坡地粮草带状间作模式的水土保持效果与作物的生理生态效应
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摘要
在宁夏南部旱区,农业生产主要依赖于天然降水,有效降水不足和降雨时空分布不均是制约作物生长的主要限制因素。大量坡耕地因受雨季暴雨的冲刷,造成众多农田土壤侵蚀和地表土壤养分流失,导致作物产量和比较效益不高。坡地种植植物篱或普通木草具有显著减少水土流失的效果。间作由于具有能充分利用光热资源和增产的特点,在我国各地得到了广泛应用。而有关坡地粮食作物与苜蓿带状间作的研究较少,尤其是有关粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)间作的适宜带比、群体产量性状及水土流失特征的研究鲜有报道。本文于2007～2008年在宁夏南部的彭阳县白阳镇陡坡村旱农基点(106°32′～106°58′E,35°4l′～36°17′N),通过田间试验,对不同坡度(5°和15°)上谷子/苜蓿和糜子/苜蓿的不同带比间作模式下的产量、群体性状指标、水土流失特征等进行了系统比较分析,获得以下主要结果:
1、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植的水土流失特征状况
1)坡耕地上采取粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)带状间作种植能够有效减少农田水土流失和土壤N、P、K养分流失,在5°坡地上,4:2带比间作模式和2:4带比间作模式的水土保持效果显著,地表径流量较单作处理减少30%以上,泥沙流失量较单作处理减少98%以上;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4 3个带比间作模式的效果显著,较单作处理减少地表径流量50%以上,减少泥沙流失84%以上。
2)不同降雨量比较,降雨强度越大,地表径流量越大,径流土壤中的N、P、K养分量增加,但间作处理的水土防治效果和对土壤N、P、K养分的流失减少幅度降低。从本试验粮草条带设置来看,坡底以苜蓿结尾的种植条带均能有效阻止泥沙流失。
3)坡地土壤养分的流失途径为推移质(泥沙)流失和径流流失2种,单位体积比较,泥沙中的养分含量明显高于径流中的养分含量;总量比较,坡面径流流失的总养分明显大于泥沙流失中的总养分。在5°坡地上,4:2和2:4间作处理的养分流失防治效果最好, 14mm降雨量和21mm降雨量下的TN、AN、TP、AVP、TK和AVK流失量分别较单作减少62.3%~78.1%和30.89%~52.16%;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4间作处理的养分流失防治效果最好,在14mm降雨量和21mm降雨量下的TN、AN、TP、AVP、TK和AVK流失量分别较单作处理减少46.0%~65.4%和32.44%~65.5%。
2、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对农田土壤水分和养分的影响
1)在不同坡度耕地上,采取粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)条带间作模式可有效提高粮带的土壤水分含量,5°坡地以2:4带比间作模式效果最佳,15°坡地以4:4带比间作模式效果最佳,其粮食作物的土壤含水率分别较单作处理平均提高2.3个百分点和1.08个百分点。
2)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)条带间作模式可有效提高粮食作物的水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮的含量,5°坡地上的2:4带比间作种植模式和15°坡地上的4:4带比间作模式的作物水分利用效率较单作平均增加了1.92kg·cm~(-3)和1.25~1.57 kg·cm~(-3),土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别较单作处理增加32.41%、25.27%、48.09%和17.64%、32.08%、47.44%。且间作模式的粮作带土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量随着间作年份的增加明显增加。
4)与粮食单作相比,粮草间作模式下的粮作带土壤的全钾、速效钾和速效磷含量明显增加,不同坡度和间作模式比较,在5°坡地上的2:4带比间作模式和15°坡地上的4:4带比间作种植模式的效果最好,土壤全钾、速效磷和速效钾分别较单作提高75.61%、77.46%、25.39%和66.12%、88.29%和48.55%。
3、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对谷子、糜子产量及其生长发育的影响
1)坡地粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)带状间作模式的作物产量明显高于单作处理。在5°坡地上,2:4带比间作种植模式的增产效果最佳,与粮食(谷子或糜子)单作相比,谷子和糜子分别增产23.88%和21.44%;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4 3个粮草间作处理模式增产效果较佳,与粮食单作相比,谷子增产13.22~15.72%,糜子增产10.31~12.73%,尤其是4:4粮草间作处理的增产效果最为显著。
2)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)间作种植模式对粮食作物(谷子和糜子)的株高和拔节期叶面积没有明显影响,但显著提高了粮食作物抽穗期和成熟期的单株绿叶面积,促进了光合物质的积累。在5°坡地上, 2:4带比间作模式谷子和糜子抽穗期的单株叶面积较单作处理提高86.77cm~2/株和27.67cm~2/株,成熟期提高77.39cm~2/株和9.65cm~2/株;在15°坡地上,4:4间作模式谷子和糜子抽穗期的单株叶面积较单作处理分别提高84.74cm~2/株和27.41cm~2/株,成熟期分别提高78.64cm~2/株和12.21cm~2/株。
3)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)间作种植模式对粮食作物抽穗前的干物质积累影响不大,抽穗后间作模式下的单株干物质积累量明显增加,在5°坡地上,2:4处理模式谷子的单株质量较单作处理增加15.75%,糜子单株质量较单作处理增加10.10%。在15°坡地上,4:4、6:4和4:6三个处理谷子单株质量较单作处理增加25.47%、13.48%和10.79%,糜子单株质量较单作处理增加17.26%、13.69%和13.42%。
4)粮草间作模式促进了谷子、糜子茎叶鞘中的干物质量积累,明显增加了穗子中的干物质分配比率。在5°坡地上,间作处理谷子和糜子穗子中的干物质积累量分别较单作处理增加0.43%~9.21%和9.55%~24.24%;在15°坡地上,谷子和糜子穗子中的干物质积累量分别较单作处理增加7.5%~40.1%和12.6%~23.6%。
