桑天牛幼虫高致病性白僵菌菌株筛选及感病幼虫组织病理变化的研究
|
摘要
本文以黄粉虫诱集法从土壤中采集并筛选到了对桑天牛(Apriona germari)幼虫具有较高毒性的球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)BbOO菌株,并研究了菌株的基本生物学特性、对桑天牛的致病性及其影响因子、白僵菌对桑天牛幼虫的入侵和致病过程、桑天牛幼虫染病后的病理学变化,旨在揭示白僵菌对桑天牛幼虫的致病机理及控制潜能,明确白僵菌与桑天牛幼虫的相互作用关系,为在桑天牛幼虫综合治理中有效利用白僵菌提供理论依据。结果如下:
1本试验利用黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)诱集法从不同土壤中分离到球孢白僵菌共9株,分离率为45%,并对桑天牛幼虫进行了生物测定。结果表明不同菌株的致病力存在差异,其中以BbOO菌株的致病力最强,校正死亡率及感染率分别为100%和86.3%,致死中时LT_(50)为4.13 d,致死中浓度LCso为3.05x106 m L~(-1)。
2营养条件及适宜的温、湿度是影响菌株生长及致病力高低的主要引子,该菌株营养生长的最适培养基为PPDA,最适温度和湿度分别为25℃和相对湿度100%。该菌产孢的最适培养基为察氏培养基。孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃,最适湿度为100%。BbOO菌株对桑天牛幼虫产生致病作用的最适温度为25℃,最适湿度为100%。
3桑天牛幼虫感染球孢白僵菌BbOO后,虫体颜色及外部形态发生相应的变化。通过扫描及透射电镜的实验观察,桑天牛幼虫接菌后8h即可附着于幼虫体壁并紧密结合,接种后12h,孢子即可穿透体壁,之后进入血腔并大量繁殖,逐渐侵染体腔内的组织与器官,直至寄主死亡。在孢子侵入过程中伴随着保外酶对表皮及中肠的降解作用。侵染后期菌丝体在血液中大量增殖,而虫体的免疫系统对白僵菌只起暂时的阻碍和抑制作用,不能从根本上消除白僵菌的发展。
4石蜡切片试验结果表明,白僵菌BbOO处理后24h,分生孢子即可以附着于桑天牛幼虫体表,48h即可以萌发并侵入幼虫体表,使内表皮分解;菌丝进入血腔后开始增殖并向侵入点附近的脂肪、肌肉、气管等组织入侵。随着菌丝在幼虫体内的增殖,各组织器官遭到不同程度的破坏。4d后感染幼虫死亡,5d后菌丝突破体表在虫体外形成菌丝层并有分生孢子产生。
In this study,a high virulent isolate Beauveria bassiana Bb00 to Apriona germari larvae was screened from the isolates collected from the soil using the "Tenebrio molitor Bait Method".To this isolate,the basal biological characteristics,the pathogenicity against A.germari and factors affecting the pathogenicity,infection process and defense response of the host to the pathogen,the pathological changes of A.germari larvae infected by B.bassiana were studied.The purposes of this study were to establish the pathogenesis of B.bassiana to the A.germari and interaction between B.bassiana and A.germari,to evaluate the potential of the fungus as a biocontrol agent for A.germari,which can provide the basis for the application of the fungus in the integrated control of A.germari.The results showed that:
1.The screening of the high virulent isolate
Nine isolates of B.bassiana were isolated from different soil using the "Tenebrio molitor Bait Method".The isolation rate was 45%.The pathogenicity of different strains to A.germari larvae was tested.The result showed that Bb00 was the most virulent one.The correct mortality was up to 100%and the infection rate was 86.3%.LTs0 was 4.13d,and LC_(50)on the A.germari larvae was determined to be 3.05×10~6/mL.
2.The study of biological characteristics of Bb00
The culture medium,temperature and humidity were the most important dominant factors of the growth and pathogenicity to B.bassiana The most suitable media for the mycelia growth and conidia production of Bb00 were PPDA and Czapek,respectively.For the nutrient growth and the conidia germination,the optimal temperature and humidity were 25℃and 100%,respectively.At 25℃and RH 100%,the pathogenicity reached the highest.
3.The study of infection process to the pathogen
There were some changes in color and morphology on the Apriona germari larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana Bb00.Penetration process of B.bassiana includes adherence,germination,appressoria and penetration.Through the scanning electron microscope we can observe most conidia can adhere to the cuticle after 8h.The conidia on the cuticle of A.germari larvae germinated 12h after inoculation.Most tissues and organs were infected and disintegrated with the heavy multiplication of the mycelium in body cavity until the larvae were dead.There are immune response in A.germari larvae body but the defense responses were just temporarily inhibition for the pathogen but could not clear them completely.
4.The Symptom and Histopathological Study of Apriona germari Larvae Infected by Beauveria bassiana Bb00
Paraffin sections showed the spores of B.bassian attached to the cuticle of A.germari larvae after 24h.After 48h,the conidium germinated and penetrated through the cuticle, the endocuticle were disintegrated.The mycelium multiplied and invaded the fat body, muscle,trachea tissue,etc nearby the point of penetration after the germ tubes into the body cavity.Most tissues and organs were infected and disintegrated with the multiplication of the mycelium,by 4d,infected larvae were dead.The hyphae emerged through the cuticle and formed hyphal layer on the surface of the dead insect 5d postinoculation and conidium emerged.
1本试验利用黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)诱集法从不同土壤中分离到球孢白僵菌共9株,分离率为45%,并对桑天牛幼虫进行了生物测定。结果表明不同菌株的致病力存在差异,其中以BbOO菌株的致病力最强,校正死亡率及感染率分别为100%和86.3%,致死中时LT_(50)为4.13 d,致死中浓度LCso为3.05x106 m L~(-1)。
2营养条件及适宜的温、湿度是影响菌株生长及致病力高低的主要引子,该菌株营养生长的最适培养基为PPDA,最适温度和湿度分别为25℃和相对湿度100%。该菌产孢的最适培养基为察氏培养基。孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃,最适湿度为100%。BbOO菌株对桑天牛幼虫产生致病作用的最适温度为25℃,最适湿度为100%。
3桑天牛幼虫感染球孢白僵菌BbOO后,虫体颜色及外部形态发生相应的变化。通过扫描及透射电镜的实验观察,桑天牛幼虫接菌后8h即可附着于幼虫体壁并紧密结合,接种后12h,孢子即可穿透体壁,之后进入血腔并大量繁殖,逐渐侵染体腔内的组织与器官,直至寄主死亡。在孢子侵入过程中伴随着保外酶对表皮及中肠的降解作用。侵染后期菌丝体在血液中大量增殖,而虫体的免疫系统对白僵菌只起暂时的阻碍和抑制作用,不能从根本上消除白僵菌的发展。
4石蜡切片试验结果表明,白僵菌BbOO处理后24h,分生孢子即可以附着于桑天牛幼虫体表,48h即可以萌发并侵入幼虫体表,使内表皮分解;菌丝进入血腔后开始增殖并向侵入点附近的脂肪、肌肉、气管等组织入侵。随着菌丝在幼虫体内的增殖,各组织器官遭到不同程度的破坏。4d后感染幼虫死亡,5d后菌丝突破体表在虫体外形成菌丝层并有分生孢子产生。
In this study,a high virulent isolate Beauveria bassiana Bb00 to Apriona germari larvae was screened from the isolates collected from the soil using the "Tenebrio molitor Bait Method".To this isolate,the basal biological characteristics,the pathogenicity against A.germari and factors affecting the pathogenicity,infection process and defense response of the host to the pathogen,the pathological changes of A.germari larvae infected by B.bassiana were studied.The purposes of this study were to establish the pathogenesis of B.bassiana to the A.germari and interaction between B.bassiana and A.germari,to evaluate the potential of the fungus as a biocontrol agent for A.germari,which can provide the basis for the application of the fungus in the integrated control of A.germari.The results showed that:
1.The screening of the high virulent isolate
Nine isolates of B.bassiana were isolated from different soil using the "Tenebrio molitor Bait Method".The isolation rate was 45%.The pathogenicity of different strains to A.germari larvae was tested.The result showed that Bb00 was the most virulent one.The correct mortality was up to 100%and the infection rate was 86.3%.LTs0 was 4.13d,and LC_(50)on the A.germari larvae was determined to be 3.05×10~6/mL.
