白僵菌工业化生产与防治天牛技术的研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
为了改变我国目前白僵菌(Beauveria)作坊式生产的状况,提供大批量优
    质高效的白僵菌产品,本文对白僵菌的工业化生产和白僵菌的新剂型——
    无纺布菌条的制作技术进行了系统的研究。同时,通过不同白僵菌菌株和不
    同放菌方式对松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)和光肩星天牛
    (Aloplophora glabripennis Motschulsky)进行了一系列试验。
     通过验证前人的研究结果,认为麸皮培养基(6%鼓皮煮汁+1%蔗糖
    +2%豆饼粉+0.05%K2HPO4)是经济而又适合工业化生产的球孢白僵菌液
    体种子培养基。用不同pH的培养基培养白僵菌,结果是:pH 6.0-7.0最适
    合球孢白僵菌的生长,在相同培养时间内菌丝产量最高,过酸或过碱环境都
    不利于球孢白僵菌的生长。
     在白僵菌液体发酵过程中,处于迅速生长期的菌丝活力最强,是接种
    的最佳时期。分别用20℃、25℃和30℃三个不同温度的液体培养基培养球
    孢白僵菌,每12小时取样测定生物产量并作生长曲线。结果为25℃培养48
    小时的球孢白僵菌生长速率最高、生物量较大,是接种的最佳时期。
     以产孢量为指标,通过正交试验筛选白僵菌固态发酵的培养基,结果
    是:90%麦麸+5%玉米粉+5%黄豆粉的物理性状较好,营养充分,能有效
    地促进白僵菌的生长和产孢,产孢量达244.7亿/克。
     在白僵菌用20M~2固体发酵罐进行固态发酵的过程中,通过多次测定培
    养基含水率发现整个发酵过程损失10%左右的水分。对全麸皮培养基来说,
    最佳的起始含水率为60—65%。最佳通气条件为:前12小时不通气,12—
    48小时通气量为1:2,48—144小时的通气量为1:1。而温度只需在12—48
    ±8小时内用风机或罐内管道通冷水进行控制,其它时间不需要降温。
     用培养基涂片萌发法测定出罐、干燥结束和加工粉碎后三个阶段的活
    孢率,发现众邦公司现有的干燥和粉碎工艺对白僵菌孢子的损伤太大,生产
    的终产品基本不合格。用振动流化床(ZLG系列,常州市范群干燥设备有
    
     限公司)进行常温干燥,能最大限度地减轻对白僵菌抱子的损伤,活抱率维
     持在 95%以上,是千燥生物制剂比较合适的设备。
     白僵菌无纺布菌条是真菌杀虫剂的新剂型,它具有许多方面的优点,
     我们对无纺布菌条制作技术进行了深入研究,通过测定不同培养条件下无纺一
     布菌条产抱量的多少,确定制作无纺布菌条的最佳条件为:鼓皮培养基(6
     %鼓皮煮汁+l%蔗糖 + 2%豆饼粉+0.05%KZHPO4+l%琼脂),接种量
     1:3.5,接种温度T<38oC,培养温度T二25C,湿度90—95%,培养时间
     为 6—7天,最终产抱量可达 1.2 {UcmZ。
     通过多次生物测定筛选了一株对松褐天牛成虫毒力较高的菌株Bb202
     和两个对光肩星天牛成虫毒力较高的菌株,即球袍白僵菌MT和卵抱白僵菌
     ND用于野外防治试验。同时发现金龟子绿僵菌Ma83对两种天牛均表现出
     稳定的高毒力。
     在生物测定的基础上,用Bb202菌株采用无纺布菌条和喷高抱粉两种
     不同的放菌方式对松褐天牛进行了初步的防治试验。结果是:防治后松褐天
     牛的虫株率下降了 31.l%,解剖木中高抱粉处理区的幼虫死亡率为 74.7%,
     无纺布菌条处理区为 41二%,而对照区只有 32.3%,说明用白僵菌防治松褐
     天牛有一定的效果。
     用MT和ND两个菌株,每个菌株采用无纺布菌条和喷雾两种不同的放
     菌方式共五个处理,即对照、MT菌条、MT喷雾、ND菌条和ND喷雾对
     光肩星天牛成虫进行挂笼放菌试验。试验中,每个处理挂30个笼子,每个
     笼子放 5头(2雄+3雌)光肩星天牛成虫,野外观察员\10天。通过不同处
     理光肩星天牛成虫的产卵刻槽数、死亡率、校正死亡率和感染率的分析比较,
     结果为:①对照处理的产卵刻槽数为16石个/株,明显高于处理组的产卵刻
     槽数;ND菌株处理的产卵刻敞为 8.9个/$,比 MT菌株的产卵刻槽数 (l.9
     个/株)少;但同一菌株不同处理之间的产卵刻槽数差异不显著;②ND菌
     株的死亡率和校正死亡率均高于MT菌株;同一菌株的不同处理之间,无纺
     布菌条处理的死亡率和校正死亡率均较喷雾处理高;@用 ND菌株处理的感
     染率高于MT菌株,而同一菌株的不同处理之间,感染率差异不明显。因此,
     在现有四种处理中,ND菌条处理的效果最好。
     对试验树胸径大小与光肩星天牛产卵刻槽进行相关性分析,并用聚丙
     烯酞胺凝胶平板电泳法测定由虫尸所得的不同分离株的球抱白僵菌和卵抱白
     2
    
