污泥在不同氧浓度下燃烧排放特性研究
|
摘要
伴随社会的进步和发展,污泥的产生量正在逐年增长,如何实现对污泥无害化、减容化和资源化利用一直是近年城市建设和国家发展中的重要内容。焚烧作为能够较大实现减容化和无害化的技术,目前在污泥处理中逐渐被加以利用。但是,由于污泥热值不高,往往需要在焚烧过程中添加煤等辅助燃料,造成了额外的资源使用。
污泥富氧燃烧是一种将污泥处理和富氧燃烧相结合的技术,它不仅能够发挥富氧燃烧的技术优势,同时还能够弥补污泥处理过程中热值不足的问题,具有较强的节能、环保价值。
本文以此作为研究背景,选用杭州四堡污水厂污泥作为研究对象,通过理论计算分析、热重实验、水平管式炉试验、流化床燃烧试验和气体燃烧试验研究了氧浓度对污泥燃烧排放特性的影响。
通过理论计算定量分析得出,氧浓度的增加可以显著降低送风量、烟气量和排烟热损失,同时还可以提高绝热火焰温度,使工况达到能够维持稳定燃烧的效果。
热重实验表明,在一定范围内,随氧浓度的提高,着火温度降低,反应速率加快,综合燃烧性能随着提高。根据实验结果建立了动力学模型,得出氧浓度对反应级数n、活化能E和指前因子A等动力学参数无显著影响,模型与实验结果吻合较好。
在此基础上,通过管式炉试验和流化床试验对不同氧浓度下的气体排放特性、灰渣形态和重金属迁移特性进行了研究,得出NOX、SO2、灰渣形态和灰渣中重金属等随氧浓度的变化规律,并对此进行了原因分析。结合上述试验,本文还对气体在不同氧浓度下的燃烧特性进行了分析。
最后,综合理论分析和试验研究中的一致性和互补性,本文认为适合污泥试样进行富氧燃烧的理想工况为氧浓度在25%～35%的范围。
With the development of the society, the amount of sludge is increasing year by year, and the treatment of sludge is more and more important for the society. Incineration is a good way to dispose sludge. However, because of the low heat value, it always needs to add coal or other fuels to make sludge combust well.
Based on the advantage of oxygen-enriched combustion and the low heat of sludge, oxygen-enriched combustion of sludge is a novel technology of energy-saving and environmental protection.
This paper chooses sludge from Sibao Sewage Plant of Hangzhou and makes oxygen-enriched combustion tests in the TG apparatus, tube furnace, fluidized bed and Bunsen-Burner to research the combustion and emission characteristics of sludge under different oxygen concentrations.
Theoretical calculation results show that the supply gas volume, the flue gas volume and the waste heat loss decreases, the adiabatic flame temperature increases, and the combustion performance is improved when the oxygen concentration increases.
The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis shows that the ignition temperature decreases, the reaction rate increases and the overall combustion performance is improved with the increase of oxygen concentration. The computing results from the comprehensive combustion kinetic model are suitable for various oxygen concentrations and agreed well with experimental results. It is also found that the reaction order n, activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A were independent of oxygen concentration.
This paper also analyses the effect of oxygen concentration on the release of NOx and SO2, the bottom ash form and heavy metals migration. And then, this paper studies the effect of oxygen concentration on gas combustion characteristics.
Based on theoretical analysis and experimental research, the oxygen concentration from 25% to 35% is the ideal region for oxygen-enriched combustion of sludge samples.
污泥富氧燃烧是一种将污泥处理和富氧燃烧相结合的技术,它不仅能够发挥富氧燃烧的技术优势,同时还能够弥补污泥处理过程中热值不足的问题,具有较强的节能、环保价值。
本文以此作为研究背景,选用杭州四堡污水厂污泥作为研究对象,通过理论计算分析、热重实验、水平管式炉试验、流化床燃烧试验和气体燃烧试验研究了氧浓度对污泥燃烧排放特性的影响。
通过理论计算定量分析得出,氧浓度的增加可以显著降低送风量、烟气量和排烟热损失,同时还可以提高绝热火焰温度,使工况达到能够维持稳定燃烧的效果。
热重实验表明,在一定范围内,随氧浓度的提高,着火温度降低,反应速率加快,综合燃烧性能随着提高。根据实验结果建立了动力学模型,得出氧浓度对反应级数n、活化能E和指前因子A等动力学参数无显著影响,模型与实验结果吻合较好。
在此基础上,通过管式炉试验和流化床试验对不同氧浓度下的气体排放特性、灰渣形态和重金属迁移特性进行了研究,得出NOX、SO2、灰渣形态和灰渣中重金属等随氧浓度的变化规律,并对此进行了原因分析。结合上述试验,本文还对气体在不同氧浓度下的燃烧特性进行了分析。
最后,综合理论分析和试验研究中的一致性和互补性,本文认为适合污泥试样进行富氧燃烧的理想工况为氧浓度在25%～35%的范围。
With the development of the society, the amount of sludge is increasing year by year, and the treatment of sludge is more and more important for the society. Incineration is a good way to dispose sludge. However, because of the low heat value, it always needs to add coal or other fuels to make sludge combust well.
Based on the advantage of oxygen-enriched combustion and the low heat of sludge, oxygen-enriched combustion of sludge is a novel technology of energy-saving and environmental protection.
This paper chooses sludge from Sibao Sewage Plant of Hangzhou and makes oxygen-enriched combustion tests in the TG apparatus, tube furnace, fluidized bed and Bunsen-Burner to research the combustion and emission characteristics of sludge under different oxygen concentrations.
Theoretical calculation results show that the supply gas volume, the flue gas volume and the waste heat loss decreases, the adiabatic flame temperature increases, and the combustion performance is improved when the oxygen concentration increases.
The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis shows that the ignition temperature decreases, the reaction rate increases and the overall combustion performance is improved with the increase of oxygen concentration. The computing results from the comprehensive combustion kinetic model are suitable for various oxygen concentrations and agreed well with experimental results. It is also found that the reaction order n, activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A were independent of oxygen concentration.