2.The study of biological characteristics of Bb00
The culture medium,temperature and humidity were the most important dominant factors of the growth and pathogenicity to B.bassiana The most suitable media for the mycelia growth and conidia production of Bb00 were PPDA and Czapek,respectively.For the nutrient growth and the conidia germination,the optimal temperature and humidity were 25℃and 100%,respectively.At 25℃and RH 100%,the pathogenicity reached the highest.
3.The study of infection process to the pathogen
There were some changes in color and morphology on the Apriona germari larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana Bb00.Penetration process of B.bassiana includes adherence,germination,appressoria and penetration.Through the scanning electron microscope we can observe most conidia can adhere to the cuticle after 8h.The conidia on the cuticle of A.germari larvae germinated 12h after inoculation.Most tissues and organs were infected and disintegrated with the heavy multiplication of the mycelium in body cavity until the larvae were dead.There are immune response in A.germari larvae body but the defense responses were just temporarily inhibition for the pathogen but could not clear them completely.
4.The Symptom and Histopathological Study of Apriona germari Larvae Infected by Beauveria bassiana Bb00
Paraffin sections showed the spores of B.bassian attached to the cuticle of A.germari larvae after 24h.After 48h,the conidium germinated and penetrated through the cuticle, the endocuticle were disintegrated.The mycelium multiplied and invaded the fat body, muscle,trachea tissue,etc nearby the point of penetration after the germ tubes into the body cavity.Most tissues and organs were infected and disintegrated with the multiplication of the mycelium,by 4d,infected larvae were dead.The hyphae emerged through the cuticle and formed hyphal layer on the surface of the dead insect 5d postinoculation and conidium emerged.
引文
[1]黄大庄.桑天牛区域动态规律综合治理[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1998.
[2]袁芳芳,黄大庄,王志刚,等.桑天牛卵啮小蜂基因组DNA的提取及RAPD反应体系的优化[J].蚕业科学,2006,32(4):582-585.
[3]黄大庄,刘辉芳,王志刚,等.桑天牛卵长尾啮小蜂的繁殖生物学研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):195-200.
[4]王志刚,刘辉芳,黄大庄,等.桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus的寄生生物学研究[J].蚕业科学,2003,29(3):217-221.
[5]叶志毅,刘红,沈文静.桑天牛的生活习性和防治方法的研究[J].蚕业科学,2002,28(1):48-51.
[6]张树平,黄大庄,阎浚杰.中国北方主要树种抗桑天牛序列选择[J].东北林业大学学报,1999,27(6):17-21.
[7]李淑玲,李继东,桑玉强,等.杨树生理特性及生态因子与抗蛀干害虫的关系[J].河南农业大学学报,2002,36(3):232-236.
[8]高瑞桐,李国宏,宋宏伟,等.桑天牛成虫生活习性的进一步研究[J].林业科学研究[J].2000,13(6):634-640.
[9]高秀美,冯冠华,曹长余.桑天牛发生规律与综合防治研究[J].中国农学通报[J].2001,17(2):75-76.
[10]胡建军,韩一凡,尹伟伦,等.在人工接种和自然感虫情况下美洲黑杨后代对桑天牛抗性的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1):164-167.
[11]秦旦仁,郭同斌,蒋富荣,等.桑天牛卵巢发育与补充营养关系的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1994,18(3):46-50.
[12]胡建军,赵自成,苗世龙,等.杨树人工接虫方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(6):574-580.
[13]王永芳,高宝嘉,郑均宝,等.转基因741杨对桑天牛的抗性鉴定[J].河北农业大学学报,2002,25(2):53-56.
[14]唐进根,嵇保中,钱范俊.灭幼脲对桑天牛成虫的生物活性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(3):31-34.
[15]王翠莲,邬承先,董广平,等.灭幼脲Ⅲ号微胶囊及其复配剂防治桑天牛成虫的研究[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(5):530-533.
[16]马怀云,崔应时,彭镇华,等.桑天牛辐射不育的研究[J].中国森林病虫,1999,3:8-10.
[17]嵇保中,赵博光,吴如其.印楝提取物及双稠哌啶类生物碱对桑天牛存活及生殖的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,1998,22(1):83-86.
[18]徐洁莲,韩日畴,刘秀玲,等.应用异小杆线虫防治桑天牛的研究[J].蚕业科学,1997,23(1):5-9.
[19]郭桂生.辛硫磷防治桑天牛效果及对桑蚕残毒试验[J].蚕桑通报,1997,28(2):52-53.
[20]黄大庄,王志刚,阎晔辉,等.桑天牛在河北地区的生物学特性研究[J].蚕业科学,1995, 21(3):188-189.
[21]李继泉,王树香,杨元,等.桑天牛长尾啮小蜂产卵及寄主识别行为的观察与研究[J].蚕业科学,2006,32(4):447-452.
[22]王清海,万平平,黄玉杰,等.虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用研究[J].山东科学,2005,18(4):37-41.
[23]王大洲,师国洪,马宁.生物防治在林木害虫综合治理中地位的研究[J].河北林业科技,2005,3:12-14.
[24]彭华.生物防治在害虫综合治理中的地位和作用[J].植物医生,2005,18(3):4-5.
[25]周秋菊,潘贤丽.应用生物防治技术控制天牛危害[J].植物保护,2004,30(1):12-16.
[26]王清海,万平平,黄玉杰,等.虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用研究[J].山东科学,2005,18(4):37-41.
[27]蒲蛰龙,李增智.昆虫真菌学[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1996.
[28]Smith,R.J.Nutritional requirements for conidial germination and hyphal growth of Beauveria bassiana[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.1981,37:220-230.
[29]林志伟,刘洋.氮素对球孢白僵菌的影响[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2004,16(4):16-18.
[30]李运帷,吕昌仁.白僵菌的生产和应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1983.