5)粮草间作种植模式谷子、糜子根系的数量和质量较粮食单作明显增加,5°坡地上, 2:4间作模式增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的单株根数和质量分别较单作增加1.4条、0.71g和3.6条、0.32 g;在15°坡地上, 4:4间作模式增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的单株根数和质量分别较单作处理增加5.3条、0.55 g和3.6条、0.32 g。
4、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对谷子、糜子主要生理生态指标的影响
1)坡度耕地上,谷子和糜子的光合速率日变化均呈“M”型双峰曲线变化,在下午2:00点~4:00之间出现“午休”现象。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率日变化表现一致,而胞间CO_2浓度日变化则呈现由高到低的变化趋势。
2)与单作相比,粮草间作处理能明显增加谷子和糜子的蒸腾速率和气孔导度、显著提高谷子和糜子叶片的净光合速率。在5°坡地上,2:4间作模式的增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的叶片的净光合速率平均较单作处理提高1.46μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和2.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);在15°坡地上,4:4粮草间作模式的增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子叶片的净光合速率平均较单作处理提高3.17μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和1.68μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。
3)坡耕地上谷子和糜子全生育期的LAI呈低-高-低的变化趋势,抽穗期最大,CGR最高时期为拔节-抽穗期和抽穗至灌浆期,出苗到拔节期的CGR相对较低,干物质积累缓慢。谷子单位叶面积和时间获得的净同化物最高的时期为拔节-抽穗期和出苗-拔节期,抽穗后NAR开始下降,灌浆-成熟期NAR值最低;糜子在出苗-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆3个时期的NAR值均较高,灌浆-成熟期NAR值则明显降低。
4)坡度耕地上粮草间作模式的谷子和糜子不同生育阶段的叶面积指数、作物生长率和净同化率与单作相比显著提高。在5°坡地上,2:4间作模式的增加幅度最为明显,抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,谷子的LAI值较单作平均增加20.05%、25.25%和50.22%,糜子的LAI值较单作平均增加30.51%、20.10%和33.69%;在拔节-抽穗和抽穗-灌浆期,谷子的CGR值较单作分别提高46.90%和54.81%,NAR较单作提高26.67%和50.0%;糜子CGR值较单作提高36.54%和16.05%,NAR较单作处理提高36.36%和20.0%。在15°坡地上,4:4间作模式的增加幅度最为明显,抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期谷子的LAI分别较单作提高17.75%、25.24和45.46%,糜子的LAI分别较单作提高31.96%、31.07和46.29%。拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-灌浆期,谷子的CGR分别较单作提高46.90%和74.05%, NAR分别较单作提高25.0%和45.45%;糜子的CGR分别较单作提高36.54%和42.86%, NAR分别较单作提高36.36%和40.0%
Southern arid areas in Ningxia, agricultural production depends on natural rainfall, effective rainfall shortage and uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space is a major factor constraining crop growth. Most of the farmland due to the role of heavy rainfall during the rainy season, causing heavy soil erosion and surface soil nutrient loss and soil degradation. Slope or ordinary wood hedgerow planting grass to reduce soil erosion has a significant effect. The intercropping technique with full use of environmental resources and increase crop production characteristics is widely used all over the country.And the slope of food crops and intercropping of alfalfa few bands, especially suitable for intercropping with the forage ratio that yield traits and characteristics of soil erosion has been reported rarely.Field experiments were conducted in southern Ningxia, Pengyang white Township of steep village arid point (106°32 '~ 106°58' E, 35°4l '~ 36°17' N) during 2007-2008. In the passed the field test, different slope (5°and 15°) on the millet/alfalfa and pearl millet/alfalfa under different intercropping treatment of production target population characteristics, soil erosion, were distinguished comparative analysis of the main results. The main results showed as follows:
1. Characteristics of soil erosion of grain-grass strip intercropping planting in different slopes lands.
1) Farmland to take food (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) strip intercropping planting can reduce soil erosion and agricultural soil N, P, K nutrient loss, in the 5°slopes, With a ratio of 4:2 and 2:4 intercropping patterns than with soil and water conservation effect is remarkable, compared with single-surface runoff by 30% ,to reduce surfacereduce sediment loss over 98%; in the 15°slopes, 4:4, 4:6 and 6:4 three intercropping treatment effect is remarkable, to deal with than a single 50% reduction of runoff, reduce sediment loss of 84%.
2) Comparison of different rainfall, rainfall intensity greater the larger the surface runoff, runoff and soil N, P, K nutrient content increased, but the control effect of intercropping and soil treatment on soil N, P, K nutrient loss reduction rate is decreased . Forage test strip from the set point of view, its base to the end of the planting strip of alfalfa can effectively prevent sediment loss.
3) Loss of soil nutrients prime means for the sediment loss and runoff loss, Comparison of per unit volume of sediment in the runoff of nutrients were significantly higher than the nutrient content in; total quantity, the total loss of nutrient runoff sediment loss was significantly greater than the total nutrients. In 14mm and 21mm rainfall, 4:2 and 2:4 intercrop intercropping treatment of 5°slopes than single treatments to reduce TN, AN, TP, AVP, TK and AVK loss of 62.3% ~ 78.1% and 30.89% ~ 52.16%; 4:4,4:6 and 6:4 intercrop treatment of 15°slopes less than TN, AN, TP, AVP, TK and AVK loss of 46.0% ~ 65.4%. and 32.44% ~ 65.5%.
2. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on soil moisture and nutrients of field in different slopes lands.
1) At the different slopes arid land, taking grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) strip intercropping system can improve the soil moisture content of food field, 5°slope farmland, the 2:4 intercropping cropping patterns is the most effective, 15°slopes field, the 4:4 ratio of arable is the best intercropping cropping patterns, soil moisture content of crops is higher 2.3 points and 1.08 percentage points than the control of an average single.
2) Grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) of food crops with intercropping can increase water use efficiency (WUE), the 2:4 intercrop planting patterns of 5°slopes land crop water use efficiency increased to 1.92 kg/cm3 than single-disposed.The 4:4 intercropping of 15°slopes land crop water use efficiency increased 1.25 ~ 1.57 kg/m3 than single. 3) Grain grass strip intercropping cropping can increase the cultivation of food crops with the soil organic matter content and soil nitrogen and nitrogen content, 5°slopes with a 2:4 ratio of arable land to intercropping cultivation model best, 15°slopes farmland to 4:4 ratio of intercropping cropping patterns with the best of its food crops with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrogen content increased with improved intercropping years.
4) As compared with the single grain, grain grass strip intercropping plant model soil total K, available potassium and available phosphorus content was significantly increased . in the 5°slope farmland ,the 2:4 and 4:2 intercrop planting patterns is the best. in the 15°sloping land, the 4:4 ratio of intercropping on the plant model is the best.
3. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on production and the growth and development of millet and panicum miliaceum in different slope lands.
1) The grain yield of arid slope to grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) intercropping cropping pattern was significantly higher than food alone. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 intercropping forage yield optimal , compared with grain (millet or pearl millet) single planting, the yields of millet and pearl millet yield increased 23.88% and 21.44%; in the 15°slopes, 4:4,4:6 and 6:4 the three forage intercropping yield is better, yield millet and pearl millet high 13.22 ~ 15.72% and 10.31% ~ 12.73% than food alone treatment, especially yield of 4:4 forage intercropping treatment is the most significant.