This paper also analyses the effect of oxygen concentration on the release of NOx and SO2, the bottom ash form and heavy metals migration. And then, this paper studies the effect of oxygen concentration on gas combustion characteristics.
Based on theoretical analysis and experimental research, the oxygen concentration from 25% to 35% is the ideal region for oxygen-enriched combustion of sludge samples.
引文
[1]2002年中国环境状况公报
[2]2004年中国环境状况公报
[3]2007年中国环境状况公报
[4]刘渊源.城市污水污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性及重金属排放特性研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004.
[5]徐强主编.污泥处理处置技术及装置[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.
[6]邓文义.污泥干化特性和污泥干化焚烧污染物排放特性研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2009.
[7]孙玉焕,骆永明.污泥中病原物的环境与健康风险及削减途径[J].土壤,2005,37(5)：474-481.
[8]C.Gantzer, P.Gaspard, L.Galvez, et al. Monitoring of bacterial and parasitological contaminiation during various treatment of sludge[J].Water Research, 2001,23(16):3763-3770.
[9]张岩,池涌,李建新等.污泥焚烧过程中重金属排放特性试验研究[J].电站系统工程,2005,21(3)：27-29.
[10]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境化学学报,2000,20(3)：269-274.
[11]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-40.
[12]C.Rappe, R.Andersson, M.Bonner, et al. PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal sewage sludge and effluent from potw in the state of mississipi[J].Chemospehere,1998,36(2):315-328.
[13]张宁生,周强泰,芮新红.污泥的焚烧处理技术[J].能源利用与研究,2003,1：35-37.
[14]姚刚.德国的污泥利用和处置[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000.13(1)：43-47.
[15]任宏英.北京市城市污水厂污泥利用途径的研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2003.
[16]叶子瑞.国内外污泥处置和管理现状[J].环境卫生工程,2002,10(2)：85-88.
[17]Koenig A, Key J, Wan I M. Physical properties of dewatered wastewater sludge for landfilling[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(3/4):533-540.
[18]Horace K, Jr M Y, Zimmie F. Waste minimization and reuse of paper sludges in landfill covers: a case study[J].Waste Management & Research,1997,15(6):593-605.
[19]赵丽君,张大群,陈宝柱.污泥处理与处置技术的进展[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(6)：23-25.
[20]周立祥等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：185-193.
[21]Roca-Perez L, Martinez C, Marcilla P, et al. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(6):781-787.
[22]张宁生,周强泰,芮新红.污泥的焚烧处理技术[J].能源研究与利用,2003,1：35-37.
[23]Ogada T, Werther J. Combustion characteristics of wet sludge in a fluidized bed-Release and combustion of the volatiles[J].Fuel,1996,75(5):617-626.
[24]Sun C L, Kozinski J A. Ignition behaviour of pulp and paper combustible wastes[J]. Fuel,2000,79:1587-1593.
[25]Sanger M, Werther J, Ogada T. NOX and N2O emission characteristics from fluidized bed combustion of semi-dried municipal sewage sludge[J].Fuel,2001,80:167-177.
[26]严建华,蒋旭光,池涌,等.污泥流化床焚烧技术研究和环境影响分析[J].热能动力工程,1996,11(1)：25-29.
[27]蒋旭光,池涌,严建华,等.污泥在流化床内燃烧过程及结团微观机理分析[J].燃烧科学与技术,1998,4(2)：121-127.
[28]李晓东,李宇虹.污泥流化床焚烧技术的应用与研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2002,8(3)：159-162.
[29]曾庭华,池涌,严建华,等.污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,1997,3(2)：120-125.
[30]邱天,张衍国,吴占松.城市污水污泥燃烧特性试验研究[J].热力发电,2003,3：19-28.
[31]赵长遂,陈晓平,段钰锋,等.造纸污泥流化床焚烧试验研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(5)：633-636.
[32]Werther J, Ogada T, Sewage sludge combustion[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1999,25:55-116.
[33]Neyens E, Baeyens J, A review of thermal sludge pre-treatment processes to improve dewaterbiligy[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2003,B98(1/3):51-67.
[34]李淑展,施周,谢敏.污水厂污泥制地砖及其性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2007,35(2)：251-254.
[35]Shen L, Zhang D K. An experimental study of oil recovery from sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidized-bed[J].Fuel,2003,8(4):465-472.
[36]郑晓峰,冯耀勋,贾明生.富氧燃烧的节能特性及其对环境的影响[J].节能,2006[7]：26-34.
[37]王汇,温治,罗申等.富氧燃烧技术在石灰回转窑中的应用研究及经济性预测[J].现代化工,2006,26：342-346.
[38]王廷籍.玻璃熔窑的NOX排放和富氧燃烧[J].中国建材科技,1996,5(4)：1-4.
[39]黄飞,林向东,陈新海.膜法富氧试验及富氧燃烧[J].锅炉技术,2000,31(3)：21-23.
[40]潘亮.富氧燃烧火焰特性及热工特性试验研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[41]戴树业,韩建国,李宏.富氧燃烧技术的应用[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1996,28(2)：26-29.
[42]胡西勇.浅谈富氧燃烧技术在玻璃窑炉上的应用[J].玻璃纤维,1994,6：29-30.
[43]高虹.在玻璃窑炉上应用富氧或全氧燃烧技术[J].中国建材装备,1996,1：36-37.
[44]刘靖昀.富氧环境下煤粉燃烧特性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[45]赵晨光.进气中氧气浓度对于混合燃烧与排放影响的实验研究[J].科技信息,2007,36：507-508.
[46]朱序和.富氧燃烧技术在内燃机中的应用[J].能源研究与信息,2000,16(2)：53-59.
[47]张黎立.富氧助燃对天然气/汽油双燃料发动机动力性能与排放性能影响实验研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[48]左承基,李海海,徐天玉,等.富氧燃烧对柴油机排放特性的影响[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2003,32(5)：15-18.