[31]梁宗琦.昆虫病原真菌的综合开发研究[A].中国虫生真菌研究与应用(第一卷)[C].北京:学术期刊出版社,1988,26-35.
[32]蒲蛰龙.昆虫病理学[M].广州:广东科技出版社,1992.
[33]蒲哲龙.害虫生物防治的原理和方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[34]Rajendran B,M Gopalan.Effects of Biopathogens Bacillus Thurinainenist Berliner and B.b on Different Stages of Egg Plant Spotted Beetle(Heno sepilachna Vigintiotomaculata)[J].Journal of Entomological Rese,1999,23(1):9-14.
[35]Padmaja V,Gurvinder Kaur.Relative Susceptibility of Plant Spotted Beetle(Henosepilachna Viginitiocto maculata)to Certain Isolates of B.b Vuil[J].Jounal of Biological Control,1998,12(2):47-151.
[36]Tadeusz J.eoprawski,Walker J.Jones.Host plants effects on activity of the mitosporic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against two populations of Bemisia whiteflies (Homopter:Aleyrodidae)[J].Mycopathologic.2000,151:11-20.
[37]蒲蛰龙.害虫生物防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1977,104-111.
[38]John D,Vandenberg M R,JenniferA.Environment Entomology[M],1995,27:1017-1021.
[39]刘银泉,张发成,刘树生.桃蚜脱皮对球孢白僵菌毒力的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(4):441-446.
[40]李世广,林华峰.不同条件下几种虫生真菌对棉铃虫的侵染致病效应[J].华东昆虫学报,2000,12(1):29-34.
[41]Fargues J,Luz C.Effects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on sporulation of Beaaeueria bassiarra on cadavers of Rhodnius prolixus[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1998,8(3):323-334.
[42]Fargues J,Luz C.Jects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on the infection potential of BeauveYia hassiana for Rhodnius prolixus[J].Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2000,75(3):202-211.
[43]李春香,张淑红.白僵菌对害虫致病性的研究进展[J].唐山师范学院学报,2005,27(5):40-43.
[44]黄长春,汤坚,王成树,等.紫外辐射对球孢白僵菌的影响及适宜保护剂的选择[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3):346-350.
[45]邓庄.白僵菌生物学特性的研究[J].植物学报,1962,210-229.
[46]洪华珠,杨红明.杀虫微生物学纲要[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1997.
[47]王海川,尤民生.绿僵菌分生孢子对寄主附着胞形成机制的研究进展[J].昆虫知识,1999,36(3):189-192.
[48]樊美珍,黄勃,王建林,等.几种虫生真菌附着胞的荧光显微及扫描电镜观察[J].菌物系统,1999.18(3):249-253.
[49]Gillespie J P,Bailey AM Cobb,et al.Fungi as elicitor of insect immune responses[J].Archives of Insect Biochemistry and physiology,2002,44:49-68.
[50]Latge J P,Sampedro L,Brey P,et al.Aggressireness of Conidiobolus obscurusagainst the pea a phid-influence of cuticular extracts on ballistospore germination of aggressive and non-aggressive strains[J].J GenMicrobiology,1987,138:1987-1997.
[51]Chamley A K,Cobb B,Clarkson J M.Towards the improvement of furtgal insecticides BCPC symposium proceedings[A].Evans H F.British Crop Protection Council[C].1997,68:115-126.
[52]Hajek AE,St.Leger RJ.Interactions between pathogenesis and insect hosts[J].Annu.Rev Entomol,1994,39:293-322.
[53]Clarkson J M,Chamley A K.New insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects[J].Trends in Microbiology,1996,4:197-203.
[54]Dean R A.Signal Pathways and Appressorium Morphgenesis[J].Annu Rev Phytopathol,1997,35:211-234.
[55]St.Leger R J,Butt T M,Staples R C,et al.Second messenger involvement in differentiation of the entomopathogenic fungus,Metarhizium anisopliae[J].J.Gen.Microbiol,1990a,136:1779-1789.
[56]张永军,彭国雄,方卫国,等.球孢白僵菌胞外蛋白酶及类枯草杆菌蛋白酶的诱导[J].应用与环境生物学报,2000,6(2):182-186.
[57]Clarkson J M,Chamley A K.New insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects[J].Trends in Microbiology,1996,4:197-203.
[58]林华峰,李增智,胡萃.不同环境中松毛虫感染白僵菌过程的组织病理变化[J].安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4):330-335.
[59]孙鲁娟,吴孔明.棉铃虫感染白僵菌后的组织病理变化[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(3):102-106.
[60]张爱文,邓春生,农向群,等.亚洲玉米螟感染白僵菌后组织病理学研究[J].生物防治通报,1994,10(4):151-156.
[61]张志光.白僵菌的研究和应用[A].杀虫微生物(第一卷)[C].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1987.
[62]A A耶夫拉霍娃,黄传贤(译).昆虫病原真菌[M].北京:科学出版社,1982.
[63]黄自然,陈劲伟.昆虫防御机制研究的一些进展[J].生物学通报,1990,10:9-10.
[64]范丽华.应用白僵菌在北方地区防治松毛虫和松叶蜂的研究[D].太原:山西农业大学,2004.
[65]胡加付.白僵菌工业化生产与防治天牛技术的研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2001.
[66]严敖金,张灿峰,柳富国,等.触破式微胶囊加工工艺初步应用[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:65-68.
[67]唐进根,张灿峰,严敖金,等.不同囊壁材料触破式微胶囊剂的药效及持效期[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:69-72.
[68]张灿峰,严敖金,夏春胜,等.触破式微胶囊剂对光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛的防治试验[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:73-75.
[69]Ninomiva Y,Higuchi T.Development of Biorational Pest Control Formulation against Longicorn Beetles Using a Fungus,Beauveria brongniartii(Sacc.)Petch[A].In Proceedings of the VIIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control 4th International Conference on Bacillus thurirrgiensis[M].Sapporo,1998.
[70]Higuchi T,Saika T,Sanda S,et al.Development of biorational pest control formulation against Longicom beetles using a fungus,Beauveria brongniatii[J].Journal of Fermentation and Bioen Qineerine.1997,84:236-243.
[71]刘辉芳.桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetusprolixus生物学特性研究[D].河北农业大学,2003.
[72]张波,刘益宁,白杨,等.宁夏病原真菌的种类和致病力研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(4):67-72.
[73]张波,白杨,岛津光明,等.无纺布法防治光肩星天牛成虫的初步研究[J].西北林学院学报,1999,14(1):68-72.
[74]王素英,邵强华,时亚琴,等.光肩星天牛幼虫病原真菌—球孢白僵菌的分离和鉴定[J].内蒙古林业科技,1996,1:13-16.
[75]王素英,邹立杰,时亚琴,等.球孢白僵菌加增效剂对光肩星天牛的防治效果[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(2):96-97.
[76]刘清浪,陈瑞屏,吴若光,等.应用生物防治棉蝗及星天牛[J].昆虫天敌,1999,21(3):97-105.
[77]Dubois T,Hajek A E,Jiafu,et al.Evaluating the efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi against the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),by using cages in the field[J].Environmental Entomology,2004,33(1):62-74.