     僵
In order to produce vast amounts of high quality biopesticides, fermentation of Beauveria bassiana and a new kind of biorational pest control formulation, nonwoven fabric band impregnated with B. Bassiana spores, were studied. At the same time, field experiments against Monochamus alternatus and Anoplophora glabripemis were carried out in order to decide a proper way of controlling M. alternatus and A. glabripennis.
    Wheat bran medium, containing 6% wheat bran filtrate, 1% sugar, 2% soybean powder and 0.05% K,HP04, was found to be the best medium for B. Bassiana in submerged fermentation. The most suitable initial pH was 6.0-7.0, which is the natural pH of wheat bran medium.
    A technology was developed for mycelium production of B. bassiana in submerged culture. The fungus grew well at 20-25 癈 but very poorly at 30 "C. The biomass fits well to a logistic growth model at a given temperature. Based on observation and modeling, the optimal culture temperature, and harvesting and inoculating time were 25 癈 and 48h respectively.
    As to solid-state fermentation of B. Bassiana in a 20m3 solid fermenter, a solid medium containing 90% wheat bran, 5% maize flour and 5% soy bean powder was determined to be the best medium with excellent physical properties and sufficient nutrition through an orthogonal test. The spore count of the primary product was 244.7 X108 spores per gram. About 10% moisture was lost during
    
    
    
    fermentation and the best moisture proved to be 60-65% for wheat bran medium. The best aeration ratio was: 0 in 12h. 1:1 in 12-48h and 1:2 for fermentation after 48h. To emit heat released by substantial growth of mycelium, it is necessary to control the temperature with air pumping or water cooling from 12h to 48 ?h.
    The present desiccating and grinding systems in Zhongbang Co. were tested and proved to be unsuitable for B. bassiana because most of the condia were dead after the process. A new desiccating system, which can dry the primary product at normal temperature, is necessary to keep the condia viable.
    Nonwoven fabric bands impregnated with B. Bassiana spores, a novel fungal insecticide formulation, were developed by a Japanese company. Nitto Denko. for longicorn beetle control. The improvement of the medium for making nonwoven fabric bands with B. bassiana spores was made with a cheaper wheat bran medium at an optimal inoculum ratio of 1:3.5. The suitable inoculating temperature was less than 38癈. and the suitable incubation temperature was 25癈 with an optimal humidity of 90-95% for 6-7 days.
    Bioassays were carried out against the pine sawyer. Monochamus alternatus and the Asian longhorned beetle. Anoplophora glabripennis. The results were: Bb202 proved to be the most virulent against \t. alternatus among the strains of Beauveria spp.: the MT strain of B. bassiana. and ND strain of B. brongniartii proved to be two of the most virulent strains against A. glabripennis. Ma83. however, was the most virulent strain to both beetle species among the strains tested of entomogenous fungi.
    In the field test against M. alternatus. Bb202 was used by two different methods, band impregnated with Bb202 and Bb202 spray. The results were: the percentage infected trees in the treated plot declined by 31.1 % as compared to the control plot; the mortality of the M. alternatus larvae was 74.7% in the sprayed plot, 41.2% in the banded plot and 32.3% in the control plot, suggesting that B. bassiana suppressed M. alternatus population to a certain degree.
    In cage test I against A. glabripennis, two strains, MT and ND, and two application techniques, non-woven fabric fungal bands and spraying, were tested.
    