2) Leaf area of grain grass intercropping planting patterns on food crops (millet and pearl millet) in height and growth period did not significantly affect, but significantly increased the crop green leaf area during growth period (heading-Mature ), promoting the accumulation of photosynthetic material. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 treatment of leaf area per plant increased 86.77 cm~2/plant and 27.67 cm~2 /plant than the single treatment, and increased 77.39cm~2 /plant and 9.65 cm~2 /plant during maturity; in the 15°slopes, 4:4 intercropping millet and pearl millet processing single-leaf area increased 84.74 cm~2/plant and 27.41cm~2 /plant than the singel planting , during maturity respectively increased 78.64cm~2/plant and 12.21cm~2 /plant.
3) Dry matter accumulation of grain grass intercropping cropping is not difference before ear stage ,but after ear, millet and pearl millet dry matter accumulation per plant of intercropping forage increased significantly. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 processing mode of the crop dry matter accumulation was significantly higher than the one for food processing, millet plant quality increase 15.75%, pearl millet plant quality for processing to increase 10.10%. In the 15°slopes, 4:4, 6:4 and 4:6 three treatments significantly increased the amount of dry matter accumulation than single plant , millet increased 25.47%, 13.48% and 10.79% and pearl millet increase 17.26%, 13.69% and 13.42% during maturity.
4) Intercropping forage crops can be increased in stem and leaf sheath dry matter accumulation, and promote the heads of grain crops in the dry matter distribution. In the 5°slopes, millet and pearl millet dry matter accumulation of the intercropping treatment increased 0.43%~9.21% and 9.55% ~ 24.24% than single-handle; in 15°slopes, its separately increasing 7.5% ~ 40.1% and 12.6% to 23.6%.
5) Quality of root of forage intercropping cropping patterns effectively improved than food alone treatment. In the 5°slopes, millet of 2:4 forage intercropping processing mode number of roots per plant and quality were increased 1.4 twigs and 0.71g, pearl millet number of roots per plant and quality were increased 3.6 twigs and 0.32 g; in the 15°slopes, 4:4 intercrop treatment millet number of roots per plant and quality were increased 5.3 twigs and 0.55 g, pearl millet were increased 3.6 twigs and 0.32 g.
4. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on index of the physiological ecology of millet and panicum miliaceum in different slopes lands.
1) In the arid slopes of different slope, the millet and pearl millet in the photosynthetic rate of change was "M"-type bimodal curve, in the afternoon between 2:00 -4:00 "midday depression". Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate on changes in the performance of the same changes, changes in intercellular CO_2 concentration of the photosynthetic rate changes and not related, present trend of high to low.
2) Compared with the monoculture of grain, forage crop intercropping treatment can significantly increase the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. In 5°slopes, 2:4 intercropping millet average net photosynthetic rate was increased 1.46μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1) than the one for handling, pearl millet leaf net photosynthetic rate than the one for the average treatment increased 2.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1); 15°slopes, 4:4 forage most obvious effect of intercropping millet average net photosynthetic rate than the food alone for treatment increased 3.17μmol·m-2·s -1 and pearl millet increase 1.68μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1).
3) Millet and pearl millet in the LAI from the beginning of jointing was low - high - low trend, the maximum in ear stage; the CGR is bigger during the jointing-heading and heading to filling stage and the CGR of emergence is low and dry matter accumulation slow. Millet leaf area and time to obtain the highest net assimilation time is jointing-booting and emergence- jointing stage, NAR began to decline after the booting and the lowest in filling- maturity. NAR values of pearl millet were higher in three stage of the emergence-jointing and jointing-heading and heading-filling, during the filling-maturity was significantly lower.
4) The forage intercropping millet and panicum miliaceum population characteristics indicators were increased. Leaf area index, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate improved significantly during different growth stages. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 forage intercropping patterns was most obvious, millet LAI values was larger than the monoculture of 20.05%, 25.25% and 50.22%, pearl millet increased 30.51%, 20.10% and 33.69% during in grain filling and maturity. During the jointing-heading and heading-filling stage, millet CGR values were increased 46.90% and 54.81% and NAR were increased 26.67% and 50.0% than single planting, pearl millet of the CGR values were dealing with 36.54% respectively and 16.05%, NAR were increased 36.36% and 20.0% than handling. In the 15°slopes, 4:4 forage intercropping patterns was most obvious. During grain filling and maturity, millet LAI values was larger 17.75%, 25.24% and 45.46% than the monoculture, pearl millet increased 31.96%, 31.07% and 46.29%. During the jointing-heading and heading-filling stage, millet CGR values were increased 46.90% and 74.05% than sigle planting, NAR were increased 36.54% and 42.86% than single; pearl millet of the CGR values were more 25.0% and 45.45%, NAR were increased more 36.36% and 40.0% than single planting.