[78]Shimazu M,Zhang Bo,Liu YiNing.Fungal pathogens of Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)and their virulences[J].Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,Ibaraki,2002,382:123-130.
[79]Smith M T.Biocontrol and IPM for the Asian longhomed beetle[Anoplophora glabripennis][J].IPM-Practitioner,2000,22(7):1-5.
[80]黄金水,丁泌,黄海清,等.星天牛白僵菌的侵染力测定与应用技术研究[J].福建林学院学报,1997,17(1):30-34.
[81]张立钦,刘军,吴鸿.松墨天牛优良白僵菌菌株筛选[J].南京林业大学学报,2000,24(2): 33-37.
[82]孙继美,丁珊,肖华.球孢白僵菌防治松褐天牛的研究[J].森林病虫通讯,1997,3.16-18
[83]Shimazu M,Potential of the cerambycid parasitic type of Beauveria brongniartii for microbial control of Monoehamus alternatus Hope[J].Appl Entomol Zool,1994,29:127-130.
[84]Shimazu M,Kushida T,Tsuchiya D,et al.Microbial control of Monochamus alternatus Hope by implanting wheat bran pellets with Beauveria bassiana in infested tree trunks[J].J Jpn For Soc,1992,74,325-330.
[85]Shimazu M,Tsuchiya D,Sato H,et al.Microbial control of Monochamus aternatus Hope by application of nonwoven fabric strips With Beauveria bassiana on infested tree trunks[J].Appl EntomolZool,1995,30,207-213.
[86]Shimazu M,Sato H.Microbial control of the pine sawyer,Monochamus alternatus by Beauveria bassiana[A].International Symposioum on Pine Wilt Disease Caused by pine wood Nematode[C].Beijing:1995,128-135.
[87]王四宝,黄勇平,张心团,等.松褐天牛成虫高毒力病原真菌筛选及林间感染试验[J].中国森林病虫,2004,23(6):13-16.
[88]Shimazu M,Sato H.Effects of larval age on mortality of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)after application of nonwoven fabric strips with Beauveria bassiana [J].Appl Entomol Zool,2003,38(1):1-5.
[89]Okitsu M,Kishi Y,Takagi Y.Control of adults ofMonochamu alternatus Hope(Coleptera:Cerambycidae)by application of nonwoven fabric strips containing Beauveria bassiana (Dentyeromy cotina:Hyphomycetes)on infested tree minks[J].J Jpn For Soe,2000,82(3):276-280.
[90]Higuchi T,Saika T,Senda S.Development of biorational pest control formulation against Longicom beetles using a fungus Beauveria brongniatii[J].Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering,1997,84:236-243.
[91]Higuchi T.Biorational pest formulation against longhorn beetle damage using B.brongniartii (Sate.)Petch[J].Nitto Denk Report,1993,31(2):103-110.
[92]李林青,吴吴,赵玉欣.松褐天牛成虫高毒力菌株的筛选试验[J].山东林业科技,2005,1:35-36.
[93]Dubois T.Biological control of the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora labripennis,with entomopathogenic fungi[D].Comell:Comell University,2003.
[94]Dubois T,Li Z,Hu J,et al.Efficacy of fiber bands impregnated with Beauveria brongniartii cultures against the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)[J].Biol.Control,2004,31:320-328.
[95]杨希,黄金水,何学友,等.管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验[J].福建林业科技,2005,32(3):94-99.
[96]夏成润,丁德贵,刘云鹏,等.金龟子绿僵菌无纺布菌剂与引诱剂结合使用防治短角幽天牛的试验[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(4):419-422.
[97]李建庆,张永安,梅增霞,等.白僵菌和绿僵菌蛋白对松墨天牛致病性的研究[J].福建林学 院学报,2006,26(2):165-168.
[98]Zimmermann G.The "Galleria bait method" for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil[J].Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomologie,1986,102:213-215.
[99]高松,农向群,邓春生.利用大蜡螟诱集法从土壤中分离昆虫病原真菌[J].中国生物防治,1996,12(3):142-143.
[100]Shimazu M,Zhang B,Liu Y.Fungal Pathogens of Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)and Their Virulences[J].Bulletin of FFPRI,2002,1:123-130.
[101]Mietkiewski RC,Tkaczuk T,Badowska-Czubik.Entomogenous fungi isolated from strawberry plantation soil infested by Otiorhynchus ovatus L[J].Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych.Seria E,Ochrona Roslin,1993,22(1/2):39-46.
[102]贾春生,由士江,宋晓辉.吉林市森林土壤中的昆虫病原真菌调查[J].韶关学院学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):86-89.
[103]Mohammed S,Ali-Shtayeh,Abdel-Basit B.M.,et al.Distribution,occurrence and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi in agricultural soil in the Palestinian area[J].Mycopathol,2002,156:235-244.
[104]Milner RJ,Ecological considerations in the use of Metarhizium for control of soil-dwelling pests[A].Robertson L.N.,Allsopp P.G.Proceedings of a soil-invertebrate workshop[C].Queensland Department of Primary Industries conference,1989.
[105]Mietkiewski R.T,Pell J.K,Clark S.J.Influence of pesticide use on the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soils in the UK:field and laboratory comparisons[J].Biol.Sci.and Technolo,1997,7:565-575.
[106]Mictkiewski RT,Zurek M,Tkaczuk C,et al.Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soil,forest soil and litter[J].Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych Seria E,1991,21:61-68.
[107]Rath A.C,Koen T.B,Yip,et al.The influence of abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of Metarhizium anisopliae in Tasmanian pasture soils[J].Mycol.Res,1992,96:378-384.
[108]Vanninen I.Distribution and occurrence of four entomopathogenic fungi in Finland:effect of geographical location,habitat type and soil type[J].Mycol.Res,1995,100:93-101.
[109]Vanninen I,Husberg G.B,Hokkanen H.M.T.Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes in cultivated soils in Finland[J].Acta Entomol.Fennica.,1989,53:65-71.
[110]Bidochka M.J,Kasperski J.E,Wild G.A.M.Occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in soils from temperature and near-northern habitats[J].Can.J.Botany,1998,7:1198-1204.
[111]徐祥彬.玫烟色拟青霉生物学特性及致病机理研究[D].太原:山西农业大学,2004.
[112]汪章勋,黄勃,周权,等.粉拟青霉不同菌株生物学特性的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(1):8-11.
[113]J.N.Amritha,De Croos,Michael J.Bidochka.Effects of low temperature on growth parameters in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1999,45(12):1055-1061.
[114]Houping Liu,Margaret Skinner,Michael Brownbridge,et al.Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for management of tarnished plant bug,Lygus lineolaris(Hemiptera:Miridae)[J].Joumal of Invertebrate Pathology,2003,82:139-147.
[115]李农昌,樊美珍,李春如,等.白僵菌有关培养条件及其与毒力关系的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3):254-259.
[116]黄振,任顺祥.玫烟色拟青霉分离株的生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力[J].中国生物防治,2004,4:248-251.
[117]Glare T R,Miliner R J,Chilvers G A.The effect of environental factors on the production.discharge and germination of primary conidia of Zoophthora phalloides Batko[J].J.Invertebr Pathol.,1986b,48:275-280.