[49]徐凤琼.富氧在冶金中的应用和发展[J].云南冶金,1999,28(2)：31-35.
[50]陈锦泉.武钢均热炉实现富氧烧钢的节能机理[J].武钢技术,1994,9：43-48.
[51]温志红,郭汉杰.加热炉富氧燃烧技术的应用研究[J].轧钢,2004,21(4)：63-65.
[52]O.Gohlke, M.Busch. Reduction of combustion of by-products in WTE plants:O2 enrichment of underfire air in the MARTIN SYNCOM process[J].Chemosphere,2001,42:545-550.
[53]Henrich E, Burkle S, Meza-Renken Z I, et al. Combustion and gasification kinetics of pyrolysis chars from waste and biomass[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1999,49:221-241.
[54]Liu G H, Ma X Q, Yu Zhaosheng. Experimental and kinetic modeling of oxygen-enriched air combustion of municipal solid waste[J].Waste Management,2009,29(2):792-796.
[55]Sungming Chin, Jongsoo Jurng, Jae-Heon Lee, et al. Oxygen-enriched air for co-incineration of organic sludges with municipal solid waste:A pilot plant experiment[J].Waste Management,2008,28:2684-2689.
[56]Jeffrey J.Murphy, Christopher R.Shaddix. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,144(4):710-729.
[57]B.Arias, C. Pevida, F. Rubiera, et al.Effect of biomass blending on coal ignition and burnout during oxy-fuel combustion[J].Fuel,2008,87(12):2753-2759.
[58]D. G.Roberts, D. J. Harris. Char Gasification with O2, CO2, and H2O:Effects of Pressure on Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics[J].Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):483-489.
[59]T. Czakiert, Z. Bis, W. Muskala, et al. Fuel conversion from oxy-fuel combustion in a circulating fluidized bed[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2006,87[6]:531-538.
[60]Mario Ditaranto, Jorgen Hals. Combustion instabilities in sudden expansion oxy-fuel flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,146(3):493-512.
[61]M.X. Fang, D.K. Shen, Y.X. Li,et al. Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentrations by using TG-FTIR analysis[J].J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):22-27.
[62]樊越胜,邹峥,高巨宝,等.煤粉在富氧条件下燃烧特性的实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(24)：118-121.
[63]樊越胜,邹峥,高巨宝,等.富氧气氛中煤粉燃烧特性改善的实验研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2006,40(1)：18-21.
[64]陈祎,段佳,林鹏,等.氧量对典型生物质燃烧特性的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(2)：43-48.
[65]刘靖韵.富氧环境下煤粉燃烧特性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[66]毛玉如,方梦祥,吴学成,等.富氧气氛下煤焦热重试验与模拟[J].热力发电,2005(3)：22-24.
[67]赵黛青,杨浩林,鲁冠军,等.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(s3)：131-134.
[68]J.Andries, J.GM.Becht, P.D.J.Hoppesteyn. Pressurized fluidized bed combustion and gasification of coal using flue gas recirculation and oxygen injection [J].Energy Conversion and Management,1997,38:S117-S122.
[69]K.Okazaki, T.Ando. NOx reduction mechanism in coal combustion with recycled CO2[J]. Energy,1997,22[2-3]:207-215.
[70]Y.Hu, S.Naito, N.Kobayashi, et al. CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion of coal with high oxygen concentration gases[J]. Fuel,2000,79[15]:1925-1932.
[71]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani.The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with 02/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio[J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[72]A.Beltrame, P. Porshnev, W. Merchan-Merchan, et al.Soot and NO formation in methane-oxygen enriched diffusion flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2001,124(1-2):295-310.
[73]Ho Keun Kim, Yongmo Kim. Emission Characteristics of the 0.03 MW Oxy-Fuel Combustor[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,20(5):2125-2130.
[74]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[75]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[76]循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的试验和理论研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2003.
[77]王宏,董学文,邱建荣,等.燃煤在O2/CO2方式下NOx生成特性的研究[J].燃料化学学报,2001,29(5)：458-462.
[78]王宏,邱建荣,郑楚光,等.燃煤在O2/CO2方式下SO2生成特性的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自燃科学版),2002,30(1)：100-102.
[79]董学文,王宏,刘豪,等.不同气氛下燃煤SO2的排放规律研究[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(3)：322-326.
[80]王宏,张礼知,陆晓华,等.O2/CO2方式下钙基吸收剂在脱硫过程中微观结构变化的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(1)：127-129.
[81]王宏,张礼知,邱建荣,等.高CO2浓度下钙基吸收剂脱硫的实验研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(3)：374-377.
[82]王春波,陈传敏.循环流化床富氧燃烧下飞灰的碳酸化[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(29)：54-58.
[83]鲁冠军,赵黛青,杨浩林,等.甲烷/富氧射流扩散火焰NOx的排放特性.过程工程学 报,2007,7(1)：29-32.
[84]冯耀勋,赵黛青,贾明生,等.富氧空气/甲烷扩散燃烧的NO抑制机理的数值研究.工业加热,2005,34(5)：10-13.
[85]RONG YAN, D. GAUTHIER, G.FLAMANT. Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion[J].Combustion and Flame,125(2001)942-952.
[86]Yasushi Sekine, Kunihisa Sakajiri, Eiichi Kikuchi,et al, Release behavior of trace elements from coal during high-temperature processing [J].Powder Technology,2008,180:210-215.
[87]王泉海,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素行态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(2)：199-202.
[1]容銮恩,袁镇福,刘志敏,等.电站锅炉原理[M].北京：中国电力出版社,1997.
[2]毛玉如.循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的试验和理论研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2003.
[3]张清,陈继辉,卢啸风,等.流化床富氧燃烧技术的研究进展[J].电站系统工 程,2007,23(2)：4-7.
[4]Glen Jukkola, Greg Liljedahl, Nsakala ya Nsakala, et al. An ALSTOM Vision Of Future CFB Technology Based Power Plant Concepts [A].18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion[C].Toronto:Canada,2005.
