（火用）分析在能源审计中的应用
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摘要
随着中国经济的高速发展以及工业化和城市化进程的加快,能源资源匮乏和能源大量消耗带来的环境问题越来越突出,已经成为制约经济和社会发展的主要因素。为此,提高能源效率、改善能源结构、保障能源持续、稳定、安全供应,成为当前最重要的工作之一。
为了实现国家能源发展战略,国家采取了多种宏观政策,其中对重点用能企业进行能源审计就是政策之一。能源审计是一种专业性审计活动,是审计单位依据国家有关的节能法规和标准,对企业和其他用能单位能源利用的物理过程和财务过程进行检验、核查和分析评价。能源审计在一定程度上促进了企业节能,但它尚处于探索完善阶段,在审计原理、方法上还有进一步改进的空间。
(?)分析是以系统的有效能为研究对象,从能量质的角度来评价一个设备或热力过程的完善程度,不仅表明能量转换的结果,而且可以确切揭示能量损失的部位、数量以及损失的原因从而采取相应的节能措施。在现有的理论研究中,很少有对能源审计方法进行深入分析和改进的研究,尤其是基于有效能的分析。对此,本文提出了将(?)分析理论应用于能源审计的设想,并对此进行了分析和应用方法研究,主要工作及意义如下：
(1)整合各类用能设备的(?)分析方法,并将其转化为能源审计过程中便于利用的形式。主要是针对能源审计中常用的用能单元建立(?)分析框架,建立(?)分析在能源审计中的基本概念。
(2)创建企业“(?)网络图”的分析方法,将企业(?)量的流向以网络图的形式展现出来,比能源网络图更好的阐述企业用能系统情况,为查找薄弱环节提供参考。
(3)建立以(?)效率为基础,(?)经济学为理论依据的节能评价标准。从经济和节能两方面综合考虑,使能源审计的评价体系更加完善。
(4)对典型用能系统的能源利用进行(?)分析及优化。本文选择污泥和煤混合燃烧这一典型的用能系统进行(?)分析,从而为审计过程中的(?)分析提供参考。
With the high speed development of economic and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China, energy crisis and environment pollution caused by energy consumption become more and more severe. It has been the major factor to prevent the development of economic and the society. To improve the energy using efficiency, optimize the energy structure and make sure the energy supply safely and stably will be the most important issue.
To achieve the energy development strategy, the government has adopted several macro-polices. Energy audit is one of these polices. It is a professional process that auditors check the enterprises operation including both physical and financial aspects. To a certain extent, energy audit pushes the enterprise to save energy. Whereas, energy audit is on the elementary stage;the theory and the method of energy audit has large room to improve.
Exergy analysis is a method to estimate the energy system through the exergy theory. This method not only discloses the quantity of the energy losing but also the quality of the energy and the reason why energy loses. Base on this analysis, corresponding measure can be adopted to save energy. In nowadays, few studies are on the energy audit and how to improve the audit method, especially the exergy analysis. In this paper, the thought of using exergy theory into energy audit was put forward. And the study on the exergy analysis and application method was conducted. The main work is as below:
(1) Study on the exergy analysis methods of different facilities and translate them to the form that can be easy used in energy audit. It mainly aims to establish the frame for the common sections and the basic concept of the exergy analysis.
(2)Establish the "Exergy network chart" method to show how exergy stream flows through the network chart. This method will be better to analysis the energy system and more easily to find the weak point than the energy network chart method.
(3)Set new project evaluated standard based on the thermo-economics and exergy theory. This standard will be more integrity as it considers both economic aspect and physical aspect.
(4) The classical energy system was optimized based on the exergy analysis. In this paper the sewage sludge and coal co-combustion power generation system was studied to give some references to the utilization in the exergy audit.