[118]Hajek A E,Carruthers R J,Soper R S.Temperature and moisture relations of sporulation and germination by Entomophageof maimaiga(Zygomycetes:Entomophthiotaceae),a fungal pathogen of lymanira dispar(Lepidoptera Lymantriidae)[J].Environ.Entomol.,1990,19:85-90.
[119]Newman GG,Carner GR.Environment factors affecting conidial sporulation and germination of Entomophthra gammae[J].Environ.Entomol,1975b,4:615-618.
[120]张永军,王中康,裴炎,等.球孢白僵菌的生物学特性及对小麦蚜虫的毒力[J].西南农业大学学报,2001,23(2):144-146.
[121]林华峰,黄勃,李增智,等.白僵菌在松毛虫体上宿存侵染的电镜扫描观察[J].菌物系统,1998,17(4):344-348.
[122]Butt TM,Goettel MS.Bioassays of entomogenous fungi[A].Navon A,Ascher K R S (eds.).Bioassays of entomogenous miocrobes and nematodes.CABI[C].Wallingford,UK,2000,141-191.
[123]Butt TM,Ibrahim L,Clark S J,et al.The germination behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae on the surface of aphid and flea beetle cuticles[J].Mycological Research,1995,99:945-950.
[124]Wraight SP,Butt TM,Galaini-WraightS et al.Germination and infection processes of the entomophthoralean fungus Erynia radicans on the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae[J].Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1990,56:157-174.
[125]王音,雷仲仁,张青文,等.绿僵菌侵染小菜蛾体表过程的显微观察[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(2):188-193.
[126]盛亮,徐均焕.根虫瘟霉转寄主过程中毒力相关胞外蛋白酶系的诱导表达[J].菌物学报,2004,23(2):226-232.
[127]刘智辉,陈守文,郭志红,等.球孢白僵菌胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性与对亚洲玉米螟毒力的相关性分析[J].华中农业大学学报,2005,24(4):364-368.
[128]Kucera M.Protease from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae toxic for Galleria mellonella larvae[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1980,35:304-310.
[129]St Leger R L.The role of extracellular chymoelastase in virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae for Mandca sexta[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1988,52:285-293.
[130]Bidochka M J,Khachatourians G G.Identification of Beauveria bassiana extraeellularprotease as a virulence factor in pathogenicity toward the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplussanguinips[J].Joumal of Invcrtebrate Pathology,1990,56:362-370.
[131]翟锦彬,黄秀梨.球孢白僵菌在棉铃虫表皮上萌发研究[J].微生物学报,1997,37:154-158.
[132]Bidochka MJ,Khachatourians GG.Protein hydrolysis in grasshopper cuticles by entomopathogenic fungal extracellular proteases[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1994,63:7-13.
[133]冯明光.胞外蛋白酶和脂酶活性作为球孢白僵菌毒力指标的可靠性分析[J].微生物学报,1998,38(6):461-467.
[134]林华峰,李连德,李增智.白僵菌胞外蛋白酶的测定及其与酯酶型的关系[J].中国生物防治,1997,13:32-36.
[135]方卫国.昆虫病原真菌降解寄主体壁酶基因的克隆及球孢白僵菌高毒力重组菌株的获得[D].重庆:西南南亚大学,2003.
[136]姚剑,李增智,樊美珍.虫生真菌入侵过程中酶的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3),303-308.
[137]姚剑,黄大庆.球孢白僵菌蛋白质酶、几丁质酶和β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶产生水平及其与毒力关系的研究[J].宿州学院学报,2004,19(4):102-106.
[138]王海川,尤民生.绿僵菌对昆虫的入侵机理[J].微生物学通报,1999,26(1):71-73.
[139]Hajek A E,St Leger R J.Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts[J].Annu Rev Entomol,1994,39:293-322.
[140]Vestergaard S,Butt T M.Light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips Frankliniella Occidentalis(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1999,73:25-33.
[141]王音,雷仲仁,张青文,等.小菜蛾感染绿僵菌后的病征及组织病理变化[J].中国生物防治,2004,20(3):156-160.
[142]Robert A S,Harry C F,Jean-Paul L.Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi[M].Netherlands:Wetenschappelijke uitgeverj Bunge,1988.
[143]Ferron P.Microbial control of pests and plant disease[M].London:Academis Press,1981.
[144]Pekrul S,Grula E A.Mode of infection of the eorn earworm(Heliothiszea)by Beauveria bassiana as revealed by Scanning microscopy[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1979,34:238-247.
[145]Cheung P Y K,Grula E A.In vivo events associated with entomopathology of Beauveria bassiana for the corn earworm(Heliothiszea)[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1982,39:303-313.
[146]Broome J R,Sikorowski P P,Norment B R.A mechanism of pathogen-icity of Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the imported fire ant,Solenepsis richtert[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol,1976,28:87-91.
[147]Mohamed A K A,Sikorowski P P,Bellt J V.Histopathology of Nomuraea rileyi in larvae of Heliothis zea and in vitro enzymatic activity[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1978,31:345-352.
[2]袁芳芳,黄大庄,王志刚,等.桑天牛卵啮小蜂基因组DNA的提取及RAPD反应体系的优化[J].蚕业科学,2006,32(4):582-585.
[3]黄大庄,刘辉芳,王志刚,等.桑天牛卵长尾啮小蜂的繁殖生物学研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):195-200.
[4]王志刚,刘辉芳,黄大庄,等.桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus的寄生生物学研究[J].蚕业科学,2003,29(3):217-221.
[5]叶志毅,刘红,沈文静.桑天牛的生活习性和防治方法的研究[J].蚕业科学,2002,28(1):48-51.
[6]张树平,黄大庄,阎浚杰.中国北方主要树种抗桑天牛序列选择[J].东北林业大学学报,1999,27(6):17-21.
[7]李淑玲,李继东,桑玉强,等.杨树生理特性及生态因子与抗蛀干害虫的关系[J].河南农业大学学报,2002,36(3):232-236.
[8]高瑞桐,李国宏,宋宏伟,等.桑天牛成虫生活习性的进一步研究[J].林业科学研究[J].2000,13(6):634-640.
[9]高秀美,冯冠华,曹长余.桑天牛发生规律与综合防治研究[J].中国农学通报[J].2001,17(2):75-76.
[10]胡建军,韩一凡,尹伟伦,等.在人工接种和自然感虫情况下美洲黑杨后代对桑天牛抗性的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1):164-167.
[11]秦旦仁,郭同斌,蒋富荣,等.桑天牛卵巢发育与补充营养关系的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1994,18(3):46-50.
[12]胡建军,赵自成,苗世龙,等.杨树人工接虫方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(6):574-580.
[13]王永芳,高宝嘉,郑均宝,等.转基因741杨对桑天牛的抗性鉴定[J].河北农业大学学报,2002,25(2):53-56.
[14]唐进根,嵇保中,钱范俊.灭幼脲对桑天牛成虫的生物活性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(3):31-34.
[15]王翠莲,邬承先,董广平,等.灭幼脲Ⅲ号微胶囊及其复配剂防治桑天牛成虫的研究[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(5):530-533.