[5]Yu ZS, Ma XQ, Liu A.Kinetic studies on catalytic combustion of rice and wheat straw under air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres, by using themogravimetric analysis [J].Biomass And Bioenergy,2008,32:1046-1055.
[6]O.Gohlke, M.Busch. Reduction of combustion of by-products in WTE plants:O2 enrichment of underfire air in the MARTIN SYNCOM process [J].Chemosphere,2001,42:545-550.
[7]Henrich E, Burkle S, Meza-Renken Z I, et al.Combustion and gasification kinetics of pyrolysis chars from waste and biomass [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1999,49:221-241.
[8]McDermott R J, Morris K W, Sanderson J G. A Better Boiler for Wet Hog Fuel [J]. Pulp&Paper Canada,1981,82(6):133-138.
[9]Kraft D L, Orender H C.Considerations Using Sludge as a Fuel [J].TAPPI Engineering Conference,1991:331-337.
[10]Louhimo J T, Mullen J F. Sludge Burning in Fluidized Bed Boilers [J].TAPPI Engineering Conference,1990:885-900.
[11]金余其,严建华,池涌,等.中国城市生活垃圾燃烧特性的研究[J].环境科学,2002,23(3)：107-110
[12]孙余凭,周小兰,沈光林,等.富氧助燃技术减少NOX排放[J].能源环境保护,2007,21(6)：14-19.
[13]赵惠富.污染气体NOX的形成和控制[M].北京：科学出版社,1993.
[14]李斌,池涌,李爱民,等.造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NOX和SO2的排放特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,1998,19(6)：776-779.
[15]J.-i.Hayashi, T.Hirama, R.Okawa, et al. Kinetic relationship between NO/N2O reduction and O2 consumption during flue-gas recycling coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized-bed [J]. fuel,2002,(81):1179-1188.
[16]余兆南,曾庭华.污泥流化床焚烧时NOX的排放规律研究[J].环境保护,1998,2：36-38.
[17]李爱民,高宁博,李润东,等.NOX和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性[J].燃烧 科学与技术,2004,10(4)：289-294.
[18]冯波,袁建伟,刘皓,等.循环流化床煤燃烧中氮氧化物排放的研究[J].工程热物理学报,1996,17(1)：125-128.
[19]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani.The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with O2/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio [J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[20]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[21]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟,等.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-17.
[22]张岩,池涌,李建新,等.污泥焚烧过程中重金属排放特性试验研究[J].电站系统工程,2005,21(3)：27-29.
[23]Mininni G, Braguglia C M, Marani D. Partitioning of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and fluidized bed furnaces [J].Water Science and Technology, 2000,41:61-68.
[24]谭中欣.典型危险废弃物焚烧过程中无机污染物HCI和重金属的生成特性及其控制的机理研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[25]温存,邱建荣,徐志英,等.氧燃烧方式下矿物质与重金属行为特征的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(增2)：181-184.
[26]许绿丝,程俊峰,曾汉才,等.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素As、Cd、Cr释放特性实验研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(5)：478-482.
[27]王海泉,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素形态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(增2)：199-202.
[28]喻秋梅,曾汉才,吴育松,等.煤燃烧细微粒子中重金属元素富集规律的研究[J].热力发电,1996,6：29-32.
[29]RONG YAN, D. GAUTHIER, G. FLAMANT. Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion[J].Combustion and Flame,125(2001)942-952.
[30]Yasushi Sekine, Kunihisa Sakajiri, Eiichi Kikuchi, et al,Release behavior of trace elements from coal during high-temperature processing [J].Powder Technology,2008,180:210-215.
[31]余英亮,陆继东,张娟.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素分布规律的试验研究.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(11)：63-65.
[1]祝红梅,蒋旭光,池涌,等.热重-红外联用分析医疗垃圾的热动力学特性[J].工程热物理学报,2008,29(3)：519-522.
[2]H.M. Zhu, J.H. Yan,X.G. Jiang, et al. Study on pyrolysis of typical medical waste materials by using TG-FTIR analysis [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,153:670-676.
[3]W.L.E. Magalha-es, A.E. Job, C.A. Ferreira, et al. Pyrolysis and combustion of pulp mill lime sludge [J].J. Anal.Appl. Pyrolysis,2008,82:298-303.
[4]Yu ZS, Ma XQ, Liu A.Kinetic studies on catalytic combustion of rice and wheat straw under air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres, by using themogravimetric analysis [J].Biomass And Bioenergy,2008,32:1046-1055.
[5]蒋旭光,池涌,严建华,等.污泥的热解动力学特性研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(2)：221-224.
[6]金余其.城市生活垃圾燃烧特性及新型流化床焚烧技术的研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2002.
[7]冉景煜, 牛奔, 张力,等.煤矸石综合燃烧性能及其燃烧动力学特性研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(15)：58-62.
[8]Murphy J J,Shaddix C R. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,144(4):710-729.
[9]Liu G H,MaXQ,Yu Zhaosheng. Experimental and kinetic modeling of oxygen-enriched air combustion of municipal solid waste [J].Waste Management,2009,29(2):792-796.
[10]Fang M X,Shen D K,LiYX,et al.Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentrations by using TG-FTIR analysis [J].J. Anal.Appl. Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):22-27.
[11]Roberts D G,Harris D J.Char Gasification with O2,CO2,and H2O:Effects of Pressure on Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics [J].Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):483-489.
[12]赵卫东,刘建忠,张保生,等.水焦浆燃烧动力学参数求解方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(17)：55-60.
[13]Jin Yuqi, Yan Jianhua, Cen Kefa. Study on the comprehensive combustion kinetics of MSW [J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2004,5(3):283-289.
[14]William C H, Peter M M, Michael R S, et al.High-Pressure Intrinsic Oxidation Kinetics of Two Coal Chars [J].Energy & Fuels,2003,17(2):427-432.
[15]胡荣祖,高胜利,赵风起,等.热分析动力学[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[1]赵惠富.污染气体NOX的形成和控制[M].北京：科学出版社,1993.
