我国弱势大学生的就业研究
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摘要
随着高等教育的改革,大学的扩招,以及社会经济环境的变化,我国大学生就业难已是不争的事实。人才市场的竞争空前激烈,就业形势异常严峻,那么对于这其中的弱势大学生而言,他们因为自身或其他种种原因在竞争中处于劣势,这种劣势又使他们遭遇社会上或明或暗的漠视和歧视,使他们的就业更是难上加难。弱势大学生的就业问题如果得不到切实的解决,那么对于社会的和谐,家庭的稳定,高校的发展以及弱势大学生的健康成长都会产生很多不利影响。
本文从弱势大学生的相关概念研究入手,将弱势大学生分别从家庭经济、生理、心理、学业、专业、性别六个方面分为六种类型。为了更好地了解弱势大学生的就业现状,本文结合问卷调查,对每种类型的弱势大学生的就业困境进行了详细的分析,并归纳出他们在就业过程中产生的焦虑烦躁、自卑加剧、愤世嫉俗、抑郁冷漠四种主要的不良心理。接着主要从家庭、学校、弱势学生自身以及社会环境因素四个方面,对弱势大学生就业难的原因进行剖析。最后指出解决弱势大学生的就业问题是一项系统的工程,需要政府、社会的大力支持和高校的相应改革。外因只有通过内因才能起到作用,最重要的是弱势大学生也要努力实现自我转化,针对自身的弱势进行相应的提高和转变,努力提高自身素质,迎接就业挑战。本文从政策支持、就业服务、社会援助、弱势学生的综合素质培养和自我转化五个方面提出具体解决弱势大学生就业的对策,这对政府制定相关的扶持政策、高校改变人才培养目标及完善就业指导具有一定的借鉴意义。
Due to the reform of educational policy of our country in institutions of higher learning and the expansion of student enrollment in colleges and universities, as well as the changes of social and economic environment, The difficulty of employment of college students is an indisputable fact.
The competition in labor market becomes fiercer than ever before. Employment situation has become extremely severe. For the vulnerable college students, Their own or other reasons led to their disadvantage in the competition. This disadvantage made they encounter overt or covert social indifference and discrimination. All these things made their employment become more and more difficult. If the employment of the vulnerable college students can not be solved, it will have lots of adverse effect on social harmony, family stability, development of university, and healthy growth of the vulnerable college students.
The article starts from the related concepts of the vulnerable college students and classifies them into six types from families, physiological, psychological, study, major and gender. To grasp the employment status of the vulnerable college students better, by means of questionnaire, this paper carries out a detailed analysis of the employment plight for each type of the vulnerable students, and summarized four major adverse psychology which generated in the course of employment: anxiety- irritability, low self-esteem increased, cynicism and depression-apathy. Then, mainly from family, school, social environmental factors and students themselves, to analyze the reasons for the difficulty of the employment of the vulnerable students. Finally, the employment problems of disadvantaged students is a systematic project, needs the support from government and society, and the appropriate reform of university. External factors can play a role only through internal factors. The most important is the vulnerable students have to work hard to achieve self-transformation. According to their disadvantages to improve and change themselves, strive to improve their own quality to meet the employment challenges. In this paper, five concrete measures have been proposed to solve the employment for vulnerable students from the policy support, employment services, social assistance,the overall quality of training and self-transformation of vulnerable students, which has a certain reference for the Government in formulating relevant policies and university personnel in changing training objectives and improving career guidance.
