection.The load of the first three components was85.96%.At present,many big caves which containedlarge bat populations and several species of concern have been,or will be,developed as touristsites.Cave-dwelling bats in the region are a facing serious crisis of survival.The data will help localgovernments and policymakers develop suitable strategies to promote local tourism sites while protectingimportant habitats of animal species.
对栖息洞穴进行了测量、研究并作出了重要性评估，涧河洞、黄楝树水渠属于水平1，涧河洞内有5种约2100只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠，其中有4种(角菊头蝠、大耳菊头蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、褐大耳蝠)属近危(NT)物种，黄楝树水渠有8种约2500只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠，其中有2种(长尾鼠耳蝠,金管鼻蝠)属易危(VU)物种、3种(角菊头蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、褐大耳蝠)属近危(NT)物种。10个洞穴属于水平2，这些洞穴为蝙蝠提供了非常重要的冬眠环境。14个洞穴属于水平3，主要为蝙蝠夏季栖息洞穴。12个洞穴属于水平4，其中8个洞穴是蝙蝠夏季栖息地，另外4个洞穴中几乎没有蝙蝠栖息。
基于洞栖蝙蝠种类和洞穴测量数据的聚类及主成分分析，探讨了太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的分布状况、不同类型栖息地之间的差异以及洞栖蝙蝠对栖息地的选择。结果表明：太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的种类和种群数量差异不显著。冬眠洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度、最大高度、郁闭度均显著大于非冬眠洞穴。影响蝙蝠栖息地选择的主要因子有地形因子、隐蔽因子和干扰因子，这3个主成分的累计贡献率达到85.96%。目前，这些洞穴的保护现状均不理想，一些洞穴已经或正在被开发成旅游景点，这使该地区洞栖蝙蝠面临严重的生存危机。本研究结果以期能为决策者在制定开发旅游策略时提供参考和依据。
Populations of cave-dwelling bat species were investigated in the South of Taihang Mountain.Thisresearch was carried out in15counties of three districts in Taihang Mountain.Four counties(Linzhou,Huixian,Xiuwu and Jiyuan) are located in the Taihang mountain of Henan Province. Fourcounties(Shexian,Xingtai,Neiqiu and Lincheng) are located in the Taihang mountain of Hebei Province.Seven counties(Yuanqu,Wenxi,Xiangning,Yicheng,Qinshui,Yangcheng and Lingchuan) are located in theTaihang mountain of Shanxi Province.Data were collected during76surveys in38underground sites,28ofwhich had not been surveyed previously by bat researchers,between August2009and September2011.Approximately17000bats were recorded, representing nine species. Rhinolophus cornutus (Temminck,1835); Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber,1774); Rhinolophus macrotis (Blyth,1844); Myotisdaubentonii(Kuhl,1819); Myotis fimbriatus(Peters,1871); Myotis frater(G.Allen,1923); Plecotus auritus(Linnaeus,1758); Murina aurata(Milne-Edwards,1872); Murina leucogaster(Milne-Edwards,1872). Basedon the China Species Red List(2004),the conservation status of these species in China is as follows: Myotisfrater and Murina aurata are Vulnerable(VU);Rhinolophus cornutus,Rhinolophus macrotis,Myotisfimbriatus and Plecotus auritus are Near threatened(NT);Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,Myotis daubentoniiand Murina leucogaster are Least concern(LC).Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Murina leucogaster aredominant,Rhinolophus cornutus is common species.Rhinolophus macrotis,Murina aurata,Plecotus auritusand Myotis(Myotis daubentonii,Myotis fimbriatus and Myotis frater) are uncommon species.There was aconsiderable difference in species-specific abundances between seasons.Murina aurata and Plecotusauritus were encountered only in winter;Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus cornutus andMyotis(Myotis daubentonii,Myotis fimbriatus and Myotis frater)had many more individuals in summer thanin winter(13628:1388;816:129;381:71,respectively).
A conservation scoring system is proposed for those sites investigated, and the roosts were evaluatedfor their conservation importance.Based on our priority grading scheme, two sites were assigned to Level1,10sites to Level2,14sites to Level3and12sites to the Level4.The most important sites in the area wereJianhe caves and Huanglianshu tunnel,which serve as hibernaculaums and nursery roosts to c.2100batsrepresenting five species and2500representing eight species,respectively.There were four NT species(Rhinolophus cornutus,Rhinolophus macrotis,Myotis fimbriatus and Plecotus auritus) in Jianhecaves and two VU species(Myotis frater and Murina aurata)and three NT species(Rhinolophus cornutus,Myotis fimbriatus and Plecotus auritus) in Huanglianshu tunnel.
Based on cluster and principal component analyses,there were no significant difference between thetwo sides of the southern Taihang Mountain in terms of either bat species and population sizes.There weresignificant difference in the total length of passages,the maximal width,the maximal height and canopycover between hibernation and non-hibernation sites.Principal component analysis indicated thattopographic condition, concealment and human disturbance were the first three components of bat habitatselection.The load of the first three components was85.96%.At present,many big caves which containedlarge bat populations and several species of concern have been,or will be,developed as touristsites.Cave-dwelling bats in the region are a facing serious crisis of survival.The data will help localgovernments and policymakers develop suitable strategies to promote local tourism sites while protectingimportant habitats of animal species.
引文
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