[2]李斌,池涌,李爱民,等.造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NOX和SO2的排放特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,1998,19(6)：776-779.
[3]余兆南,曾庭华.污泥流化床焚烧时NOX的排放规律研究[J].环境保护,1998,2：36-38.
[4]李爱民,高宁博,李润东,等.NOX和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2004,10(4)：289-294.
[5]冯波,袁建伟,刘皓,等.循环流化床煤燃烧中氮氧化物排放的研究[J].工程热物理学报,1996,17(1)：125-128.
[6]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani. The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with O2/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio [J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[7]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[8]Yewen Tan, Eric Croiset, Mark A, et al. Combustion characteristics of coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas [J].Fuel,2006,85:507-512.
[9]孙余凭,周小兰,沈光林,等.富氧助燃技术减少NOX排放[J].能源环境保护,2007,21(6)：14-19.
[10]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[11]卢骏营.O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中痕量元素的赋存及迁移规律研究[D].南京：东南大学,2009.
[12]温存,邱建荣,徐志英,等.氧燃烧方式下矿物质与重金属行为特征的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(增2)：181-184.
[13]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟,等.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-17.
[14]余英亮,陆继东,张娟.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素分布规律的试验研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(11)：63-65.
[15]李建新,严建华,金余其,等.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2004,38(4)：490-494.
[16]喻秋梅,曾汉才,吴育松,等.煤燃烧细微粒子中重金属元素富集规律的研究[J].热力发电,1996,6：29-32.
[17]Linak W P, Wendt JOL. Trace element transformation mechanisms during coal combustion [J],Fuel processing technology,1994,39:173-198.
[18]王海泉,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素形态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(增2)：199-202.
[19]许绿丝,程俊峰,曾汉才,等.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素As、Cd、Cr释放特性实验研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(5)：478-482.
[20]Yewen Tan, Eric Croiset, Mark A, et al. Combustion characteristics of coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas [J].Fuel,2006,85:507-512.
[1]卢骏营.O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中痕量元素的赋存及迁移规律研究[D].南京：东南大学,2009.
[2]贾海龙.有机废气流化床焚烧处理试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[3]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[4]吴永生,方可人.热工测量及仪表[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2005.
[5]施正伦.锅炉实验指导书[M].杭州：浙江大学,2004.
[6]Kim H K,Kim Y. Emission Characteristics of the 0.03 MW Oxy-Fuel Combustor[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,20(5):2125-2130.
[7]Mario D,Jφrgen H. Combustion instabilities in sudden expansion oxy-fuel flames[J]. Combustion and Flame,2006,146(3):493-512.
[8]赵黛青,杨浩林,鲁冠军,等.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(s3)：131-134.
[9]杨浩林.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰的燃烧特性和NOX排放的研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2006.
[10]潘亮.富氧燃烧火焰特性及热工特性试验研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[11]岑可法,姚强.高等燃烧学[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2002.
[2]2004年中国环境状况公报
[3]2007年中国环境状况公报
[4]刘渊源.城市污水污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性及重金属排放特性研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004.
[5]徐强主编.污泥处理处置技术及装置[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.
[6]邓文义.污泥干化特性和污泥干化焚烧污染物排放特性研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2009.
[7]孙玉焕,骆永明.污泥中病原物的环境与健康风险及削减途径[J].土壤,2005,37(5)：474-481.
[8]C.Gantzer, P.Gaspard, L.Galvez, et al. Monitoring of bacterial and parasitological contaminiation during various treatment of sludge[J].Water Research, 2001,23(16):3763-3770.
[9]张岩,池涌,李建新等.污泥焚烧过程中重金属排放特性试验研究[J].电站系统工程,2005,21(3)：27-29.
[10]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境化学学报,2000,20(3)：269-274.
[11]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-40.
[12]C.Rappe, R.Andersson, M.Bonner, et al. PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal sewage sludge and effluent from potw in the state of mississipi[J].Chemospehere,1998,36(2):315-328.
[13]张宁生,周强泰,芮新红.污泥的焚烧处理技术[J].能源利用与研究,2003,1：35-37.
[14]姚刚.德国的污泥利用和处置[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000.13(1)：43-47.
[15]任宏英.北京市城市污水厂污泥利用途径的研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2003.
[16]叶子瑞.国内外污泥处置和管理现状[J].环境卫生工程,2002,10(2)：85-88.
[17]Koenig A, Key J, Wan I M. Physical properties of dewatered wastewater sludge for landfilling[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(3/4):533-540.
[18]Horace K, Jr M Y, Zimmie F. Waste minimization and reuse of paper sludges in landfill covers: a case study[J].Waste Management & Research,1997,15(6):593-605.
[19]赵丽君,张大群,陈宝柱.污泥处理与处置技术的进展[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(6)：23-25.
[20]周立祥等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：185-193.
[21]Roca-Perez L, Martinez C, Marcilla P, et al. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(6):781-787.
[22]张宁生,周强泰,芮新红.污泥的焚烧处理技术[J].能源研究与利用,2003,1：35-37.
[23]Ogada T, Werther J. Combustion characteristics of wet sludge in a fluidized bed-Release and combustion of the volatiles[J].Fuel,1996,75(5):617-626.
[24]Sun C L, Kozinski J A. Ignition behaviour of pulp and paper combustible wastes[J]. Fuel,2000,79:1587-1593.
[25]Sanger M, Werther J, Ogada T. NOX and N2O emission characteristics from fluidized bed combustion of semi-dried municipal sewage sludge[J].Fuel,2001,80:167-177.
[26]严建华,蒋旭光,池涌,等.污泥流化床焚烧技术研究和环境影响分析[J].热能动力工程,1996,11(1)：25-29.
[27]蒋旭光,池涌,严建华,等.污泥在流化床内燃烧过程及结团微观机理分析[J].燃烧科学与技术,1998,4(2)：121-127.
[28]李晓东,李宇虹.污泥流化床焚烧技术的应用与研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2002,8(3)：159-162.