为了实现国家能源发展战略,国家采取了多种宏观政策,其中对重点用能企业进行能源审计就是政策之一。能源审计是一种专业性审计活动,是审计单位依据国家有关的节能法规和标准,对企业和其他用能单位能源利用的物理过程和财务过程进行检验、核查和分析评价。能源审计在一定程度上促进了企业节能,但它尚处于探索完善阶段,在审计原理、方法上还有进一步改进的空间。
(?)分析是以系统的有效能为研究对象,从能量质的角度来评价一个设备或热力过程的完善程度,不仅表明能量转换的结果,而且可以确切揭示能量损失的部位、数量以及损失的原因从而采取相应的节能措施。在现有的理论研究中,很少有对能源审计方法进行深入分析和改进的研究,尤其是基于有效能的分析。对此,本文提出了将(?)分析理论应用于能源审计的设想,并对此进行了分析和应用方法研究,主要工作及意义如下：
(1)整合各类用能设备的(?)分析方法,并将其转化为能源审计过程中便于利用的形式。主要是针对能源审计中常用的用能单元建立(?)分析框架,建立(?)分析在能源审计中的基本概念。
(2)创建企业“(?)网络图”的分析方法,将企业(?)量的流向以网络图的形式展现出来,比能源网络图更好的阐述企业用能系统情况,为查找薄弱环节提供参考。
(3)建立以(?)效率为基础,(?)经济学为理论依据的节能评价标准。从经济和节能两方面综合考虑,使能源审计的评价体系更加完善。
(4)对典型用能系统的能源利用进行(?)分析及优化。本文选择污泥和煤混合燃烧这一典型的用能系统进行(?)分析,从而为审计过程中的(?)分析提供参考。
With the high speed development of economic and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China, energy crisis and environment pollution caused by energy consumption become more and more severe. It has been the major factor to prevent the development of economic and the society. To improve the energy using efficiency, optimize the energy structure and make sure the energy supply safely and stably will be the most important issue.
To achieve the energy development strategy, the government has adopted several macro-polices. Energy audit is one of these polices. It is a professional process that auditors check the enterprises operation including both physical and financial aspects. To a certain extent, energy audit pushes the enterprise to save energy. Whereas, energy audit is on the elementary stage;the theory and the method of energy audit has large room to improve.
Exergy analysis is a method to estimate the energy system through the exergy theory. This method not only discloses the quantity of the energy losing but also the quality of the energy and the reason why energy loses. Base on this analysis, corresponding measure can be adopted to save energy. In nowadays, few studies are on the energy audit and how to improve the audit method, especially the exergy analysis. In this paper, the thought of using exergy theory into energy audit was put forward. And the study on the exergy analysis and application method was conducted. The main work is as below:
(1) Study on the exergy analysis methods of different facilities and translate them to the form that can be easy used in energy audit. It mainly aims to establish the frame for the common sections and the basic concept of the exergy analysis.
(2)Establish the "Exergy network chart" method to show how exergy stream flows through the network chart. This method will be better to analysis the energy system and more easily to find the weak point than the energy network chart method.
(3)Set new project evaluated standard based on the thermo-economics and exergy theory. This standard will be more integrity as it considers both economic aspect and physical aspect.
(4) The classical energy system was optimized based on the exergy analysis. In this paper the sewage sludge and coal co-combustion power generation system was studied to give some references to the utilization in the exergy audit.
引文
[1]Francois Marechal, Daniel Favrat, Eberhard Jochem. Energy in the perspective of the sustainable development:The 2000W society challenge[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling,2005,44:245-262
[2]国家统计局.2008年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. http: //www.stats.gov.cn/. [2009-2-26]
[3]林伯强.能源法的几个重要问题[J].中国发展观察,2008,1：8-9
[4]张国钦.构建支持资源节约型、环境友好型社会的节能减排标准体系[J].中国标准化‘,2008.1：16-17
[5]韦仕禄,刘瑞,高慨.企业能源审计的程序、内容及存在的问题[J].节能,2007,7：12-13
[6]徐新桥.当代能源管理经济学创新理论[J].决策与信息,2007,4：18-22
[7]刘长滨,张雅琳.国外能源审计的经验及启示节能经济[J].2006,285：80-84
[8]赵志军,唐艳芬,刘安.浅谈对能源审计的几点认识[J].节能与环保,2008,1：27-28
[9]陶毅,李先瑞.供热系统能源审计与节能[J].节能环保,2007,2：41-43
[10]国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T17166-1997.企业能源审计技术通则[S],2008
