基于PEBI网格油藏数值模拟器的研究、开发与应用
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摘要
我国油气田经过长期开采,井网密度大,地层油气水分布复杂,老油田开采挖潜的主要对象转向高度分散、局部相对富集的剩余油,而油藏数值模拟是开采剩余油最重要的工具之一。为此,本文研究了基于非结构网格,考虑多层多相非均质油藏的数值模拟中的关键科学问题及核心技术的实现,并利用开发的油藏数值模拟求解器研究注水井流量调配问题。论文主要工作如下：
1、研制基于非结构网格的油藏数值模拟器：该模拟器以黑油模型为基础,应用有限体积法在混合网格(主要为PEBI和径向网格)上进行离散。重点攻克了油气互溶的变泡点,这一数值模拟中的难点问题。在考虑变泡点的数值模拟过程中,网格单元共分为四种状态：有气相存在、气相全部溶解在油相中、无气相存在和气相从油相中析出。处理方法为变量替换法,当气相饱和度大于零时,求解参数为压力、气相饱和度、水相饱和度；当气相饱和度等于零时,求解参数为压力、溶解气油比、水相饱和度。根据以上四种网格状态和求解参数,研究了渗流方程中非线性项的线性化方法,从而得到多相方程对应四种状态的离散格式。
2、提出适合不同井型的内边界处理方法：文中对已有的井模型如Peaceman模型、Van Pollen模型进行了介绍。并针对垂直井和水平井提出了相应的内边界处理方法。针对不同的井型和生产控制模式,采用达西定律推导出相应的井的隐式处理方法。其中,控制模式包括定井底压力、定井底流量及VFP控制方法。
3、给出了考虑重力效应下的通用的压力计算方法。该计算方法既可用于多层射开井的井筒内的压力折算,也可用于数值模拟的初始化赋值,计算各层的网格压力。同时,在静水压力平衡假设下,得到油田压力、油气水三相饱和度和溶解气油比的初始分布。
4、建立水嘴损失的井处理模型,更准确地进行流量调配预测：针对油田调配水工艺发现,配水器的选取会对油田注水效果产生重大影响。为更好地描述注水井注入过程中井底压力和流量的动态响应,为现有的调配工艺提供有效的预测手段。本文在传统的内边界井处理模型的基础上建立了考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井处理模型。耦合求解井底压力、流量及地层流动,得到了注入过程中考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井底压力和流量响应情况。以此来分析渗透率、油水饱和度对井底压力、注入量随时间变化的影响。计算结果表明,注入过程不能简单地用定流量或定井底压力方式来描述。在相同的地层条件下,初始注入量相同时,小水嘴比大水嘴更有助于注入量的稳定。嘴径相同的情况下,地层渗透率为影响注入量变化的主要因素,油水饱和度为次要因素,为油田注水的工艺改进提供了科学依据。
After long time development of Chinese reservoir, the well density is very large and the distribution of oil and water is more complex than before. The old reservoir's potential synergistic object turns to residual oil that is highly dispersed but relatively concentrated in local. Therefore, the technique of numerical simulation considering multi-layer and multi-pahse situation of reservoir has been researched in this dissertation, which is based on unstructured grid. By using the simulator that has been developed, the water injection process has been investigated. The main works of the dissertation are as follows:
1. The numerical simulator based on unstructured grid:On the basis of black oil model, the discretization has been implemented by using FVM on unstructured grids (PEBI and Radial grid mainly). The problem of variable bubble points has been considered in this simulator. In the process of changing bubble points, four different situations have been proposed:gas exists, gas dissolved in oil, gas does not exist and gas released from oil. The method to simulate the process is variable substitution. When gas saturation is above zero, the variables are pressure, gas saturation and water saturation; when gas saturation equals zero, the variables are pressure, gas-oil ratio and water saturation. According to these four different situations and variables, the linearization of seepage equation has been analyzed. An in result, the discrete format has been obtained.
2. According to various well type, the inner boundary well treatment methods have been proposed:After the introduction of Peaceman well treatment and Van Pollen well treatment, the inner boundary well treatment consiedering vertical well and horizontal well has been proposed. According to various well type and production control model, the implicit well treatment has been deduced by usint Darcy rule, including BHP, Flow Rate and VFP control model.
3. The method of pressure calculation considering gravity has been given. The method is applicable to the pressure calculation in well case perforated and the initialization of numerical simuation. Under the hydrostatic hypothesis, the initial pressure, oil/gas/water saturation and gas-oil ratio can be obtained.
4. The well treatment considering water injector has been build up to predict the process of water injection more precisely:According to the engineering of water injection, the selection of water separator greatly influences the water injection processes of oil field. To analyze the influences of water separator to bottom hole pressure(BHP) and injection rate in the injection process, a new well treatment model has been proposed on the basis of conventional inner boundary of well treatment. By this means, the response of BHP and flow rate in the process of water injection has been surveyed by the coupled solution of BHP, injection rate and reservoir fluids dynamics. The computational results indicated that the water injection can not either be regarded as constant pressure nor constant flow process. Through using different nozzles, simulations under same reservoir conditions showed that when initializing injection flow rate is constant, smaller nozzles have better smoothing effect on injection flow rate than larger nozzles. When the diameter of nozzle is constant, permeability is the main factor which will influence the response of injection flow rate and the oil-water saturation is the minor one.