[29]曾庭华,池涌,严建华,等.污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,1997,3(2)：120-125.
[30]邱天,张衍国,吴占松.城市污水污泥燃烧特性试验研究[J].热力发电,2003,3：19-28.
[31]赵长遂,陈晓平,段钰锋,等.造纸污泥流化床焚烧试验研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(5)：633-636.
[32]Werther J, Ogada T, Sewage sludge combustion[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1999,25:55-116.
[33]Neyens E, Baeyens J, A review of thermal sludge pre-treatment processes to improve dewaterbiligy[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2003,B98(1/3):51-67.
[34]李淑展,施周,谢敏.污水厂污泥制地砖及其性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2007,35(2)：251-254.
[35]Shen L, Zhang D K. An experimental study of oil recovery from sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidized-bed[J].Fuel,2003,8(4):465-472.
[36]郑晓峰,冯耀勋,贾明生.富氧燃烧的节能特性及其对环境的影响[J].节能,2006[7]：26-34.
[37]王汇,温治,罗申等.富氧燃烧技术在石灰回转窑中的应用研究及经济性预测[J].现代化工,2006,26：342-346.
[38]王廷籍.玻璃熔窑的NOX排放和富氧燃烧[J].中国建材科技,1996,5(4)：1-4.
[39]黄飞,林向东,陈新海.膜法富氧试验及富氧燃烧[J].锅炉技术,2000,31(3)：21-23.
[40]潘亮.富氧燃烧火焰特性及热工特性试验研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[41]戴树业,韩建国,李宏.富氧燃烧技术的应用[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1996,28(2)：26-29.
[42]胡西勇.浅谈富氧燃烧技术在玻璃窑炉上的应用[J].玻璃纤维,1994,6：29-30.
[43]高虹.在玻璃窑炉上应用富氧或全氧燃烧技术[J].中国建材装备,1996,1：36-37.
[44]刘靖昀.富氧环境下煤粉燃烧特性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[45]赵晨光.进气中氧气浓度对于混合燃烧与排放影响的实验研究[J].科技信息,2007,36：507-508.
[46]朱序和.富氧燃烧技术在内燃机中的应用[J].能源研究与信息,2000,16(2)：53-59.
[47]张黎立.富氧助燃对天然气/汽油双燃料发动机动力性能与排放性能影响实验研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[48]左承基,李海海,徐天玉,等.富氧燃烧对柴油机排放特性的影响[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2003,32(5)：15-18.
[49]徐凤琼.富氧在冶金中的应用和发展[J].云南冶金,1999,28(2)：31-35.
[50]陈锦泉.武钢均热炉实现富氧烧钢的节能机理[J].武钢技术,1994,9：43-48.
[51]温志红,郭汉杰.加热炉富氧燃烧技术的应用研究[J].轧钢,2004,21(4)：63-65.
[52]O.Gohlke, M.Busch. Reduction of combustion of by-products in WTE plants:O2 enrichment of underfire air in the MARTIN SYNCOM process[J].Chemosphere,2001,42:545-550.
[53]Henrich E, Burkle S, Meza-Renken Z I, et al. Combustion and gasification kinetics of pyrolysis chars from waste and biomass[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1999,49:221-241.
[54]Liu G H, Ma X Q, Yu Zhaosheng. Experimental and kinetic modeling of oxygen-enriched air combustion of municipal solid waste[J].Waste Management,2009,29(2):792-796.
[55]Sungming Chin, Jongsoo Jurng, Jae-Heon Lee, et al. Oxygen-enriched air for co-incineration of organic sludges with municipal solid waste:A pilot plant experiment[J].Waste Management,2008,28:2684-2689.
[56]Jeffrey J.Murphy, Christopher R.Shaddix. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,144(4):710-729.
[57]B.Arias, C. Pevida, F. Rubiera, et al.Effect of biomass blending on coal ignition and burnout during oxy-fuel combustion[J].Fuel,2008,87(12):2753-2759.
[58]D. G.Roberts, D. J. Harris. Char Gasification with O2, CO2, and H2O:Effects of Pressure on Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics[J].Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):483-489.
[59]T. Czakiert, Z. Bis, W. Muskala, et al. Fuel conversion from oxy-fuel combustion in a circulating fluidized bed[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2006,87[6]:531-538.
[60]Mario Ditaranto, Jorgen Hals. Combustion instabilities in sudden expansion oxy-fuel flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,146(3):493-512.
[61]M.X. Fang, D.K. Shen, Y.X. Li,et al. Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentrations by using TG-FTIR analysis[J].J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):22-27.
[62]樊越胜,邹峥,高巨宝,等.煤粉在富氧条件下燃烧特性的实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(24)：118-121.
[63]樊越胜,邹峥,高巨宝,等.富氧气氛中煤粉燃烧特性改善的实验研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2006,40(1)：18-21.
[64]陈祎,段佳,林鹏,等.氧量对典型生物质燃烧特性的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(2)：43-48.
[65]刘靖韵.富氧环境下煤粉燃烧特性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[66]毛玉如,方梦祥,吴学成,等.富氧气氛下煤焦热重试验与模拟[J].热力发电,2005(3)：22-24.
[67]赵黛青,杨浩林,鲁冠军,等.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(s3)：131-134.
[68]J.Andries, J.GM.Becht, P.D.J.Hoppesteyn. Pressurized fluidized bed combustion and gasification of coal using flue gas recirculation and oxygen injection [J].Energy Conversion and Management,1997,38:S117-S122.
[69]K.Okazaki, T.Ando. NOx reduction mechanism in coal combustion with recycled CO2[J]. Energy,1997,22[2-3]:207-215.
[70]Y.Hu, S.Naito, N.Kobayashi, et al. CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion of coal with high oxygen concentration gases[J]. Fuel,2000,79[15]:1925-1932.
[71]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani.The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with 02/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio[J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[72]A.Beltrame, P. Porshnev, W. Merchan-Merchan, et al.Soot and NO formation in methane-oxygen enriched diffusion flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2001,124(1-2):295-310.