[11]龙惟定.我国大型公共建筑能源管理的现状与前景[J].暖通空调,2007,37(4)：19-24
[12]综合能耗计算通则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T2589-2008,2008：1-3
[13]Zafer Utlua, Arif Hepbasli. Energetic and exergetic assessment of the industrial sector at varying dead (reference) state temperatures:A review with an illustrative example[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:1277-1301
[14]Marc A. Rosena, Ibrahim Dincera, Mehmet Kanoglub. Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36:128-137
[15]彭琦.蒸汽冷凝水回收系统热经济性研究[D].浙江：浙江大学,2002：50-53
[16]李汝灰,刘德彰,李世武.能量有效利用[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1992：168-173
[17]常世钧.基于(?)分析的冷热源优化匹配方法及冷凝热回收技术研究[D].湖南：湖南大学,2004：16-20
[18]朱元海,王宝辉,项新耀.热力学(?)的基本表达式与应用工程热物理[J].2003,24(6)：906-909
[19]Noam Liora, Na Zhang. Energy, Exergy, and Second Law performance criteria [J]. Energy,2007,32:281-296
[20]Arif Hepbasli. A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:593-661
[21]R Saidura, HH Masjukia, MMY Jamaluddin. An application of energy and exergy analysis in residential sector of Malaysia[J]. Energy Policy,2007,35:1050-1063
[22]朱明善.能量系统的(?)分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1988
[23]Arif Hepbasli. A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:593-661
[24]Yamauchi S. Guide of available energy evaluation method[S]. Japanese Industrial Standard, Japan. JIS Z 9204-1980
[25]丁无极.基于可避免的(?)损耗与设备投资的过程系统优化方法[D].浙江：浙江工业大学,2002：11-13
[26]能量利用中的分析方法技术导则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T14909-94,1994
[27]ISO. Technical energy systems-basic concepts[S]. ISO13600:1997 (E). Switzerland,1997
[28]谢伟.基于(?)分析和(?)经济分析的过程系统能量综合优化研究[D].郑州：郑州大学,2006：12-18
[29]Shun-Fu Lee, S.A.Sherif. Thermo-economic analysis of absorption for cooling[J]. ASHRAE Transaction,2001,107(1):629-637
[30]吴存真,张诗针,孙志坚.热力过程(?)分析[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社, 2000：18-26
[31]傅秦生.热量系统的热力学分析方法[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2005：154-155
[32]汤学忠.热能转换与利用[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2002(3)：38-45
[33]企业能量平衡通则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T3484-93,1993
[34]孟昭利.企业能源审计方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007(7)：150-157
[35]杨东华.(?)分析和能级分析[M].北京：科学出版社,1986：130-138
[36]李庚生,李永华,闫顺林.(?)经济学的发展及应用[J].华北电力技术,2006,10： 5-8
[37]Berit Erlach, Luis Serra, Antonio Valero. Structural theory as standard for thermoeconomics[J]. Energy Conversion & Management,1999,40:1627-1649
[38]A. Valero, L. Serra, J. Uchel. Fundamentals of Exergy Cost Accounting and Thermoeconomics[J]. Transactions of the ASME,2006:1-7
[39]孙家宁,陈清林,尹清华.基于能级概念的(?)经济学计价策略[J].热能动力工程,2003,6：551-556
[40]王加璇,张恒良.动力工程热经济学[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1995：29-35
[41]姚经平.全过程系统能量优化综合[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1995：191-199
[42]方建华,翟华,王雪青,等.污泥在循环流化床炉内的燃烧和污染排放特性[J].工程热物理,2001,22(7)：370-373.
[43]王裕明,胡建红,冉景煜,等,混合工业污泥燃烧及动力学特性实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(17)：45-50.
[44]吕清刚,范晓旭,那永洁,等.城市下水污泥和煤/LPG在循环流化床上的混烧试验研究[J].工程热物理,2006,27(2)：339-342.
[45]B B Miller, R Kandiyot, D R Dugwell. Trace Element Behavior during Co-Combustion of Sewage Sludge with Polish Coal[J]. Energy & Fuels,2004, 18 (4):1093-1103.
[46]池涌,李晓东,严建华,等.洗煤泥与污泥处理焚烧技术及工程实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006：35-37.
[47]朱晓琬,邓文义,王飞,等.桨叶式干燥机热干燥处理制革污泥的排放特性[J].化工学报,2008,58(8)：2083-2088.
[48]D R McIlveen-Wright, Y Huang, S Rezvani, et al. A technical and environmental analysis of co-combustion of coal and biomass in fluidized bed technologies[J]. Fuel, 2007,86:2032-2042.
[49]D Vamvuka, N Salpigidou, E Kastanaki, et al. Possibility of using paper sludge in co-firing applications[J]. Fuel,2009,88:637-643.
[50]朱葛,赵长遂,李英,等.石化污泥与煤混烧时多环芳烃的排放特性[J].动力工程,2008,28(6)：931-934.