1、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植的水土流失特征状况
1)坡耕地上采取粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)带状间作种植能够有效减少农田水土流失和土壤N、P、K养分流失,在5°坡地上,4:2带比间作模式和2:4带比间作模式的水土保持效果显著,地表径流量较单作处理减少30%以上,泥沙流失量较单作处理减少98%以上;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4 3个带比间作模式的效果显著,较单作处理减少地表径流量50%以上,减少泥沙流失84%以上。
2)不同降雨量比较,降雨强度越大,地表径流量越大,径流土壤中的N、P、K养分量增加,但间作处理的水土防治效果和对土壤N、P、K养分的流失减少幅度降低。从本试验粮草条带设置来看,坡底以苜蓿结尾的种植条带均能有效阻止泥沙流失。
3)坡地土壤养分的流失途径为推移质(泥沙)流失和径流流失2种,单位体积比较,泥沙中的养分含量明显高于径流中的养分含量;总量比较,坡面径流流失的总养分明显大于泥沙流失中的总养分。在5°坡地上,4:2和2:4间作处理的养分流失防治效果最好, 14mm降雨量和21mm降雨量下的TN、AN、TP、AVP、TK和AVK流失量分别较单作减少62.3%~78.1%和30.89%~52.16%;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4间作处理的养分流失防治效果最好,在14mm降雨量和21mm降雨量下的TN、AN、TP、AVP、TK和AVK流失量分别较单作处理减少46.0%~65.4%和32.44%~65.5%。
2、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对农田土壤水分和养分的影响
1)在不同坡度耕地上,采取粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)条带间作模式可有效提高粮带的土壤水分含量,5°坡地以2:4带比间作模式效果最佳,15°坡地以4:4带比间作模式效果最佳,其粮食作物的土壤含水率分别较单作处理平均提高2.3个百分点和1.08个百分点。
2)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)条带间作模式可有效提高粮食作物的水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮的含量,5°坡地上的2:4带比间作种植模式和15°坡地上的4:4带比间作模式的作物水分利用效率较单作平均增加了1.92kg·cm~(-3)和1.25~1.57 kg·cm~(-3),土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别较单作处理增加32.41%、25.27%、48.09%和17.64%、32.08%、47.44%。且间作模式的粮作带土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量随着间作年份的增加明显增加。
4)与粮食单作相比,粮草间作模式下的粮作带土壤的全钾、速效钾和速效磷含量明显增加,不同坡度和间作模式比较,在5°坡地上的2:4带比间作模式和15°坡地上的4:4带比间作种植模式的效果最好,土壤全钾、速效磷和速效钾分别较单作提高75.61%、77.46%、25.39%和66.12%、88.29%和48.55%。
3、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对谷子、糜子产量及其生长发育的影响
1)坡地粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)带状间作模式的作物产量明显高于单作处理。在5°坡地上,2:4带比间作种植模式的增产效果最佳,与粮食(谷子或糜子)单作相比,谷子和糜子分别增产23.88%和21.44%;在15°坡地上,4:4、4:6和6:4 3个粮草间作处理模式增产效果较佳,与粮食单作相比,谷子增产13.22~15.72%,糜子增产10.31~12.73%,尤其是4:4粮草间作处理的增产效果最为显著。
2)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)间作种植模式对粮食作物(谷子和糜子)的株高和拔节期叶面积没有明显影响,但显著提高了粮食作物抽穗期和成熟期的单株绿叶面积,促进了光合物质的积累。在5°坡地上, 2:4带比间作模式谷子和糜子抽穗期的单株叶面积较单作处理提高86.77cm~2/株和27.67cm~2/株,成熟期提高77.39cm~2/株和9.65cm~2/株;在15°坡地上,4:4间作模式谷子和糜子抽穗期的单株叶面积较单作处理分别提高84.74cm~2/株和27.41cm~2/株,成熟期分别提高78.64cm~2/株和12.21cm~2/株。
3)粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)间作种植模式对粮食作物抽穗前的干物质积累影响不大,抽穗后间作模式下的单株干物质积累量明显增加,在5°坡地上,2:4处理模式谷子的单株质量较单作处理增加15.75%,糜子单株质量较单作处理增加10.10%。在15°坡地上,4:4、6:4和4:6三个处理谷子单株质量较单作处理增加25.47%、13.48%和10.79%,糜子单株质量较单作处理增加17.26%、13.69%和13.42%。
4)粮草间作模式促进了谷子、糜子茎叶鞘中的干物质量积累,明显增加了穗子中的干物质分配比率。在5°坡地上,间作处理谷子和糜子穗子中的干物质积累量分别较单作处理增加0.43%~9.21%和9.55%~24.24%;在15°坡地上,谷子和糜子穗子中的干物质积累量分别较单作处理增加7.5%~40.1%和12.6%~23.6%。
5)粮草间作种植模式谷子、糜子根系的数量和质量较粮食单作明显增加,5°坡地上, 2:4间作模式增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的单株根数和质量分别较单作增加1.4条、0.71g和3.6条、0.32 g;在15°坡地上, 4:4间作模式增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的单株根数和质量分别较单作处理增加5.3条、0.55 g和3.6条、0.32 g。