本文从弱势大学生的相关概念研究入手,将弱势大学生分别从家庭经济、生理、心理、学业、专业、性别六个方面分为六种类型。为了更好地了解弱势大学生的就业现状,本文结合问卷调查,对每种类型的弱势大学生的就业困境进行了详细的分析,并归纳出他们在就业过程中产生的焦虑烦躁、自卑加剧、愤世嫉俗、抑郁冷漠四种主要的不良心理。接着主要从家庭、学校、弱势学生自身以及社会环境因素四个方面,对弱势大学生就业难的原因进行剖析。最后指出解决弱势大学生的就业问题是一项系统的工程,需要政府、社会的大力支持和高校的相应改革。外因只有通过内因才能起到作用,最重要的是弱势大学生也要努力实现自我转化,针对自身的弱势进行相应的提高和转变,努力提高自身素质,迎接就业挑战。本文从政策支持、就业服务、社会援助、弱势学生的综合素质培养和自我转化五个方面提出具体解决弱势大学生就业的对策,这对政府制定相关的扶持政策、高校改变人才培养目标及完善就业指导具有一定的借鉴意义。
Due to the reform of educational policy of our country in institutions of higher learning and the expansion of student enrollment in colleges and universities, as well as the changes of social and economic environment, The difficulty of employment of college students is an indisputable fact.
The competition in labor market becomes fiercer than ever before. Employment situation has become extremely severe. For the vulnerable college students, Their own or other reasons led to their disadvantage in the competition. This disadvantage made they encounter overt or covert social indifference and discrimination. All these things made their employment become more and more difficult. If the employment of the vulnerable college students can not be solved, it will have lots of adverse effect on social harmony, family stability, development of university, and healthy growth of the vulnerable college students.
The article starts from the related concepts of the vulnerable college students and classifies them into six types from families, physiological, psychological, study, major and gender. To grasp the employment status of the vulnerable college students better, by means of questionnaire, this paper carries out a detailed analysis of the employment plight for each type of the vulnerable students, and summarized four major adverse psychology which generated in the course of employment: anxiety- irritability, low self-esteem increased, cynicism and depression-apathy. Then, mainly from family, school, social environmental factors and students themselves, to analyze the reasons for the difficulty of the employment of the vulnerable students. Finally, the employment problems of disadvantaged students is a systematic project, needs the support from government and society, and the appropriate reform of university. External factors can play a role only through internal factors. The most important is the vulnerable students have to work hard to achieve self-transformation. According to their disadvantages to improve and change themselves, strive to improve their own quality to meet the employment challenges. In this paper, five concrete measures have been proposed to solve the employment for vulnerable students from the policy support, employment services, social assistance,the overall quality of training and self-transformation of vulnerable students, which has a certain reference for the Government in formulating relevant policies and university personnel in changing training objectives and improving career guidance.
引文
