重载交通高速公路连续纵坡交通安全保障关键技术研究
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摘要
随着我国交通建设与公路运输事业的快速发展，建设重心开始从平原微丘区向山岭重丘区转变，载重交通比例日益增大，致使山区高速公路交通安全问题十分严峻。因此，深入研究载重汽车在连续纵坡路段的运行特征，考虑并评估路段潜在安全风险，建立连续纵坡路段安全保障体系，不仅是山区高速公路运营安全的基础性课题，也是实现公路交通科学、可持续发展的迫切需要。
以国内外研究现状分析为基础，界定了高速公路连续纵坡的明确含义，研究了基于运行速度的连续上坡理想坡长。从调查路段、观测地点、主导车型、调查时段等四个方面确定了高速公路连续纵坡交通安全调查方案，选择载重50t欧曼六轴载重货车做为实验车型，开展了运行速度和刹车毂温度的实测调查。
通过分析高速公路连续下坡路段交通事故的发生机理，确定了运行速度预测模型和车毂温度预测模型等基础模型。以六轴载重货车的运行速度为因变量，选用连续下坡路段的累计坡长l和平均纵坡i作为自变量，基于多元线性回归理论，分别构建了平均纵坡i≤2%、i＞2%两种路段情况下的运行速度预测模型。采用拟合优度检验和回归方程显著性检验，检查了残差分布情况，结果表明符合正态假设的要求，并采用实测数据进一步验证，验证了模型的准确性和可行性。
根据能量守恒定律，通过计算连续下坡路段汽车能量转换等式，引入坡度与坡长等自变量因素，建立了坡度、坡长与刹车毂温度关系模型。以内蒙某高速公路连续下坡路段K346+548-K334+637段为实测刹车毂温度数据为基础，对比分析了预测模型理论温度值。通过拟合刹车毂温度预测值、实测值的分布关系，建立了修正后的连续下坡路段刹车毂温度预测模型。
以汽车受力分析为基础，考虑驱动平衡状态下的汽车运动方程，构建了基于性能的载重汽车运行速度预测模型，提出了综合反映各线性要素、路面情况、海拔以及风速等因素综合影响下的载重汽车运行速度预测方法，基于Visual Basic开发了运行速度预测系统。以内蒙某高速公路K000+000-K265+000段为例，进行了系统的实例应用。
在现场调研和资料收集的基础上，深入分析了平面线形、纵断面线形、弯坡组合要素等道路线形与交通安全的关系，并探讨了交通组成及交通量对交通安全的影响，确定了高速公路交通安全的主要影响因素。根据重载汽车特性，考虑运用运行速度和刹车毂温度的二维影响，提出了高速公路连续下坡危险度分级方法，明确了危险度等级的划分标准，给出不同危险度等级对应的量化坡长。以国内八条高速公路的交通事故统计资料为基础，运用SPSS数据统计分析软件，分析了亿万车公里事故率与平均速度、速度标准差的相关性，构建了高速公路连续上坡风险评价模型，阐述了的具体评价流程和步骤。
通过现场调查与资料收集，分析了避险车道、标志标线、减速带、车道限制等既有高速公路交通安全设施的适用性。阐述了高速公路连续下坡安全保障方案的设计原则，提出了连续下坡安全保障方案理论分析与建设实施两阶段实施过程，并详细论述了诱导设施、警示设施、强制措施及避险车道的设置方法。考虑保障高速公路连续上坡通行能力及交通安全，提出了连续上坡路段限制措施的设置方法，结合大型车特性探讨了爬坡车道的布置条件和几何尺寸。
重载交通高速公路连续纵坡交通安全保障关键技术研究采用现场调查、数学建模、理论分析、工程验证相结合的研究方法，提高了连续纵坡路段高速公路运营安全水平。不仅对山区高速公路建设具有重要的实践意义，对保障重大工程交通安全、交通建设和谐发展也有着重要的理论意义。
With the rapid development of China's transport construction and road transportationindustry, the focus of contribution began to be shifted from the plains to the mountains and theproportion of truck traffic increased gradually, which led to the phenomeonon that trafficsafety problem of highway in mountains became more and more serious. Therefore,in-depth study on operating characteristics of trucks with heavy loads in a continuouslongitudinal sections, consideration and evaluation of sections with potential security risks,and the establishment of a continuous longitudinal sections security system, are not only basictopics on operational safety issues of highway in mountains, but also the urgent need toachieve sustainable development of road transport science.