    
    
    There were four treatments, ND bands, ND spray, MT bands, MT spray and a control, with 30 cages for each treatment. A total of 150 cages were used. Five beetles, two males and three females, were put into each cage, 750 beetles in total, and were observed for 10 days in the field. The results were as follows: as to the oviposition sites per tree, an average of 16.6 oviposition sites were recorded
引文
[1] 蒲蛰龙,李增智,1996。虫生真菌在有害生物综合治理中的应用策略.昆虫真菌学。安徽科学技术出版社 362—386
    [2] 武觐文,黄耀坚,1996。流行病学,昆虫真菌学。安徽科学技术出版社,112—140
    [3] 李增智,1987。虫生真菌研究展望,安徽农学院学报,14:61—72
    [4] 李增智,1999。菌物在害虫、植物和杂草治理中的现状和未来,中国生物防治,15:35—40
    [5] 王成树,1996。真菌杀虫剂的研究现状(综述),安徽农业大学学报,23:375—380
    [6] 李增智,1990。白僵菌的分类和鉴定,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第二卷,中国农业科技出版社:89—95
    [7] 吴正铠,李增智,1996,防治农业害虫,昆虫真菌学。安徽科学技术出版社,387—403
    [8] 李运帷,杨嘉寰,1988。利用昆虫病原真菌防治森林害虫的展望.虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社.10—14
    [9] 吕昌仁,赵天生,1988。白僵菌的研究与应用,虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,15—17
    [10] 吕昌仁,陈京元,李雅致,1990。白僵菌纯孢粉的工业化生产及其质量研究,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第二卷,中国农业科技出版社:128—131
    [11] 徐庆丰,1988。我国研究和利用白僵菌防治农林害虫及其有关问题的探讨,虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,1—9
    [12] 殷凤鸣,陈权才,陈亚广等,1988。液体深层培养白僵菌分生孢子的研究.虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,105—110
    [13] 潘务耀,1988。杀虫真菌乳剂的研制和应用,虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,62—64
    [14] 姚道伙,林庆源,林际朗等,1988。窗纱式机械化生产白僵菌孢子粉工艺的研究,虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,116—118
    
    
    [15] 黄金水,何益良,李文宣等,1990。白僵菌粘膏的研制与林间应用,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第二卷,中国农业科技出版社:143—145
    [16] 杨嘉寰,1990。白僵菌生长与培养条件的关系,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第二卷,中国农业科技出版社:113—114
    [17] 李运帷,金得森,伊可儿等.1993。白僵菌纯孢子粉工业化生产新工艺,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:124—129
    [18] 缪文超,李延宝,陈文辉等,1993。白僵菌工业化生产新工艺的中试研究,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:130—134
    [19] 林庆源,林际朗,刘巧云等,1993。福建省白僵菌菌粉质量标准,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:135—137
    [20] 殷凤鸣,潘务耀,李增智,1996。白僵菌生产企业标准,安徽农业大学学报,23:321—325
    [21] 李农昌,王成树,李增智等,1996。白僵菌油剂剂型的研究,安徽农业大学学报,23:329—335
    [22] 李农昌,王成树,1996。白僵菌油剂质量检验方法的研究,安徽农业大学学报,23:340—343
    [23] 李农昌,王成树,李增智等,1996。白僵菌油剂配套应用的研究,安徽农业大学学报,23:371—374
    [24] 李农昌.李增智,汤坚,1996。951白僵菌油剂企业标准,安徽农业大学学报,23:344—345
    [25] 汤坚,王成树,李农昌等,1997。白僵菌混合粉剂的研究,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第四卷,中国农业出版社:131—136
    [26] 黄长春,王成树,黄勃等,1997。白僵菌混合粉剂的林间应用技术,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第四卷,中国农业出版社:141—144
    [27] 李农昌,李增智,王成树等,1997。白僵菌混合粉剂的企业标准,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第四卷,中国农业出版社:145—149
    [28] 丁珊,王成树,樊美珍等,1997。白僵菌混合粉剂的工业性试验设计,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第四卷,中国农业出版社:150—153
    