[51]董厚忱.(?)分析与锅炉设计[J].动力工程,2008,28(1)：1-5
[2]国家统计局.2008年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. http: //www.stats.gov.cn/. [2009-2-26]
[3]林伯强.能源法的几个重要问题[J].中国发展观察,2008,1：8-9
[4]张国钦.构建支持资源节约型、环境友好型社会的节能减排标准体系[J].中国标准化‘,2008.1：16-17
[5]韦仕禄,刘瑞,高慨.企业能源审计的程序、内容及存在的问题[J].节能,2007,7：12-13
[6]徐新桥.当代能源管理经济学创新理论[J].决策与信息,2007,4：18-22
[7]刘长滨,张雅琳.国外能源审计的经验及启示节能经济[J].2006,285：80-84
[8]赵志军,唐艳芬,刘安.浅谈对能源审计的几点认识[J].节能与环保,2008,1：27-28
[9]陶毅,李先瑞.供热系统能源审计与节能[J].节能环保,2007,2：41-43
[10]国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T17166-1997.企业能源审计技术通则[S],2008
[11]龙惟定.我国大型公共建筑能源管理的现状与前景[J].暖通空调,2007,37(4)：19-24
[12]综合能耗计算通则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T2589-2008,2008：1-3
[13]Zafer Utlua, Arif Hepbasli. Energetic and exergetic assessment of the industrial sector at varying dead (reference) state temperatures:A review with an illustrative example[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:1277-1301
[14]Marc A. Rosena, Ibrahim Dincera, Mehmet Kanoglub. Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36:128-137
[15]彭琦.蒸汽冷凝水回收系统热经济性研究[D].浙江：浙江大学,2002：50-53
[16]李汝灰,刘德彰,李世武.能量有效利用[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1992：168-173
[17]常世钧.基于(?)分析的冷热源优化匹配方法及冷凝热回收技术研究[D].湖南：湖南大学,2004：16-20
[18]朱元海,王宝辉,项新耀.热力学(?)的基本表达式与应用工程热物理[J].2003,24(6)：906-909
[19]Noam Liora, Na Zhang. Energy, Exergy, and Second Law performance criteria [J]. Energy,2007,32:281-296
[20]Arif Hepbasli. A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:593-661
[21]R Saidura, HH Masjukia, MMY Jamaluddin. An application of energy and exergy analysis in residential sector of Malaysia[J]. Energy Policy,2007,35:1050-1063
[22]朱明善.能量系统的(?)分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1988
[23]Arif Hepbasli. A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:593-661
[24]Yamauchi S. Guide of available energy evaluation method[S]. Japanese Industrial Standard, Japan. JIS Z 9204-1980
[25]丁无极.基于可避免的(?)损耗与设备投资的过程系统优化方法[D].浙江：浙江工业大学,2002：11-13
[26]能量利用中的分析方法技术导则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T14909-94,1994
[27]ISO. Technical energy systems-basic concepts[S]. ISO13600:1997 (E). Switzerland,1997
[28]谢伟.基于(?)分析和(?)经济分析的过程系统能量综合优化研究[D].郑州：郑州大学,2006：12-18
[29]Shun-Fu Lee, S.A.Sherif. Thermo-economic analysis of absorption for cooling[J]. ASHRAE Transaction,2001,107(1):629-637
[30]吴存真,张诗针,孙志坚.热力过程(?)分析[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社, 2000：18-26
[31]傅秦生.热量系统的热力学分析方法[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2005：154-155
[32]汤学忠.热能转换与利用[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2002(3)：38-45
[33]企业能量平衡通则[S].国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T3484-93,1993
[34]孟昭利.企业能源审计方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007(7)：150-157
[35]杨东华.(?)分析和能级分析[M].北京：科学出版社,1986：130-138
[36]李庚生,李永华,闫顺林.(?)经济学的发展及应用[J].华北电力技术,2006,10： 5-8
[37]Berit Erlach, Luis Serra, Antonio Valero. Structural theory as standard for thermoeconomics[J]. Energy Conversion & Management,1999,40:1627-1649
[38]A. Valero, L. Serra, J. Uchel. Fundamentals of Exergy Cost Accounting and Thermoeconomics[J]. Transactions of the ASME,2006:1-7
[39]孙家宁,陈清林,尹清华.基于能级概念的(?)经济学计价策略[J].热能动力工程,2003,6：551-556
[40]王加璇,张恒良.动力工程热经济学[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1995：29-35
[41]姚经平.全过程系统能量优化综合[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1995：191-199
[42]方建华,翟华,王雪青,等.污泥在循环流化床炉内的燃烧和污染排放特性[J].工程热物理,2001,22(7)：370-373.
[43]王裕明,胡建红,冉景煜,等,混合工业污泥燃烧及动力学特性实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(17)：45-50.
[44]吕清刚,范晓旭,那永洁,等.城市下水污泥和煤/LPG在循环流化床上的混烧试验研究[J].工程热物理,2006,27(2)：339-342.
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