Based on analysis of research status from domestic and foreign, a clear meaning ofcontinuous longitudinal section on expressway was given, and ideal slope length ofcontinuous uphill based on operating speed was also studied. Survey sections, observationsites, dominant model and survey period were chosen in the survey program of traffic safetyof continuous longitudinal sections on expressway, trucks with50t load and Auman six-axiswere selected as text models, and measured survey of operating speed and brake drumtemperature were launched.
Through the analysis of the mechanisms of trafic accidents on continuous downhillsections on expressway, basic models such as the operating speed prediction model and thebrake drum temperature prediction model were determined. Taking the operating speed oftrucks with six-axis as the dependent variable, and the slope length l and averagelongitudinal slope i of continuous downhill sections as independent variables, two kinds ofoperating speed prediction models under the condition of i≤2%and i＞2%were builtrespectively. Goodness of fit test and regression test of significance were used to check thedistribution of the residuals, which showed that the result met the requirements of normalityassumption. Further validation with measured datas was also conducted to verify the accuracyand feasibility of the model.
According to the law of conservation of energy, through the calculation of the energyconversion equation of trucks on continuous downhill sections, independent variables factorssuch as slope and slope length were introduced, relational model of slope, slope length andbrake drum temperature was established. Based on the measured temperature data taken fromcontinuous downhill section K346+548~K334+637on a expressway In Inner Mongolia, thetheory temperature value of the predictive model were analysed by comparison. By fitting thedistribution of relationship between brake drum temperature predictive value and measuredvalue, revised brake hub temperature prediction model on continuous downhill sections wasestablished.
Based on stress analysis of trucks, considering the equation of truck motion under thecondition of driven equilibrium, performance-based operating speed prediction model oftrucks was constructed, which gave a comprehensive reflection of combined effects of thelinear elements, road conditions, altitude and wind speed and other factors. Operating speed prediction system was also developed based on Visual Basic. Taking K000+000-K265+000onan expressway in Inner Mongoli as an example, an instance of the application of the systemwere conducted.
Based on the on-spot investigation and data collection, the relationship of road alignmentsuch as horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, combining elements of curved slope andtraffic safety were analyzed, the effect of composition of traffic and the volume of traffic onthe traffic safety were discussed, and finally the main influence factors of traffic safety ofexpressway was found out. According to the characteristics of heavy vehicles, considering theuse of two-dimensional effects of operating speed and brake drum temperature,method ofrisk level classification of continuous downhill section on expressway was proposed, theclassification standard of risk level was given, and at the same time, different quantitativelengths corresponding to different risk levels were figured out.On the base of the statisticaldata of the traffic accidents of eight domestic expressways, using SPSS as the statisticalanalysis software, the correlation of hundreds of millions car accident rate per kilometer andaverage velocity、standard deviation of velocity was analyzed, and finally risk assessmentmodel of continuous uphill sections of expressway was established, specific evaluationprocess and steps were expatiated.
With on-spot investigation and data collection, the applicability of traffic safetyfacilities on expressway such as the emergency lane, signs and markings, speed hump, lanerestrictions was analyzed. With the elaboration of the design principles of security ensuringscheme for continuous downhill sections of expressway was described, the two phase processof the scheme theory security analysis and implementation of construction of the continuousdownhill sections were put forward, and the setting method of induced facilities, warningfacilities, and emergency lane compulsory measures were discussed. Considering theassurance of traffic capacity and traffic safety of continuous uphill sections on expressway, asetting method of restrictive measures of continuous uphill sections was put forward, settingrequirement and geometric size of the climbing lane were also discussed combining with thecharacteristics of large vehicles.