    
    [29] 安徽省森林病虫害防治总站,安徽农业大学,1996。白僵菌混合粉剂的研制(鉴定材料)。
    [30] 万方浩,叶正楚,郭建英等,2000。我国生物防治研究的进展及展望,昆虫知识,37:65—74
    [31] 鲁绪祥,1988。白僵菌优良菌株的筛选,虫生真菌研究与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,130—132
    [32] 殷凤鸣,陈权才,何雪香等,1990。白僵菌优良菌株筛选及其酯酶同工酶测定,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:119—123
    [33] 樊美珍,李增智,唐晓庆,1996。白僵菌菌种退化及其控制,安徽农业大学学报,23:239—345
    [34] 唐晓庆,唐燕平,李增智,1996。球孢白僵菌菌种退化及其对马尾松毛虫防治的影响,安徽农业大学学报,23:246—253
    [35] 唐晓庆,黄勃,李增智,1996。继代培养对球孢白僵菌抗旱力的影响,安徽农业大学学报,23:289—292
    [36] 严敖金,张灿峰,柳富国等,1999。触破式微胶囊加工工艺初步应用,南京林业大学学报,23:65—68
    [37] 唐进根,张灿峰,严敖金等,1999。不同囊壁材料触破式微胶囊剂的药效及持效期,南京林业大学学报,23:69—72
    [38] 张灿峰,严敖金,夏春胜等,1999。触破式微胶囊剂对光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛的防治试验,南京林业大学学报,23:73—75
    [39] 徐庆丰,1986。利用真菌防治害虫的进展,昆虫知识,23:188—190
    [40] 李增智,1993。森林害虫的微生物防治,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:1—7
    [41] 王文凯,蒋书楠,1999。中国天牛总科综合分类研究进展,昆虫知识,23:53—56
    [42] 蒋书楠,1996。林业科学,32:441—446
    [43] 李文杰、邬承先主编,1993。杨树天牛综合治理,中国林业出版社
    
    
    [44] 张波,白杨,岛津光明,1999。白僵菌对光肩星天牛成虫的致病力研究.宁夏森林保护研究计划项目研究论文集(资料),35—37
    [45] 张波,刘益宁,1999。宁夏天牛病原真菌的种类和致病力研究,北京林业大学学报,21:67—72
    [46] 蔡玉成,1999。树种对光肩星天牛早期抗性鉴定方法的初步研究,北京林业大学学报,21:37—42
    [47] 张执中主编,1991。森林昆虫学,第二版,中国林业出版社,318—329
    [48] 萧刚柔主编,1991。中国森林昆虫,第二版(增订本),中国林业出版社,453—510
    [49] 远田畅男、山崎三郎,1995。绿色长城毁于一旦,宁夏森林保护研究(资料),第二册,6—12
    [50] 徐福元,1995。松材线虫媒介昆虫的调查,中国松材线虫病的流行与治理,中国林业出版社,北京,83—85
    [51] 朱克恭,朱正昌,严敖金,1995。松材线虫的流行与研究进展,中国松材线虫病的流行与治理,中国林业出版社,北京,297—314
    [52] 程瑚瑞等,1995。南京黑松上发生的松材线虫病,中国松材线虫病的流行与治理.中国林业出版社,北京,4—7
    [53] 杨宝君.朱克恭,周元生等合编,1994。中国松材线虫病的流行与治理.中国林业出版社,北京
    [54] 杨宝君,朱克恭,周元生等合编,1994。中国松材线虫病的流行与治理,中国林业出版社,北京
    [55] 赵晓明,宝山,1999。黄斑星天牛、光肩星天牛的种群变化趋势分析与控制策略,宁夏森林保护研究计划项目研究论文集(资料),7—10
    [56] 宋玉双.臧秀强,1995。松材线虫在我国的适生性分析及检疫对策初探,中国松材线虫病的流行与治理,中国林业出版社,119—123
    [57] 骆有庆,1999。杨树天牛灾害控制的应用技术和基础研究策略,北京林业大学学报,21:6—12
    [58] 宋玉双,1997。从文献分析看我国松材线虫研究进展,森林病虫通讯,第3期,33—37
    