[16]马怀云,崔应时,彭镇华,等.桑天牛辐射不育的研究[J].中国森林病虫,1999,3:8-10.
[17]嵇保中,赵博光,吴如其.印楝提取物及双稠哌啶类生物碱对桑天牛存活及生殖的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,1998,22(1):83-86.
[18]徐洁莲,韩日畴,刘秀玲,等.应用异小杆线虫防治桑天牛的研究[J].蚕业科学,1997,23(1):5-9.
[19]郭桂生.辛硫磷防治桑天牛效果及对桑蚕残毒试验[J].蚕桑通报,1997,28(2):52-53.
[20]黄大庄,王志刚,阎晔辉,等.桑天牛在河北地区的生物学特性研究[J].蚕业科学,1995, 21(3):188-189.
[21]李继泉,王树香,杨元,等.桑天牛长尾啮小蜂产卵及寄主识别行为的观察与研究[J].蚕业科学,2006,32(4):447-452.
[22]王清海,万平平,黄玉杰,等.虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用研究[J].山东科学,2005,18(4):37-41.
[23]王大洲,师国洪,马宁.生物防治在林木害虫综合治理中地位的研究[J].河北林业科技,2005,3:12-14.
[24]彭华.生物防治在害虫综合治理中的地位和作用[J].植物医生,2005,18(3):4-5.
[25]周秋菊,潘贤丽.应用生物防治技术控制天牛危害[J].植物保护,2004,30(1):12-16.
[26]王清海,万平平,黄玉杰,等.虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用研究[J].山东科学,2005,18(4):37-41.
[27]蒲蛰龙,李增智.昆虫真菌学[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1996.
[28]Smith,R.J.Nutritional requirements for conidial germination and hyphal growth of Beauveria bassiana[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.1981,37:220-230.
[29]林志伟,刘洋.氮素对球孢白僵菌的影响[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2004,16(4):16-18.
[30]李运帷,吕昌仁.白僵菌的生产和应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1983.
[31]梁宗琦.昆虫病原真菌的综合开发研究[A].中国虫生真菌研究与应用(第一卷)[C].北京:学术期刊出版社,1988,26-35.
[32]蒲蛰龙.昆虫病理学[M].广州:广东科技出版社,1992.
[33]蒲哲龙.害虫生物防治的原理和方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[34]Rajendran B,M Gopalan.Effects of Biopathogens Bacillus Thurinainenist Berliner and B.b on Different Stages of Egg Plant Spotted Beetle(Heno sepilachna Vigintiotomaculata)[J].Journal of Entomological Rese,1999,23(1):9-14.
[35]Padmaja V,Gurvinder Kaur.Relative Susceptibility of Plant Spotted Beetle(Henosepilachna Viginitiocto maculata)to Certain Isolates of B.b Vuil[J].Jounal of Biological Control,1998,12(2):47-151.
[36]Tadeusz J.eoprawski,Walker J.Jones.Host plants effects on activity of the mitosporic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against two populations of Bemisia whiteflies (Homopter:Aleyrodidae)[J].Mycopathologic.2000,151:11-20.
[37]蒲蛰龙.害虫生物防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1977,104-111.
[38]John D,Vandenberg M R,JenniferA.Environment Entomology[M],1995,27:1017-1021.
[39]刘银泉,张发成,刘树生.桃蚜脱皮对球孢白僵菌毒力的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(4):441-446.
[40]李世广,林华峰.不同条件下几种虫生真菌对棉铃虫的侵染致病效应[J].华东昆虫学报,2000,12(1):29-34.
[41]Fargues J,Luz C.Effects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on sporulation of Beaaeueria bassiarra on cadavers of Rhodnius prolixus[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1998,8(3):323-334.
[42]Fargues J,Luz C.Jects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on the infection potential of BeauveYia hassiana for Rhodnius prolixus[J].Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2000,75(3):202-211.
[43]李春香,张淑红.白僵菌对害虫致病性的研究进展[J].唐山师范学院学报,2005,27(5):40-43.
[44]黄长春,汤坚,王成树,等.紫外辐射对球孢白僵菌的影响及适宜保护剂的选择[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3):346-350.
[45]邓庄.白僵菌生物学特性的研究[J].植物学报,1962,210-229.
[46]洪华珠,杨红明.杀虫微生物学纲要[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1997.
[47]王海川,尤民生.绿僵菌分生孢子对寄主附着胞形成机制的研究进展[J].昆虫知识,1999,36(3):189-192.
[48]樊美珍,黄勃,王建林,等.几种虫生真菌附着胞的荧光显微及扫描电镜观察[J].菌物系统,1999.18(3):249-253.
[49]Gillespie J P,Bailey AM Cobb,et al.Fungi as elicitor of insect immune responses[J].Archives of Insect Biochemistry and physiology,2002,44:49-68.
[50]Latge J P,Sampedro L,Brey P,et al.Aggressireness of Conidiobolus obscurusagainst the pea a phid-influence of cuticular extracts on ballistospore germination of aggressive and non-aggressive strains[J].J GenMicrobiology,1987,138:1987-1997.
[51]Chamley A K,Cobb B,Clarkson J M.Towards the improvement of furtgal insecticides BCPC symposium proceedings[A].Evans H F.British Crop Protection Council[C].1997,68:115-126.
[52]Hajek AE,St.Leger RJ.Interactions between pathogenesis and insect hosts[J].Annu.Rev Entomol,1994,39:293-322.
[53]Clarkson J M,Chamley A K.New insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects[J].Trends in Microbiology,1996,4:197-203.
[54]Dean R A.Signal Pathways and Appressorium Morphgenesis[J].Annu Rev Phytopathol,1997,35:211-234.
[55]St.Leger R J,Butt T M,Staples R C,et al.Second messenger involvement in differentiation of the entomopathogenic fungus,Metarhizium anisopliae[J].J.Gen.Microbiol,1990a,136:1779-1789.
[56]张永军,彭国雄,方卫国,等.球孢白僵菌胞外蛋白酶及类枯草杆菌蛋白酶的诱导[J].应用与环境生物学报,2000,6(2):182-186.
[57]Clarkson J M,Chamley A K.New insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects[J].Trends in Microbiology,1996,4:197-203.
[58]林华峰,李增智,胡萃.不同环境中松毛虫感染白僵菌过程的组织病理变化[J].安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4):330-335.
[59]孙鲁娟,吴孔明.棉铃虫感染白僵菌后的组织病理变化[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(3):102-106.
[60]张爱文,邓春生,农向群,等.亚洲玉米螟感染白僵菌后组织病理学研究[J].生物防治通报,1994,10(4):151-156.
[61]张志光.白僵菌的研究和应用[A].杀虫微生物(第一卷)[C].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1987.
[62]A A耶夫拉霍娃,黄传贤(译).昆虫病原真菌[M].北京:科学出版社,1982.
[63]黄自然,陈劲伟.昆虫防御机制研究的一些进展[J].生物学通报,1990,10:9-10.
[64]范丽华.应用白僵菌在北方地区防治松毛虫和松叶蜂的研究[D].太原:山西农业大学,2004.