1、研制基于非结构网格的油藏数值模拟器：该模拟器以黑油模型为基础,应用有限体积法在混合网格(主要为PEBI和径向网格)上进行离散。重点攻克了油气互溶的变泡点,这一数值模拟中的难点问题。在考虑变泡点的数值模拟过程中,网格单元共分为四种状态：有气相存在、气相全部溶解在油相中、无气相存在和气相从油相中析出。处理方法为变量替换法,当气相饱和度大于零时,求解参数为压力、气相饱和度、水相饱和度；当气相饱和度等于零时,求解参数为压力、溶解气油比、水相饱和度。根据以上四种网格状态和求解参数,研究了渗流方程中非线性项的线性化方法,从而得到多相方程对应四种状态的离散格式。
2、提出适合不同井型的内边界处理方法：文中对已有的井模型如Peaceman模型、Van Pollen模型进行了介绍。并针对垂直井和水平井提出了相应的内边界处理方法。针对不同的井型和生产控制模式,采用达西定律推导出相应的井的隐式处理方法。其中,控制模式包括定井底压力、定井底流量及VFP控制方法。
3、给出了考虑重力效应下的通用的压力计算方法。该计算方法既可用于多层射开井的井筒内的压力折算,也可用于数值模拟的初始化赋值,计算各层的网格压力。同时,在静水压力平衡假设下,得到油田压力、油气水三相饱和度和溶解气油比的初始分布。
4、建立水嘴损失的井处理模型,更准确地进行流量调配预测：针对油田调配水工艺发现,配水器的选取会对油田注水效果产生重大影响。为更好地描述注水井注入过程中井底压力和流量的动态响应,为现有的调配工艺提供有效的预测手段。本文在传统的内边界井处理模型的基础上建立了考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井处理模型。耦合求解井底压力、流量及地层流动,得到了注入过程中考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井底压力和流量响应情况。以此来分析渗透率、油水饱和度对井底压力、注入量随时间变化的影响。计算结果表明,注入过程不能简单地用定流量或定井底压力方式来描述。在相同的地层条件下,初始注入量相同时,小水嘴比大水嘴更有助于注入量的稳定。嘴径相同的情况下,地层渗透率为影响注入量变化的主要因素,油水饱和度为次要因素,为油田注水的工艺改进提供了科学依据。
After long time development of Chinese reservoir, the well density is very large and the distribution of oil and water is more complex than before. The old reservoir's potential synergistic object turns to residual oil that is highly dispersed but relatively concentrated in local. Therefore, the technique of numerical simulation considering multi-layer and multi-pahse situation of reservoir has been researched in this dissertation, which is based on unstructured grid. By using the simulator that has been developed, the water injection process has been investigated. The main works of the dissertation are as follows:
1. The numerical simulator based on unstructured grid:On the basis of black oil model, the discretization has been implemented by using FVM on unstructured grids (PEBI and Radial grid mainly). The problem of variable bubble points has been considered in this simulator. In the process of changing bubble points, four different situations have been proposed:gas exists, gas dissolved in oil, gas does not exist and gas released from oil. The method to simulate the process is variable substitution. When gas saturation is above zero, the variables are pressure, gas saturation and water saturation; when gas saturation equals zero, the variables are pressure, gas-oil ratio and water saturation. According to these four different situations and variables, the linearization of seepage equation has been analyzed. An in result, the discrete format has been obtained.
2. According to various well type, the inner boundary well treatment methods have been proposed:After the introduction of Peaceman well treatment and Van Pollen well treatment, the inner boundary well treatment consiedering vertical well and horizontal well has been proposed. According to various well type and production control model, the implicit well treatment has been deduced by usint Darcy rule, including BHP, Flow Rate and VFP control model.
3. The method of pressure calculation considering gravity has been given. The method is applicable to the pressure calculation in well case perforated and the initialization of numerical simuation. Under the hydrostatic hypothesis, the initial pressure, oil/gas/water saturation and gas-oil ratio can be obtained.
4. The well treatment considering water injector has been build up to predict the process of water injection more precisely:According to the engineering of water injection, the selection of water separator greatly influences the water injection processes of oil field. To analyze the influences of water separator to bottom hole pressure(BHP) and injection rate in the injection process, a new well treatment model has been proposed on the basis of conventional inner boundary of well treatment. By this means, the response of BHP and flow rate in the process of water injection has been surveyed by the coupled solution of BHP, injection rate and reservoir fluids dynamics. The computational results indicated that the water injection can not either be regarded as constant pressure nor constant flow process. Through using different nozzles, simulations under same reservoir conditions showed that when initializing injection flow rate is constant, smaller nozzles have better smoothing effect on injection flow rate than larger nozzles. When the diameter of nozzle is constant, permeability is the main factor which will influence the response of injection flow rate and the oil-water saturation is the minor one.
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