1 Rothman, J. (1995), Practice with Highly Vulnerable Clients: Case Management and Community-Based Service. Prentice Hall,1995,(6):3-4
2 Gitterman.A.& Shulman, L. (1994), Mutual Aid Groups, Vulnerable Populations, and the Life Cycle. Prentice Hall,1994,(3):8
3 Scott James C. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven:Yale University Press,1976:246
4 Lichter,D.T. The Underemployment of American Rural Women: Prevalence, Trends and Spatial Inequality .Journal of Rural Studies,1989,(5):199-200
5 Hannan,M.T.Schomann K.& Blossfeld H.,Sex and Sector Differences in the Dynamics of Wage Growth in the Federal Republic of Germany.American Sociological Review, 1990,(5):694
6 Coleman James S. Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result, Harvard Educational Review,1973,(5):129
7 Hus,T. & Postlethwaite,TV(Ecs.).The International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1994:56
8 Charles Taylor. Models of Civil Society. Public Culture, 1991, 3(l): 99
9郑杭生.中国人民大学中国社会发展研究报告2002.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2003:23
10连玉明.中国国情报告2003.北京:中国时代经济出版社,2003:89
11沈立人.中国弱势群体.北京:民主与建设出版社,2005:101
12王山群.大学生弱势群体透视及扶植途径.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(6): 70-71
13柳忠友,吴俊.高校弱势学生群体与思想政治工作.探索,2003,(1):86-88
14杨永欣.大学生弱势群体形成的原因现状及对策.理论学习,2003,(1):37-38
15王文余,胡建.大学生弱势群体的形成原因及对策.西南师范大学学报(人文科学版), 2002,(1) :77
16黄光云.高校弱势群体及扶助对策研究.广西商业高等专科学校学报,2005,(1):1
17吴洁菲.大学生中弱势群体的关注与管理.教书育人,2005,(9):22-23
18方志华.关注大学生弱势群体——维护高校稳定.华南理工大学报,2005,(4):80
19谭唏,高茂兵.大学生就业弱势群体就业困境与对策.中国大学生业,2006,(16):96
20汪清,汪飞鸿.大学生弱势群体现状分析及教育对策.厦门教育学院学报, 2006,8(4):76
21李伯枫,张戈,邢希娜.大学生就业弱势群体透视及扶植途径.现代企业教育, 2007,(7):93-94
22许慧敏.浅谈求职中的大学生弱势群体.山西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2006, 5(3):332
23周剑平.贫困大学生就业困境分析.社会科学战线,2005,(4):23
24褚惠萍.高校贫困生就业存在的问题及对策研究.教育与职业,2005,(32):44
25岳昌君,文东茅,丁小浩.求职与起薪:高校毕业生就业竞争力的实证分析.管理世界,2004,(11):31
26纪月梅,秦蓓.性别工资差别与人力资本——来自大学毕业生的经验分.世界经济文汇,2004,(6):65
27 Kazushi Nishida(2002) Youth Employment Measures in Japan,Interntional Affairs Division Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, 2005:9
28 Phelps. Microeconomic Foundation of Employment and Unemployment,Norton, 2006,(6):45
29 Federal Student Aid Information Center(2003),Repaying Your Student Loans, 2003:5-6
30 Total Employment—support Program(1994),in Japan Labor Bulletin, 1994:33
31 National Center for Education Statistics,2002,DiRest of Education Statistics 2001, 2001-2002:455
32 Jensen, L. Findeis, Slipping into and out of Underemployment: Another Disadvantage for Nonmetropolitan Workers. Rural Sociology,1999,(3):417-438
33 Marini.M.M. Sex Differences in Earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology,1989,(15):343-344
34 Conlon G. chevalier. A Financial Returns to Undergraduates:A Summary of Recent Evidence, 2002,(9):56-57
35 The Japan Institute of Labor. Emergency Support for Unemployed New Graduates. Japan Labor Bulletin, 2002,(6):5-6.
36 Hillage,J.&Pollard,EmployabiIity:Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis,DFEE Research Report,1998,(7):85