[73]Ho Keun Kim, Yongmo Kim. Emission Characteristics of the 0.03 MW Oxy-Fuel Combustor[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,20(5):2125-2130.
[74]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[75]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[76]循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的试验和理论研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2003.
[77]王宏,董学文,邱建荣,等.燃煤在O2/CO2方式下NOx生成特性的研究[J].燃料化学学报,2001,29(5)：458-462.
[78]王宏,邱建荣,郑楚光,等.燃煤在O2/CO2方式下SO2生成特性的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自燃科学版),2002,30(1)：100-102.
[79]董学文,王宏,刘豪,等.不同气氛下燃煤SO2的排放规律研究[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(3)：322-326.
[80]王宏,张礼知,陆晓华,等.O2/CO2方式下钙基吸收剂在脱硫过程中微观结构变化的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(1)：127-129.
[81]王宏,张礼知,邱建荣,等.高CO2浓度下钙基吸收剂脱硫的实验研究[J].工程热物理学报,2001,22(3)：374-377.
[82]王春波,陈传敏.循环流化床富氧燃烧下飞灰的碳酸化[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(29)：54-58.
[83]鲁冠军,赵黛青,杨浩林,等.甲烷/富氧射流扩散火焰NOx的排放特性.过程工程学 报,2007,7(1)：29-32.
[84]冯耀勋,赵黛青,贾明生,等.富氧空气/甲烷扩散燃烧的NO抑制机理的数值研究.工业加热,2005,34(5)：10-13.
[85]RONG YAN, D. GAUTHIER, G.FLAMANT. Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion[J].Combustion and Flame,125(2001)942-952.
[86]Yasushi Sekine, Kunihisa Sakajiri, Eiichi Kikuchi,et al, Release behavior of trace elements from coal during high-temperature processing [J].Powder Technology,2008,180:210-215.
[87]王泉海,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素行态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(2)：199-202.
[1]容銮恩,袁镇福,刘志敏,等.电站锅炉原理[M].北京：中国电力出版社,1997.
[2]毛玉如.循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的试验和理论研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2003.
[3]张清,陈继辉,卢啸风,等.流化床富氧燃烧技术的研究进展[J].电站系统工 程,2007,23(2)：4-7.
[4]Glen Jukkola, Greg Liljedahl, Nsakala ya Nsakala, et al. An ALSTOM Vision Of Future CFB Technology Based Power Plant Concepts [A].18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion[C].Toronto:Canada,2005.
[5]Yu ZS, Ma XQ, Liu A.Kinetic studies on catalytic combustion of rice and wheat straw under air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres, by using themogravimetric analysis [J].Biomass And Bioenergy,2008,32:1046-1055.
[6]O.Gohlke, M.Busch. Reduction of combustion of by-products in WTE plants:O2 enrichment of underfire air in the MARTIN SYNCOM process [J].Chemosphere,2001,42:545-550.
[7]Henrich E, Burkle S, Meza-Renken Z I, et al.Combustion and gasification kinetics of pyrolysis chars from waste and biomass [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1999,49:221-241.
[8]McDermott R J, Morris K W, Sanderson J G. A Better Boiler for Wet Hog Fuel [J]. Pulp&Paper Canada,1981,82(6):133-138.
[9]Kraft D L, Orender H C.Considerations Using Sludge as a Fuel [J].TAPPI Engineering Conference,1991:331-337.
[10]Louhimo J T, Mullen J F. Sludge Burning in Fluidized Bed Boilers [J].TAPPI Engineering Conference,1990:885-900.
[11]金余其,严建华,池涌,等.中国城市生活垃圾燃烧特性的研究[J].环境科学,2002,23(3)：107-110
[12]孙余凭,周小兰,沈光林,等.富氧助燃技术减少NOX排放[J].能源环境保护,2007,21(6)：14-19.
[13]赵惠富.污染气体NOX的形成和控制[M].北京：科学出版社,1993.
[14]李斌,池涌,李爱民,等.造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NOX和SO2的排放特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,1998,19(6)：776-779.
[15]J.-i.Hayashi, T.Hirama, R.Okawa, et al. Kinetic relationship between NO/N2O reduction and O2 consumption during flue-gas recycling coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized-bed [J]. fuel,2002,(81):1179-1188.
[16]余兆南,曾庭华.污泥流化床焚烧时NOX的排放规律研究[J].环境保护,1998,2：36-38.
[17]李爱民,高宁博,李润东,等.NOX和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性[J].燃烧 科学与技术,2004,10(4)：289-294.
[18]冯波,袁建伟,刘皓,等.循环流化床煤燃烧中氮氧化物排放的研究[J].工程热物理学报,1996,17(1)：125-128.
[19]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani.The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with O2/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio [J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[20]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[21]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟,等.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-17.
[22]张岩,池涌,李建新,等.污泥焚烧过程中重金属排放特性试验研究[J].电站系统工程,2005,21(3)：27-29.
[23]Mininni G, Braguglia C M, Marani D. Partitioning of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and fluidized bed furnaces [J].Water Science and Technology, 2000,41:61-68.
[24]谭中欣.典型危险废弃物焚烧过程中无机污染物HCI和重金属的生成特性及其控制的机理研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[25]温存,邱建荣,徐志英,等.氧燃烧方式下矿物质与重金属行为特征的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(增2)：181-184.
[26]许绿丝,程俊峰,曾汉才,等.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素As、Cd、Cr释放特性实验研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(5)：478-482.
[27]王海泉,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素形态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(增2)：199-202.
[28]喻秋梅,曾汉才,吴育松,等.煤燃烧细微粒子中重金属元素富集规律的研究[J].热力发电,1996,6：29-32.
[29]RONG YAN, D. GAUTHIER, G. FLAMANT. Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion[J].Combustion and Flame,125(2001)942-952.
[30]Yasushi Sekine, Kunihisa Sakajiri, Eiichi Kikuchi, et al,Release behavior of trace elements from coal during high-temperature processing [J].Powder Technology,2008,180:210-215.