[65]胡加付.白僵菌工业化生产与防治天牛技术的研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2001.
[66]严敖金,张灿峰,柳富国,等.触破式微胶囊加工工艺初步应用[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:65-68.
[67]唐进根,张灿峰,严敖金,等.不同囊壁材料触破式微胶囊剂的药效及持效期[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:69-72.
[68]张灿峰,严敖金,夏春胜,等.触破式微胶囊剂对光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛的防治试验[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23:73-75.
[69]Ninomiva Y,Higuchi T.Development of Biorational Pest Control Formulation against Longicorn Beetles Using a Fungus,Beauveria brongniartii(Sacc.)Petch[A].In Proceedings of the VIIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control 4th International Conference on Bacillus thurirrgiensis[M].Sapporo,1998.
[70]Higuchi T,Saika T,Sanda S,et al.Development of biorational pest control formulation against Longicom beetles using a fungus,Beauveria brongniatii[J].Journal of Fermentation and Bioen Qineerine.1997,84:236-243.
[71]刘辉芳.桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetusprolixus生物学特性研究[D].河北农业大学,2003.
[72]张波,刘益宁,白杨,等.宁夏病原真菌的种类和致病力研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(4):67-72.
[73]张波,白杨,岛津光明,等.无纺布法防治光肩星天牛成虫的初步研究[J].西北林学院学报,1999,14(1):68-72.
[74]王素英,邵强华,时亚琴,等.光肩星天牛幼虫病原真菌—球孢白僵菌的分离和鉴定[J].内蒙古林业科技,1996,1:13-16.
[75]王素英,邹立杰,时亚琴,等.球孢白僵菌加增效剂对光肩星天牛的防治效果[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(2):96-97.
[76]刘清浪,陈瑞屏,吴若光,等.应用生物防治棉蝗及星天牛[J].昆虫天敌,1999,21(3):97-105.
[77]Dubois T,Hajek A E,Jiafu,et al.Evaluating the efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi against the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),by using cages in the field[J].Environmental Entomology,2004,33(1):62-74.
[78]Shimazu M,Zhang Bo,Liu YiNing.Fungal pathogens of Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)and their virulences[J].Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,Ibaraki,2002,382:123-130.
[79]Smith M T.Biocontrol and IPM for the Asian longhomed beetle[Anoplophora glabripennis][J].IPM-Practitioner,2000,22(7):1-5.
[80]黄金水,丁泌,黄海清,等.星天牛白僵菌的侵染力测定与应用技术研究[J].福建林学院学报,1997,17(1):30-34.
[81]张立钦,刘军,吴鸿.松墨天牛优良白僵菌菌株筛选[J].南京林业大学学报,2000,24(2): 33-37.
[82]孙继美,丁珊,肖华.球孢白僵菌防治松褐天牛的研究[J].森林病虫通讯,1997,3.16-18
[83]Shimazu M,Potential of the cerambycid parasitic type of Beauveria brongniartii for microbial control of Monoehamus alternatus Hope[J].Appl Entomol Zool,1994,29:127-130.
[84]Shimazu M,Kushida T,Tsuchiya D,et al.Microbial control of Monochamus alternatus Hope by implanting wheat bran pellets with Beauveria bassiana in infested tree trunks[J].J Jpn For Soc,1992,74,325-330.
[85]Shimazu M,Tsuchiya D,Sato H,et al.Microbial control of Monochamus aternatus Hope by application of nonwoven fabric strips With Beauveria bassiana on infested tree trunks[J].Appl EntomolZool,1995,30,207-213.
[86]Shimazu M,Sato H.Microbial control of the pine sawyer,Monochamus alternatus by Beauveria bassiana[A].International Symposioum on Pine Wilt Disease Caused by pine wood Nematode[C].Beijing:1995,128-135.
[87]王四宝,黄勇平,张心团,等.松褐天牛成虫高毒力病原真菌筛选及林间感染试验[J].中国森林病虫,2004,23(6):13-16.
[88]Shimazu M,Sato H.Effects of larval age on mortality of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)after application of nonwoven fabric strips with Beauveria bassiana [J].Appl Entomol Zool,2003,38(1):1-5.
[89]Okitsu M,Kishi Y,Takagi Y.Control of adults ofMonochamu alternatus Hope(Coleptera:Cerambycidae)by application of nonwoven fabric strips containing Beauveria bassiana (Dentyeromy cotina:Hyphomycetes)on infested tree minks[J].J Jpn For Soe,2000,82(3):276-280.
[90]Higuchi T,Saika T,Senda S.Development of biorational pest control formulation against Longicom beetles using a fungus Beauveria brongniatii[J].Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering,1997,84:236-243.
[91]Higuchi T.Biorational pest formulation against longhorn beetle damage using B.brongniartii (Sate.)Petch[J].Nitto Denk Report,1993,31(2):103-110.
[92]李林青,吴吴,赵玉欣.松褐天牛成虫高毒力菌株的筛选试验[J].山东林业科技,2005,1:35-36.
[93]Dubois T.Biological control of the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora labripennis,with entomopathogenic fungi[D].Comell:Comell University,2003.
[94]Dubois T,Li Z,Hu J,et al.Efficacy of fiber bands impregnated with Beauveria brongniartii cultures against the Asian longhomed beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)[J].Biol.Control,2004,31:320-328.
[95]杨希,黄金水,何学友,等.管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验[J].福建林业科技,2005,32(3):94-99.
[96]夏成润,丁德贵,刘云鹏,等.金龟子绿僵菌无纺布菌剂与引诱剂结合使用防治短角幽天牛的试验[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(4):419-422.
[97]李建庆,张永安,梅增霞,等.白僵菌和绿僵菌蛋白对松墨天牛致病性的研究[J].福建林学 院学报,2006,26(2):165-168.
[98]Zimmermann G.The "Galleria bait method" for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil[J].Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomologie,1986,102:213-215.
[99]高松,农向群,邓春生.利用大蜡螟诱集法从土壤中分离昆虫病原真菌[J].中国生物防治,1996,12(3):142-143.
[100]Shimazu M,Zhang B,Liu Y.Fungal Pathogens of Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)and Their Virulences[J].Bulletin of FFPRI,2002,1:123-130.
[101]Mietkiewski RC,Tkaczuk T,Badowska-Czubik.Entomogenous fungi isolated from strawberry plantation soil infested by Otiorhynchus ovatus L[J].Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych.Seria E,Ochrona Roslin,1993,22(1/2):39-46.
[102]贾春生,由士江,宋晓辉.吉林市森林土壤中的昆虫病原真菌调查[J].韶关学院学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):86-89.
[103]Mohammed S,Ali-Shtayeh,Abdel-Basit B.M.,et al.Distribution,occurrence and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi in agricultural soil in the Palestinian area[J].Mycopathol,2002,156:235-244.
[104]Milner RJ,Ecological considerations in the use of Metarhizium for control of soil-dwelling pests[A].Robertson L.N.,Allsopp P.G.Proceedings of a soil-invertebrate workshop[C].Queensland Department of Primary Industries conference,1989.
[105]Mietkiewski R.T,Pell J.K,Clark S.J.Influence of pesticide use on the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soils in the UK:field and laboratory comparisons[J].Biol.Sci.and Technolo,1997,7:565-575.