    
    [59] 宁夏森林保护研究(内部资料),1995—1998。宁夏森林保护研究中心编。
    [60] 宁夏森林保护研究计划项目论文集,1999。中国宁夏森林保护中心编。
    [61] 李德家,刘益宁,所雅彦等,1999。光肩星天牛成虫交配行为的研究,北京林业大学学报,21:28—32
    [62] 李德家,所雅彦,中岛忠一,1999。光肩星天牛成虫交配行为机制研究,北京林业大学学报,21:33—36
    [63] 赵军,小仓信夫,矶野昌弘,1999。光肩星天牛的人工饲养,北京林业大学学报,21:58—66
    [64] 吕昌仁,毛义成,1993。白僵菌防治杨树云斑天牛的研究,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社,222—223
    [65] 胡建军,赵自成,苗世龙等,1998。杨树人工接虫方法的研究,林业科学研究,11:574——580
    [66] 骆有庆、曲柄国,1999。在野外用粉拟青霉防治桑天牛的初步研究,南京林业大学学报,23:45—49
    [67] 吕昌仁,1988。白僵菌纯孢粉的研制和大面积防治桑天牛及马尾松毛虫的研究,中国虫生真菌与应用,第一卷,学术期刊出版社,69—71
    [68] 桶口俊男,二宫保男,伊庭正树,1993。Biorational Pest Formulation against Longicorn Beetle Damage using B. brongniatii(S_(ACC)) P_(ETCH)日东技报vol.31,NO:2
    [69] 野渊辉,1989。用黄色小蠹作为天敌微生物传播媒介防治松枯损的实验(刊,日),森林防疫,38:5—10
    [70] 郭超,樊美珍,肖慧玲等,1986。一株金龟子绿僵菌的致病性、生物测定及试验防治研究,西林科技,86:38—41
    [71] 童森林,宫健全,田谦,1991。绿僵菌防治青杨天牛试验,全国第三届虫生真菌学术会议论文集。
    [72] 童森林,宫健全,苟英杰等,1993。应用绿僵菌防治青杨天牛试验研究,中国虫生真菌研究与应用,第三卷,中国农业科技出版社:155—157
    [73] 樊美珍,童森林,宫健全等,1987。绿僵菌防治青杨天牛试验,陕西农业科学,1987:31—32
    
    
    [74] 樊美珍,郭超,肖慧玲,1988。金龟子绿僵菌对几种林木害虫的致病性及防治应用试验,生物防治通报,4:29—32
    [75] 李农昌,樊美珍,李春如等,1996。白僵菌有关培养条件及其与毒力关系的研究,安徽农业大学学报 23:254—259。
    [76] 邓庄,1962。白僵菌生物学特性研究,植物学报,10:220—229
    [77] 李季伦,张伟心:杨启瑞等编,1993。微生物生理学,北京农业大学出版社,
    [78] 刘维德,刘金发,1963。昆虫学报,12:276—281。
    [79] 俞渊,徐树人,陆秀琴,1963,昆虫学报,12:163—166。
    [80] 屈天祥,陈其瑚,1963。昆虫知识,7:51—55。
    [81] 唐振华,2000。我国昆虫抗药性研究的现状及展望,37:97—103。
    [82] 王滨,1999。球孢白僵菌林间宿存研究,硕士论文。
    [83] 丁德贵,1999。应用白僵菌持续控制马尾松毛虫,硕士论文。
    [84] 张龙翔,张庭芳,李令媛主编,1981。生化实验方法和技术,人民教育出版社,94—111
    [85] Ekesi S, Maniania N K and Ampong K. Effect of Temperature on Germination. Radial Growth and Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria nassta on Megalurothrips sjostedti. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 1999: 177-185
    [86] Morales K. Conidia, A Formulation of Beauveria bassiana adapted for integeated management progress. Abstract of Vi International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. 1994: 547
    [87] Belova R N. Development of the technology of boverin production by the submersion method, in Proceedings of the First Joint US/USSR Conference on the Production, Selection and Standardlization of Entomopathogenic Fungi of the US/USSR Jiont Working Group on the Production of Substance by Microbiological Means (Ignoffo, C M Ed) National Science Foundation (USA), August 21-25, 1978, 102-119
    [88] Keller S, The use of blastospore of Beauveria Brongniartii to control Melolontha melolotha in Switzerland, in Proceedings of an International Conference. Biopesticiteds, Theory and Practice, Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia, June 15-18, 1991
    