37钱再见.中国社会弱势群体及其社会支持政策.江海学刊, 2002, (3):67
38李学林.社会转型与中国社会弱势群体.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2006:2-3
39张敏杰.社会经济发展中的弱势群体及其社会支持.浙江学刊, 2003,(3):21
40邓伟志.关注弱势群体.文汇报. 2002 - 03 -29.
41咎剑森,程新征.略论改革中的弱势群体.《第二届全国社会福利理论与政策研讨会论文集》.长春:长春出版社,2001:20
42季敦山.透视大学生弱势群体.体育世界(学术版),2006,(5):20-22
43黄乘胜,黄晓会.大学生弱势群体研究.网络财富,2009,(5):18
44蒋笃君.新时期大学生弱势群体问题探析.河南工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008, 4(1):134-136
45杨在华.大学生弱势群体就业难现状及对策分析.教育与现代化,2007,(6):2
46傅新华,赖练.影响大学生就业的心理因素及干预研究.黑龙江高教研究,2009,(7): 74-76
47曹鸣谦.浅析金融危机影响下的大学生就业心理问题及就业指导工作对策.科技信息,2009,(25):101-102
48梁茵,车恩利.贫困大学生就业心理问题分析及对策.辽宁教育研究,2007,(3): 98-100
49王丽.女大学生就业心理分析及对策.教育及职业,2009,(29):85-87
50叶冬青.大学生弱势群体的成因及解决策略.教育探索,2009,(2):56-57
51朱旭,马丽华.贫困大学生就业难的原因和对策.湖南冶金职业技术学院学报,2009, 9(1): 95
52 Miehael White and Recca Rliey(2002),Findings from the Macro Evaluation of the New Deal for Young People,DWP Report,2002,(3):168
53 Elisabeth Dunne.The learning Society.London:Kogan Page Limited,1999:78
54叶逢福.高校贫困大学生就业难原因及对策探析.学理论,2010,(3):121-122
55郭宁.我国社会转型期弱势群体分析.合作经济与科技,2007,(10):64-65
56张传民.当代大学生道德教育实效性问题的原因探析.山东省青年管理干部学院学报, 2005,(6): 41-43
57张伟,耿建东.论政府在当前就业形势下的作用.科技经济市场,2006,(11):241
58胡岸柳,刘银银.浅析弱势群体的社会保障.法制与社会,2009,(8):238-239
59赵泽洪,廖敏.大学生就业中的市场配置与政府调控.黑龙江高教研究,2008,(10): 96-98
60周华珍.关于当前我国女大学生就业弱势问题的思考.中华女子学院学报,2006,(1): 32-36
61汪雷.大学生弱势群体与社会主义和谐校园.江苏广播电视大学学报, 2007,(5): 91-93
62黄遵斌.试论大学生弱势群体的成因及对策.黑龙江教育(高教研究与评估), 2009,(1): 73-75
63赵昕,宿林林.校企合作办学模式的探讨.中国成人教育,2007,(5):25-26
64朱勉.贫困毕业生就业问题的思考.大众科技,2008,(6):193-194
65赵霞.女大学生就业的弱势原因与强势关怀.青年研究,2003,(2):7-12
66王春光.女大学生就业过程中弱势问题的原因及对策.经济师,2005,(1):97-98
67王斌.变“弱势”为“强势”——大学成功择业的启示.中国大学生就业,2003,(6): 34-36
68任雪丽.农村女大学生就业困境探析——成因、影响与对策.经济与社会发展,2008,6(8):197-199
69叶志筑.困境与出路:管窥大学生就业弱势群体.边疆经济与文化.2005,(5):93-94
2 Gitterman.A.& Shulman, L. (1994), Mutual Aid Groups, Vulnerable Populations, and the Life Cycle. Prentice Hall,1994,(3):8
3 Scott James C. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven:Yale University Press,1976:246
4 Lichter,D.T. The Underemployment of American Rural Women: Prevalence, Trends and Spatial Inequality .Journal of Rural Studies,1989,(5):199-200
5 Hannan,M.T.Schomann K.& Blossfeld H.,Sex and Sector Differences in the Dynamics of Wage Growth in the Federal Republic of Germany.American Sociological Review, 1990,(5):694
6 Coleman James S. Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result, Harvard Educational Review,1973,(5):129
7 Hus,T. & Postlethwaite,TV(Ecs.).The International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1994:56
8 Charles Taylor. Models of Civil Society. Public Culture, 1991, 3(l): 99
9郑杭生.中国人民大学中国社会发展研究报告2002.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2003:23
10连玉明.中国国情报告2003.北京:中国时代经济出版社,2003:89
11沈立人.中国弱势群体.北京:民主与建设出版社,2005:101
12王山群.大学生弱势群体透视及扶植途径.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(6): 70-71
13柳忠友,吴俊.高校弱势学生群体与思想政治工作.探索,2003,(1):86-88
14杨永欣.大学生弱势群体形成的原因现状及对策.理论学习,2003,(1):37-38