4、不同坡度粮草带状间作种植对谷子、糜子主要生理生态指标的影响
1)坡度耕地上,谷子和糜子的光合速率日变化均呈“M”型双峰曲线变化,在下午2:00点~4:00之间出现“午休”现象。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率日变化表现一致,而胞间CO_2浓度日变化则呈现由高到低的变化趋势。
2)与单作相比,粮草间作处理能明显增加谷子和糜子的蒸腾速率和气孔导度、显著提高谷子和糜子叶片的净光合速率。在5°坡地上,2:4间作模式的增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子的叶片的净光合速率平均较单作处理提高1.46μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和2.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);在15°坡地上,4:4粮草间作模式的增加幅度最大,谷子和糜子叶片的净光合速率平均较单作处理提高3.17μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和1.68μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。
3)坡耕地上谷子和糜子全生育期的LAI呈低-高-低的变化趋势,抽穗期最大,CGR最高时期为拔节-抽穗期和抽穗至灌浆期,出苗到拔节期的CGR相对较低,干物质积累缓慢。谷子单位叶面积和时间获得的净同化物最高的时期为拔节-抽穗期和出苗-拔节期,抽穗后NAR开始下降,灌浆-成熟期NAR值最低;糜子在出苗-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆3个时期的NAR值均较高,灌浆-成熟期NAR值则明显降低。
4)坡度耕地上粮草间作模式的谷子和糜子不同生育阶段的叶面积指数、作物生长率和净同化率与单作相比显著提高。在5°坡地上,2:4间作模式的增加幅度最为明显,抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,谷子的LAI值较单作平均增加20.05%、25.25%和50.22%,糜子的LAI值较单作平均增加30.51%、20.10%和33.69%;在拔节-抽穗和抽穗-灌浆期,谷子的CGR值较单作分别提高46.90%和54.81%,NAR较单作提高26.67%和50.0%;糜子CGR值较单作提高36.54%和16.05%,NAR较单作处理提高36.36%和20.0%。在15°坡地上,4:4间作模式的增加幅度最为明显,抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期谷子的LAI分别较单作提高17.75%、25.24和45.46%,糜子的LAI分别较单作提高31.96%、31.07和46.29%。拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-灌浆期,谷子的CGR分别较单作提高46.90%和74.05%, NAR分别较单作提高25.0%和45.45%;糜子的CGR分别较单作提高36.54%和42.86%, NAR分别较单作提高36.36%和40.0%
Southern arid areas in Ningxia, agricultural production depends on natural rainfall, effective rainfall shortage and uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space is a major factor constraining crop growth. Most of the farmland due to the role of heavy rainfall during the rainy season, causing heavy soil erosion and surface soil nutrient loss and soil degradation. Slope or ordinary wood hedgerow planting grass to reduce soil erosion has a significant effect. The intercropping technique with full use of environmental resources and increase crop production characteristics is widely used all over the country.And the slope of food crops and intercropping of alfalfa few bands, especially suitable for intercropping with the forage ratio that yield traits and characteristics of soil erosion has been reported rarely.Field experiments were conducted in southern Ningxia, Pengyang white Township of steep village arid point (106°32 '~ 106°58' E, 35°4l '~ 36°17' N) during 2007-2008. In the passed the field test, different slope (5°and 15°) on the millet/alfalfa and pearl millet/alfalfa under different intercropping treatment of production target population characteristics, soil erosion, were distinguished comparative analysis of the main results. The main results showed as follows:
1. Characteristics of soil erosion of grain-grass strip intercropping planting in different slopes lands.
1) Farmland to take food (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) strip intercropping planting can reduce soil erosion and agricultural soil N, P, K nutrient loss, in the 5°slopes, With a ratio of 4:2 and 2:4 intercropping patterns than with soil and water conservation effect is remarkable, compared with single-surface runoff by 30% ,to reduce surfacereduce sediment loss over 98%; in the 15°slopes, 4:4, 4:6 and 6:4 three intercropping treatment effect is remarkable, to deal with than a single 50% reduction of runoff, reduce sediment loss of 84%.
2) Comparison of different rainfall, rainfall intensity greater the larger the surface runoff, runoff and soil N, P, K nutrient content increased, but the control effect of intercropping and soil treatment on soil N, P, K nutrient loss reduction rate is decreased . Forage test strip from the set point of view, its base to the end of the planting strip of alfalfa can effectively prevent sediment loss.
3) Loss of soil nutrients prime means for the sediment loss and runoff loss, Comparison of per unit volume of sediment in the runoff of nutrients were significantly higher than the nutrient content in; total quantity, the total loss of nutrient runoff sediment loss was significantly greater than the total nutrients. In 14mm and 21mm rainfall, 4:2 and 2:4 intercrop intercropping treatment of 5°slopes than single treatments to reduce TN, AN, TP, AVP, TK and AVK loss of 62.3% ~ 78.1% and 30.89% ~ 52.16%; 4:4,4:6 and 6:4 intercrop treatment of 15°slopes less than TN, AN, TP, AVP, TK and AVK loss of 46.0% ~ 65.4%. and 32.44% ~ 65.5%.
2. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on soil moisture and nutrients of field in different slopes lands.
1) At the different slopes arid land, taking grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) strip intercropping system can improve the soil moisture content of food field, 5°slope farmland, the 2:4 intercropping cropping patterns is the most effective, 15°slopes field, the 4:4 ratio of arable is the best intercropping cropping patterns, soil moisture content of crops is higher 2.3 points and 1.08 percentage points than the control of an average single.
2) Grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) of food crops with intercropping can increase water use efficiency (WUE), the 2:4 intercrop planting patterns of 5°slopes land crop water use efficiency increased to 1.92 kg/cm3 than single-disposed.The 4:4 intercropping of 15°slopes land crop water use efficiency increased 1.25 ~ 1.57 kg/m3 than single. 3) Grain grass strip intercropping cropping can increase the cultivation of food crops with the soil organic matter content and soil nitrogen and nitrogen content, 5°slopes with a 2:4 ratio of arable land to intercropping cultivation model best, 15°slopes farmland to 4:4 ratio of intercropping cropping patterns with the best of its food crops with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrogen content increased with improved intercropping years.
4) As compared with the single grain, grain grass strip intercropping plant model soil total K, available potassium and available phosphorus content was significantly increased . in the 5°slope farmland ,the 2:4 and 4:2 intercrop planting patterns is the best. in the 15°sloping land, the 4:4 ratio of intercropping on the plant model is the best.
3. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on production and the growth and development of millet and panicum miliaceum in different slope lands.
1) The grain yield of arid slope to grain (millet or pearl millet) grass (alfalfa) intercropping cropping pattern was significantly higher than food alone. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 intercropping forage yield optimal , compared with grain (millet or pearl millet) single planting, the yields of millet and pearl millet yield increased 23.88% and 21.44%; in the 15°slopes, 4:4,4:6 and 6:4 the three forage intercropping yield is better, yield millet and pearl millet high 13.22 ~ 15.72% and 10.31% ~ 12.73% than food alone treatment, especially yield of 4:4 forage intercropping treatment is the most significant.
2) Leaf area of grain grass intercropping planting patterns on food crops (millet and pearl millet) in height and growth period did not significantly affect, but significantly increased the crop green leaf area during growth period (heading-Mature ), promoting the accumulation of photosynthetic material. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 treatment of leaf area per plant increased 86.77 cm~2/plant and 27.67 cm~2 /plant than the single treatment, and increased 77.39cm~2 /plant and 9.65 cm~2 /plant during maturity; in the 15°slopes, 4:4 intercropping millet and pearl millet processing single-leaf area increased 84.74 cm~2/plant and 27.41cm~2 /plant than the singel planting , during maturity respectively increased 78.64cm~2/plant and 12.21cm~2 /plant.