[31]余英亮,陆继东,张娟.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素分布规律的试验研究.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(11)：63-65.
[1]祝红梅,蒋旭光,池涌,等.热重-红外联用分析医疗垃圾的热动力学特性[J].工程热物理学报,2008,29(3)：519-522.
[2]H.M. Zhu, J.H. Yan,X.G. Jiang, et al. Study on pyrolysis of typical medical waste materials by using TG-FTIR analysis [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,153:670-676.
[3]W.L.E. Magalha-es, A.E. Job, C.A. Ferreira, et al. Pyrolysis and combustion of pulp mill lime sludge [J].J. Anal.Appl. Pyrolysis,2008,82:298-303.
[4]Yu ZS, Ma XQ, Liu A.Kinetic studies on catalytic combustion of rice and wheat straw under air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres, by using themogravimetric analysis [J].Biomass And Bioenergy,2008,32:1046-1055.
[5]蒋旭光,池涌,严建华,等.污泥的热解动力学特性研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(2)：221-224.
[6]金余其.城市生活垃圾燃烧特性及新型流化床焚烧技术的研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2002.
[7]冉景煜, 牛奔, 张力,等.煤矸石综合燃烧性能及其燃烧动力学特性研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(15)：58-62.
[8]Murphy J J,Shaddix C R. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,144(4):710-729.
[9]Liu G H,MaXQ,Yu Zhaosheng. Experimental and kinetic modeling of oxygen-enriched air combustion of municipal solid waste [J].Waste Management,2009,29(2):792-796.
[10]Fang M X,Shen D K,LiYX,et al.Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentrations by using TG-FTIR analysis [J].J. Anal.Appl. Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):22-27.
[11]Roberts D G,Harris D J.Char Gasification with O2,CO2,and H2O:Effects of Pressure on Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics [J].Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):483-489.
[12]赵卫东,刘建忠,张保生,等.水焦浆燃烧动力学参数求解方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(17)：55-60.
[13]Jin Yuqi, Yan Jianhua, Cen Kefa. Study on the comprehensive combustion kinetics of MSW [J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2004,5(3):283-289.
[14]William C H, Peter M M, Michael R S, et al.High-Pressure Intrinsic Oxidation Kinetics of Two Coal Chars [J].Energy & Fuels,2003,17(2):427-432.
[15]胡荣祖,高胜利,赵风起,等.热分析动力学[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[1]赵惠富.污染气体NOX的形成和控制[M].北京：科学出版社,1993.
[2]李斌,池涌,李爱民,等.造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NOX和SO2的排放特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,1998,19(6)：776-779.
[3]余兆南,曾庭华.污泥流化床焚烧时NOX的排放规律研究[J].环境保护,1998,2：36-38.
[4]李爱民,高宁博,李润东,等.NOX和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2004,10(4)：289-294.
[5]冯波,袁建伟,刘皓,等.循环流化床煤燃烧中氮氧化物排放的研究[J].工程热物理学报,1996,17(1)：125-128.
[6]Y.Hu, N.Kobayashi, M.Hasatani. The reduction of recycled-NOx in coal combustion with O2/recycled flue gas under low recycling ratio [J].Fuel,2001,80[13]:1851-1855.
[7]Hao Liu, Ramlan Zailani, Bernard M. Gibbs. Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2 [J].Fuel,2005,84(7-8):833-840.
[8]Yewen Tan, Eric Croiset, Mark A, et al. Combustion characteristics of coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas [J].Fuel,2006,85:507-512.
[9]孙余凭,周小兰,沈光林,等.富氧助燃技术减少NOX排放[J].能源环境保护,2007,21(6)：14-19.
[10]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[11]卢骏营.O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中痕量元素的赋存及迁移规律研究[D].南京：东南大学,2009.
[12]温存,邱建荣,徐志英,等.氧燃烧方式下矿物质与重金属行为特征的研究[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(增2)：181-184.
[13]沈伯雄,郭彩霞,吴顺伟,等.焚烧污泥重金属迁移的研究进展[J].电站系统工程,2008,24(1)：15-17.
[14]余英亮,陆继东,张娟.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素分布规律的试验研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(11)：63-65.
[15]李建新,严建华,金余其,等.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2004,38(4)：490-494.
[16]喻秋梅,曾汉才,吴育松,等.煤燃烧细微粒子中重金属元素富集规律的研究[J].热力发电,1996,6：29-32.
[17]Linak W P, Wendt JOL. Trace element transformation mechanisms during coal combustion [J],Fuel processing technology,1994,39:173-198.
[18]王海泉,邱建荣,温存,等.氧燃烧方式下痕量元素形态转化的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(增2)：199-202.
[19]许绿丝,程俊峰,曾汉才,等.煤燃烧过程中痕量元素As、Cd、Cr释放特性实验研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(5)：478-482.
[20]Yewen Tan, Eric Croiset, Mark A, et al. Combustion characteristics of coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas [J].Fuel,2006,85:507-512.
[1]卢骏营.O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中痕量元素的赋存及迁移规律研究[D].南京：东南大学,2009.
[2]贾海龙.有机废气流化床焚烧处理试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[3]毛玉如,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(2)：188-191.
[4]吴永生,方可人.热工测量及仪表[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2005.
[5]施正伦.锅炉实验指导书[M].杭州：浙江大学,2004.
[6]Kim H K,Kim Y. Emission Characteristics of the 0.03 MW Oxy-Fuel Combustor[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,20(5):2125-2130.
[7]Mario D,Jφrgen H. Combustion instabilities in sudden expansion oxy-fuel flames[J]. Combustion and Flame,2006,146(3):493-512.
[8]赵黛青,杨浩林,鲁冠军,等.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(s3)：131-134.
[9]杨浩林.甲烷/富氧扩散火焰的燃烧特性和NOX排放的研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2006.
[10]潘亮.富氧燃烧火焰特性及热工特性试验研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[11]岑可法,姚强.高等燃烧学[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2002.