15王文余,胡建.大学生弱势群体的形成原因及对策.西南师范大学学报(人文科学版), 2002,(1) :77
16黄光云.高校弱势群体及扶助对策研究.广西商业高等专科学校学报,2005,(1):1
17吴洁菲.大学生中弱势群体的关注与管理.教书育人,2005,(9):22-23
18方志华.关注大学生弱势群体——维护高校稳定.华南理工大学报,2005,(4):80
19谭唏,高茂兵.大学生就业弱势群体就业困境与对策.中国大学生业,2006,(16):96
20汪清,汪飞鸿.大学生弱势群体现状分析及教育对策.厦门教育学院学报, 2006,8(4):76
21李伯枫,张戈,邢希娜.大学生就业弱势群体透视及扶植途径.现代企业教育, 2007,(7):93-94
22许慧敏.浅谈求职中的大学生弱势群体.山西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2006, 5(3):332
23周剑平.贫困大学生就业困境分析.社会科学战线,2005,(4):23
24褚惠萍.高校贫困生就业存在的问题及对策研究.教育与职业,2005,(32):44
25岳昌君,文东茅,丁小浩.求职与起薪:高校毕业生就业竞争力的实证分析.管理世界,2004,(11):31
26纪月梅,秦蓓.性别工资差别与人力资本——来自大学毕业生的经验分.世界经济文汇,2004,(6):65
27 Kazushi Nishida(2002) Youth Employment Measures in Japan,Interntional Affairs Division Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, 2005:9
28 Phelps. Microeconomic Foundation of Employment and Unemployment,Norton, 2006,(6):45
29 Federal Student Aid Information Center(2003),Repaying Your Student Loans, 2003:5-6
30 Total Employment—support Program(1994),in Japan Labor Bulletin, 1994:33
31 National Center for Education Statistics,2002,DiRest of Education Statistics 2001, 2001-2002:455
32 Jensen, L. Findeis, Slipping into and out of Underemployment: Another Disadvantage for Nonmetropolitan Workers. Rural Sociology,1999,(3):417-438
33 Marini.M.M. Sex Differences in Earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology,1989,(15):343-344
34 Conlon G. chevalier. A Financial Returns to Undergraduates:A Summary of Recent Evidence, 2002,(9):56-57
35 The Japan Institute of Labor. Emergency Support for Unemployed New Graduates. Japan Labor Bulletin, 2002,(6):5-6.
36 Hillage,J.&Pollard,EmployabiIity:Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis,DFEE Research Report,1998,(7):85
37钱再见.中国社会弱势群体及其社会支持政策.江海学刊, 2002, (3):67
38李学林.社会转型与中国社会弱势群体.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2006:2-3
39张敏杰.社会经济发展中的弱势群体及其社会支持.浙江学刊, 2003,(3):21
40邓伟志.关注弱势群体.文汇报. 2002 - 03 -29.
41咎剑森,程新征.略论改革中的弱势群体.《第二届全国社会福利理论与政策研讨会论文集》.长春:长春出版社,2001:20
42季敦山.透视大学生弱势群体.体育世界(学术版),2006,(5):20-22
43黄乘胜,黄晓会.大学生弱势群体研究.网络财富,2009,(5):18
44蒋笃君.新时期大学生弱势群体问题探析.河南工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008, 4(1):134-136
45杨在华.大学生弱势群体就业难现状及对策分析.教育与现代化,2007,(6):2
46傅新华,赖练.影响大学生就业的心理因素及干预研究.黑龙江高教研究,2009,(7): 74-76
47曹鸣谦.浅析金融危机影响下的大学生就业心理问题及就业指导工作对策.科技信息,2009,(25):101-102
48梁茵,车恩利.贫困大学生就业心理问题分析及对策.辽宁教育研究,2007,(3): 98-100
49王丽.女大学生就业心理分析及对策.教育及职业,2009,(29):85-87
50叶冬青.大学生弱势群体的成因及解决策略.教育探索,2009,(2):56-57
51朱旭,马丽华.贫困大学生就业难的原因和对策.湖南冶金职业技术学院学报,2009, 9(1): 95
52 Miehael White and Recca Rliey(2002),Findings from the Macro Evaluation of the New Deal for Young People,DWP Report,2002,(3):168
53 Elisabeth Dunne.The learning Society.London:Kogan Page Limited,1999:78
54叶逢福.高校贫困大学生就业难原因及对策探析.学理论,2010,(3):121-122
55郭宁.我国社会转型期弱势群体分析.合作经济与科技,2007,(10):64-65
56张传民.当代大学生道德教育实效性问题的原因探析.山东省青年管理干部学院学报, 2005,(6): 41-43
57张伟,耿建东.论政府在当前就业形势下的作用.科技经济市场,2006,(11):241
58胡岸柳,刘银银.浅析弱势群体的社会保障.法制与社会,2009,(8):238-239
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