3) Dry matter accumulation of grain grass intercropping cropping is not difference before ear stage ,but after ear, millet and pearl millet dry matter accumulation per plant of intercropping forage increased significantly. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 processing mode of the crop dry matter accumulation was significantly higher than the one for food processing, millet plant quality increase 15.75%, pearl millet plant quality for processing to increase 10.10%. In the 15°slopes, 4:4, 6:4 and 4:6 three treatments significantly increased the amount of dry matter accumulation than single plant , millet increased 25.47%, 13.48% and 10.79% and pearl millet increase 17.26%, 13.69% and 13.42% during maturity.
4) Intercropping forage crops can be increased in stem and leaf sheath dry matter accumulation, and promote the heads of grain crops in the dry matter distribution. In the 5°slopes, millet and pearl millet dry matter accumulation of the intercropping treatment increased 0.43%~9.21% and 9.55% ~ 24.24% than single-handle; in 15°slopes, its separately increasing 7.5% ~ 40.1% and 12.6% to 23.6%.
5) Quality of root of forage intercropping cropping patterns effectively improved than food alone treatment. In the 5°slopes, millet of 2:4 forage intercropping processing mode number of roots per plant and quality were increased 1.4 twigs and 0.71g, pearl millet number of roots per plant and quality were increased 3.6 twigs and 0.32 g; in the 15°slopes, 4:4 intercrop treatment millet number of roots per plant and quality were increased 5.3 twigs and 0.55 g, pearl millet were increased 3.6 twigs and 0.32 g.
4. Effects of grain-grass strip intercropping planting on index of the physiological ecology of millet and panicum miliaceum in different slopes lands.
1) In the arid slopes of different slope, the millet and pearl millet in the photosynthetic rate of change was "M"-type bimodal curve, in the afternoon between 2:00 -4:00 "midday depression". Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate on changes in the performance of the same changes, changes in intercellular CO_2 concentration of the photosynthetic rate changes and not related, present trend of high to low.
2) Compared with the monoculture of grain, forage crop intercropping treatment can significantly increase the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. In 5°slopes, 2:4 intercropping millet average net photosynthetic rate was increased 1.46μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1) than the one for handling, pearl millet leaf net photosynthetic rate than the one for the average treatment increased 2.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1); 15°slopes, 4:4 forage most obvious effect of intercropping millet average net photosynthetic rate than the food alone for treatment increased 3.17μmol·m-2·s -1 and pearl millet increase 1.68μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1).
3) Millet and pearl millet in the LAI from the beginning of jointing was low - high - low trend, the maximum in ear stage; the CGR is bigger during the jointing-heading and heading to filling stage and the CGR of emergence is low and dry matter accumulation slow. Millet leaf area and time to obtain the highest net assimilation time is jointing-booting and emergence- jointing stage, NAR began to decline after the booting and the lowest in filling- maturity. NAR values of pearl millet were higher in three stage of the emergence-jointing and jointing-heading and heading-filling, during the filling-maturity was significantly lower.
4) The forage intercropping millet and panicum miliaceum population characteristics indicators were increased. Leaf area index, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate improved significantly during different growth stages. In the 5°slopes, 2:4 forage intercropping patterns was most obvious, millet LAI values was larger than the monoculture of 20.05%, 25.25% and 50.22%, pearl millet increased 30.51%, 20.10% and 33.69% during in grain filling and maturity. During the jointing-heading and heading-filling stage, millet CGR values were increased 46.90% and 54.81% and NAR were increased 26.67% and 50.0% than single planting, pearl millet of the CGR values were dealing with 36.54% respectively and 16.05%, NAR were increased 36.36% and 20.0% than handling. In the 15°slopes, 4:4 forage intercropping patterns was most obvious. During grain filling and maturity, millet LAI values was larger 17.75%, 25.24% and 45.46% than the monoculture, pearl millet increased 31.96%, 31.07% and 46.29%. During the jointing-heading and heading-filling stage, millet CGR values were increased 46.90% and 74.05% than sigle planting, NAR were increased 36.54% and 42.86% than single; pearl millet of the CGR values were more 25.0% and 45.45%, NAR were increased more 36.36% and 40.0% than single planting.
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