The research method combining site investigation, mathematical modeling, theoreticalanalysis and engineering verification was used in the research on the key technology of trafficsafety assurance of continuous longitudinal sections on expressway with heavy traffic, and thesafety level of continuous longitudinal sections on expressway operation was improved,which has not only an important practical influence on the construction of expressway inmountain area, but also an significant theoretical effect on the assurance of the traffic safety ofimportant project and harmonious development of traffic construction。
以国内外研究现状分析为基础，界定了高速公路连续纵坡的明确含义，研究了基于运行速度的连续上坡理想坡长。从调查路段、观测地点、主导车型、调查时段等四个方面确定了高速公路连续纵坡交通安全调查方案，选择载重50t欧曼六轴载重货车做为实验车型，开展了运行速度和刹车毂温度的实测调查。
通过分析高速公路连续下坡路段交通事故的发生机理，确定了运行速度预测模型和车毂温度预测模型等基础模型。以六轴载重货车的运行速度为因变量，选用连续下坡路段的累计坡长l和平均纵坡i作为自变量，基于多元线性回归理论，分别构建了平均纵坡i≤2%、i＞2%两种路段情况下的运行速度预测模型。采用拟合优度检验和回归方程显著性检验，检查了残差分布情况，结果表明符合正态假设的要求，并采用实测数据进一步验证，验证了模型的准确性和可行性。
根据能量守恒定律，通过计算连续下坡路段汽车能量转换等式，引入坡度与坡长等自变量因素，建立了坡度、坡长与刹车毂温度关系模型。以内蒙某高速公路连续下坡路段K346+548-K334+637段为实测刹车毂温度数据为基础，对比分析了预测模型理论温度值。通过拟合刹车毂温度预测值、实测值的分布关系，建立了修正后的连续下坡路段刹车毂温度预测模型。
以汽车受力分析为基础，考虑驱动平衡状态下的汽车运动方程，构建了基于性能的载重汽车运行速度预测模型，提出了综合反映各线性要素、路面情况、海拔以及风速等因素综合影响下的载重汽车运行速度预测方法，基于Visual Basic开发了运行速度预测系统。以内蒙某高速公路K000+000-K265+000段为例，进行了系统的实例应用。
在现场调研和资料收集的基础上，深入分析了平面线形、纵断面线形、弯坡组合要素等道路线形与交通安全的关系，并探讨了交通组成及交通量对交通安全的影响，确定了高速公路交通安全的主要影响因素。根据重载汽车特性，考虑运用运行速度和刹车毂温度的二维影响，提出了高速公路连续下坡危险度分级方法，明确了危险度等级的划分标准，给出不同危险度等级对应的量化坡长。以国内八条高速公路的交通事故统计资料为基础，运用SPSS数据统计分析软件，分析了亿万车公里事故率与平均速度、速度标准差的相关性，构建了高速公路连续上坡风险评价模型，阐述了的具体评价流程和步骤。
通过现场调查与资料收集，分析了避险车道、标志标线、减速带、车道限制等既有高速公路交通安全设施的适用性。阐述了高速公路连续下坡安全保障方案的设计原则，提出了连续下坡安全保障方案理论分析与建设实施两阶段实施过程，并详细论述了诱导设施、警示设施、强制措施及避险车道的设置方法。考虑保障高速公路连续上坡通行能力及交通安全，提出了连续上坡路段限制措施的设置方法，结合大型车特性探讨了爬坡车道的布置条件和几何尺寸。
重载交通高速公路连续纵坡交通安全保障关键技术研究采用现场调查、数学建模、理论分析、工程验证相结合的研究方法，提高了连续纵坡路段高速公路运营安全水平。不仅对山区高速公路建设具有重要的实践意义，对保障重大工程交通安全、交通建设和谐发展也有着重要的理论意义。
With the rapid development of China's transport construction and road transportationindustry, the focus of contribution began to be shifted from the plains to the mountains and theproportion of truck traffic increased gradually, which led to the phenomeonon that trafficsafety problem of highway in mountains became more and more serious. Therefore,in-depth study on operating characteristics of trucks with heavy loads in a continuouslongitudinal sections, consideration and evaluation of sections with potential security risks,and the establishment of a continuous longitudinal sections security system, are not only basictopics on operational safety issues of highway in mountains, but also the urgent need toachieve sustainable development of road transport science.