[106]Mictkiewski RT,Zurek M,Tkaczuk C,et al.Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soil,forest soil and litter[J].Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych Seria E,1991,21:61-68.
[107]Rath A.C,Koen T.B,Yip,et al.The influence of abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of Metarhizium anisopliae in Tasmanian pasture soils[J].Mycol.Res,1992,96:378-384.
[108]Vanninen I.Distribution and occurrence of four entomopathogenic fungi in Finland:effect of geographical location,habitat type and soil type[J].Mycol.Res,1995,100:93-101.
[109]Vanninen I,Husberg G.B,Hokkanen H.M.T.Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes in cultivated soils in Finland[J].Acta Entomol.Fennica.,1989,53:65-71.
[110]Bidochka M.J,Kasperski J.E,Wild G.A.M.Occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in soils from temperature and near-northern habitats[J].Can.J.Botany,1998,7:1198-1204.
[111]徐祥彬.玫烟色拟青霉生物学特性及致病机理研究[D].太原:山西农业大学,2004.
[112]汪章勋,黄勃,周权,等.粉拟青霉不同菌株生物学特性的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(1):8-11.
[113]J.N.Amritha,De Croos,Michael J.Bidochka.Effects of low temperature on growth parameters in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1999,45(12):1055-1061.
[114]Houping Liu,Margaret Skinner,Michael Brownbridge,et al.Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for management of tarnished plant bug,Lygus lineolaris(Hemiptera:Miridae)[J].Joumal of Invertebrate Pathology,2003,82:139-147.
[115]李农昌,樊美珍,李春如,等.白僵菌有关培养条件及其与毒力关系的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3):254-259.
[116]黄振,任顺祥.玫烟色拟青霉分离株的生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力[J].中国生物防治,2004,4:248-251.
[117]Glare T R,Miliner R J,Chilvers G A.The effect of environental factors on the production.discharge and germination of primary conidia of Zoophthora phalloides Batko[J].J.Invertebr Pathol.,1986b,48:275-280.
[118]Hajek A E,Carruthers R J,Soper R S.Temperature and moisture relations of sporulation and germination by Entomophageof maimaiga(Zygomycetes:Entomophthiotaceae),a fungal pathogen of lymanira dispar(Lepidoptera Lymantriidae)[J].Environ.Entomol.,1990,19:85-90.
[119]Newman GG,Carner GR.Environment factors affecting conidial sporulation and germination of Entomophthra gammae[J].Environ.Entomol,1975b,4:615-618.
[120]张永军,王中康,裴炎,等.球孢白僵菌的生物学特性及对小麦蚜虫的毒力[J].西南农业大学学报,2001,23(2):144-146.
[121]林华峰,黄勃,李增智,等.白僵菌在松毛虫体上宿存侵染的电镜扫描观察[J].菌物系统,1998,17(4):344-348.
[122]Butt TM,Goettel MS.Bioassays of entomogenous fungi[A].Navon A,Ascher K R S (eds.).Bioassays of entomogenous miocrobes and nematodes.CABI[C].Wallingford,UK,2000,141-191.
[123]Butt TM,Ibrahim L,Clark S J,et al.The germination behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae on the surface of aphid and flea beetle cuticles[J].Mycological Research,1995,99:945-950.
[124]Wraight SP,Butt TM,Galaini-WraightS et al.Germination and infection processes of the entomophthoralean fungus Erynia radicans on the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae[J].Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1990,56:157-174.
[125]王音,雷仲仁,张青文,等.绿僵菌侵染小菜蛾体表过程的显微观察[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(2):188-193.
[126]盛亮,徐均焕.根虫瘟霉转寄主过程中毒力相关胞外蛋白酶系的诱导表达[J].菌物学报,2004,23(2):226-232.
[127]刘智辉,陈守文,郭志红,等.球孢白僵菌胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性与对亚洲玉米螟毒力的相关性分析[J].华中农业大学学报,2005,24(4):364-368.
[128]Kucera M.Protease from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae toxic for Galleria mellonella larvae[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1980,35:304-310.
[129]St Leger R L.The role of extracellular chymoelastase in virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae for Mandca sexta[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1988,52:285-293.
[130]Bidochka M J,Khachatourians G G.Identification of Beauveria bassiana extraeellularprotease as a virulence factor in pathogenicity toward the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplussanguinips[J].Joumal of Invcrtebrate Pathology,1990,56:362-370.
[131]翟锦彬,黄秀梨.球孢白僵菌在棉铃虫表皮上萌发研究[J].微生物学报,1997,37:154-158.
[132]Bidochka MJ,Khachatourians GG.Protein hydrolysis in grasshopper cuticles by entomopathogenic fungal extracellular proteases[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1994,63:7-13.
[133]冯明光.胞外蛋白酶和脂酶活性作为球孢白僵菌毒力指标的可靠性分析[J].微生物学报,1998,38(6):461-467.
[134]林华峰,李连德,李增智.白僵菌胞外蛋白酶的测定及其与酯酶型的关系[J].中国生物防治,1997,13:32-36.
[135]方卫国.昆虫病原真菌降解寄主体壁酶基因的克隆及球孢白僵菌高毒力重组菌株的获得[D].重庆:西南南亚大学,2003.
[136]姚剑,李增智,樊美珍.虫生真菌入侵过程中酶的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(3),303-308.
[137]姚剑,黄大庆.球孢白僵菌蛋白质酶、几丁质酶和β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶产生水平及其与毒力关系的研究[J].宿州学院学报,2004,19(4):102-106.
[138]王海川,尤民生.绿僵菌对昆虫的入侵机理[J].微生物学通报,1999,26(1):71-73.
[139]Hajek A E,St Leger R J.Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts[J].Annu Rev Entomol,1994,39:293-322.
[140]Vestergaard S,Butt T M.Light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips Frankliniella Occidentalis(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae[J].J Invertebr Pathol,1999,73:25-33.
[141]王音,雷仲仁,张青文,等.小菜蛾感染绿僵菌后的病征及组织病理变化[J].中国生物防治,2004,20(3):156-160.
[142]Robert A S,Harry C F,Jean-Paul L.Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi[M].Netherlands:Wetenschappelijke uitgeverj Bunge,1988.
[143]Ferron P.Microbial control of pests and plant disease[M].London:Academis Press,1981.
[144]Pekrul S,Grula E A.Mode of infection of the eorn earworm(Heliothiszea)by Beauveria bassiana as revealed by Scanning microscopy[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1979,34:238-247.
[145]Cheung P Y K,Grula E A.In vivo events associated with entomopathology of Beauveria bassiana for the corn earworm(Heliothiszea)[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1982,39:303-313.
[146]Broome J R,Sikorowski P P,Norment B R.A mechanism of pathogen-icity of Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the imported fire ant,Solenepsis richtert[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol,1976,28:87-91.
[147]Mohamed A K A,Sikorowski P P,Bellt J V.Histopathology of Nomuraea rileyi in larvae of Heliothis zea and in vitro enzymatic activity[J].J.Invertebr.Pathol.,1978,31:345-352.