    
    [89] Lappa N V. Practical application of entomopathogenic muscarding fungi, in Proceedings of the first Joint US/USSR Conference on the Production, Selection and Standardization of Substance by Microbiological Means (Ignoffo, C M Ed) National Science Foundation (USA), August 21-25 1978, 51-61
    [90] Anderson S. Use of Beauveria bassiana for suppression of Colorado potato beetle population in New York State (Coleoptera: hrysomelide). Environ Entomol. 1989. 17: 140-145
    [91] Billings F H. Glen D A. 1911 Results of the artificial use of the white fungus disease in Kansas. U S Agric Bur Entomoi Bull. 107: 58
    [92] McCoy C W, Couch T L. 1982. Microbial control of the Citrus Rust Miteswith the Mycoacaricide Mycar. Florida Entomol. 65: 116-126
    [93] Hall R A. 1982. Control of whitefly. Trialenrides vaporariorum and cotton aphid. Aphis gossypii in glasshouses by two isolates of the fungus. Verticilius lecanii. Ann Appl Biol. 101: 1
    [94] Bing N D. Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubnerj (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Beauveria bassiana (Basalsamo) Vuillemin. Enviro Entomol. 1991. 20. ,1207-1805
    [95] Fargues J. 1979. Formulation en rue des productions de Phyphomycete entomopathogene Beauveria en vue des application phytosanitaires. Annales de Zoologie Ecoiogie Animale. 11: 247-257
    [96] Allen G E. 1980. The conceptual and institutional aspects of IPM. Bioscience. 30: 658-664
    [97] Billings F H, Glen D A. 1911. Results of the artificial use of white fungus disease in Kansas. U S Agric Bur Entomol Bull, 107: 58
    [98] Ninomiya Y. Higuchi T. Development of Biorational Pest Control Formulation against Longicorn Beetles Using a Fungus, Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch. In Proceedings of the VIIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbiai Control 4th International Conference on Bacillus thuringiensis. Sapporo. August 23-28, 1998
    [99] Higuchi T. Saika T, Senda S, et al. 1997. Development of biorational pest control formulation against Longicorn beetles using a fungus, Beauveria brongniatii. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. 84: 236-243
    [100] Shimazu M, Tsuchiya D, Sato H, et al. 1995. Microbial control of Monochamus
    
    alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by application of nonwoven fabric strips with Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on infested tree trunks. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 30: 207-213
    [101] Yoshii, S. 1991. Control of the yellow spotted Longicorn beetle by an entomopathogenic fungus, Besuveria Brongniatii, Brief Bull. 10: 46-51
    [102] Hacck R A, Low K R. 1997. New York's battle with the long-horned beetle. Journal of Forestry. 95: 11-15
    [103] Cavey J F. Hoebeke E R. 1998. A new exotic threat to north American hardwood forest: An Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis ( Mostch. ) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Laral description and diagnosis. Proc Entomol Soc Wash, 100: 373-381
    [104] Khachatourians G G. 1986. Production and use of biological pest control agents. Trends Biotechnol, 23: 120-124
    [105] Feng M G. Poprawski T J. Khachaourians G G. 1994. Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana for insect control: Current status. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 38: 3-34
    [106] Wang.Qiao. 1996. The Australian longicorn beetle genus Coleocoptus Aurivillius (Coleoptera: Corambycidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 116: 187-192.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700