Based on analysis of research status from domestic and foreign, a clear meaning ofcontinuous longitudinal section on expressway was given, and ideal slope length ofcontinuous uphill based on operating speed was also studied. Survey sections, observationsites, dominant model and survey period were chosen in the survey program of traffic safetyof continuous longitudinal sections on expressway, trucks with50t load and Auman six-axiswere selected as text models, and measured survey of operating speed and brake drumtemperature were launched.
Through the analysis of the mechanisms of trafic accidents on continuous downhillsections on expressway, basic models such as the operating speed prediction model and thebrake drum temperature prediction model were determined. Taking the operating speed oftrucks with six-axis as the dependent variable, and the slope length l and averagelongitudinal slope i of continuous downhill sections as independent variables, two kinds ofoperating speed prediction models under the condition of i≤2%and i＞2%were builtrespectively. Goodness of fit test and regression test of significance were used to check thedistribution of the residuals, which showed that the result met the requirements of normalityassumption. Further validation with measured datas was also conducted to verify the accuracyand feasibility of the model.
According to the law of conservation of energy, through the calculation of the energyconversion equation of trucks on continuous downhill sections, independent variables factorssuch as slope and slope length were introduced, relational model of slope, slope length andbrake drum temperature was established. Based on the measured temperature data taken fromcontinuous downhill section K346+548~K334+637on a expressway In Inner Mongolia, thetheory temperature value of the predictive model were analysed by comparison. By fitting thedistribution of relationship between brake drum temperature predictive value and measuredvalue, revised brake hub temperature prediction model on continuous downhill sections wasestablished.
Based on stress analysis of trucks, considering the equation of truck motion under thecondition of driven equilibrium, performance-based operating speed prediction model oftrucks was constructed, which gave a comprehensive reflection of combined effects of thelinear elements, road conditions, altitude and wind speed and other factors. Operating speed prediction system was also developed based on Visual Basic. Taking K000+000-K265+000onan expressway in Inner Mongoli as an example, an instance of the application of the systemwere conducted.
Based on the on-spot investigation and data collection, the relationship of road alignmentsuch as horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, combining elements of curved slope andtraffic safety were analyzed, the effect of composition of traffic and the volume of traffic onthe traffic safety were discussed, and finally the main influence factors of traffic safety ofexpressway was found out. According to the characteristics of heavy vehicles, considering theuse of two-dimensional effects of operating speed and brake drum temperature,method ofrisk level classification of continuous downhill section on expressway was proposed, theclassification standard of risk level was given, and at the same time, different quantitativelengths corresponding to different risk levels were figured out.On the base of the statisticaldata of the traffic accidents of eight domestic expressways, using SPSS as the statisticalanalysis software, the correlation of hundreds of millions car accident rate per kilometer andaverage velocity、standard deviation of velocity was analyzed, and finally risk assessmentmodel of continuous uphill sections of expressway was established, specific evaluationprocess and steps were expatiated.
With on-spot investigation and data collection, the applicability of traffic safetyfacilities on expressway such as the emergency lane, signs and markings, speed hump, lanerestrictions was analyzed. With the elaboration of the design principles of security ensuringscheme for continuous downhill sections of expressway was described, the two phase processof the scheme theory security analysis and implementation of construction of the continuousdownhill sections were put forward, and the setting method of induced facilities, warningfacilities, and emergency lane compulsory measures were discussed. Considering theassurance of traffic capacity and traffic safety of continuous uphill sections on expressway, asetting method of restrictive measures of continuous uphill sections was put forward, settingrequirement and geometric size of the climbing lane were also discussed combining with thecharacteristics of large vehicles.
The research method combining site investigation, mathematical modeling, theoreticalanalysis and engineering verification was used in the research on the key technology of trafficsafety assurance of continuous longitudinal sections on expressway with heavy traffic, and thesafety level of continuous longitudinal sections on expressway operation was improved,which has not only an important practical influence on the construction of expressway inmountain area, but also an significant theoretical effect on the assurance of the traffic safety ofimportant project and harmonious development of traffic construction。
引文
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