甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni系和Pd系催化剂性能研究
|
摘要
甲烷部分氧化制合成气(POM)方法因具有反应速率快、能耗低,可显著降低设备投资和生产成本,生成的合成气H_2/CO的比例为2,可直接用于甲醇及费-托合成等优点而成为国内外研究的热点。
本文以甲烷部分氧化制合成气为模型反应,结合XRD、BET、TPR和分散度、TG-DTA、拉曼光谱、SEM、XPS等表征手段,研究了Ni、Pd系催化剂制备工艺、改性剂和改性效应、催化性能,并进行工业化初探,为POM催化剂设计提供基础数据。
Ni系催化剂的研究表明,对于以α-Al_2O_3为载体的Ni基POM催化剂,Ni的最优负载量是10%;载体比表面有一个阈值,即4.042m~2/g,当比表面大于阈值后,载体的孔容、孔径成为主要影响因素,因为孔容、孔径的增大可使反应物和产物扩散速度增大,从而提高催化剂的活性。在本实验中得出需要载体孔容Vt≥0.0160cm~3/g,孔径Dp≥13.08nm。S_(micro)/S_(BET)能很好反映载体孔结构对催化剂的影响规律,当S_(micro)/S_(BET)≤37.79%时,催化剂的活性较好;助剂CeO_2-ZrO_2改性催化剂能有效提高催化活性和稳定性,在机械混合、分子混合和原子混合三种不同的载体混合方式中,机械混合载体催化剂的稳定性和抗积炭性能最好,主要是因为机械混合样品中Ni-Al_2O_3间具有较强的相互作用能够抑制活性组分的烧结和积炭,提高催化剂的稳定性。
Pd系催化剂的研究表明,以CeO_2-ZrO_2为载体能减少活性组分Pd的负载量,并能提高POM催化剂的活性和稳定性,可归因于CeO_2-ZrO_2载体能提高活性组分分散度和CeO_2-ZrO_2中的晶格氧参与反应;还可以提高Pd催化剂的耐高温性能;以机械混合、分子混合和原子混合三种CeO_2-ZrO_2/Al_2O_3载体制备的催化剂中分子混合载体催化剂具有最佳的稳定性,这是因为分子混合样品中金属与CeO_2-ZrO_2接触的界面较大,CeO_2-ZrO_2中的晶格氧能及时消除金属上的积炭。对性能较好的Pd系模型催化剂开展工业化初探研究表明,将CeO_2-ZrO_2以助剂形式与Al_2O_3以摩尔比例1:1混合制得的催化剂,表面吸附的SO_2可形成具有一定氧化性的硫酸盐类,从而提高了催化剂的抗硫性能。采用金属蜂窝载体,可以有效降低催化剂床层飞温点温度为880℃,低于催化剂焙烧温度950℃,避免了活性中心团聚和载体烧结,延长了催化剂的使用寿命。
Partial Oxidation of Methane (POM) has drawn great scientific interests due to high reaction rate, low energy consuming, limited operation cost, and producing the syngas with H_2/CO molar ratio of 2:1 that could be directly applied for methanol and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.
The present works investigate Ni and Pd based POM catalysts concerning preparation methods, modifications, performances and initial industrial applications. The studies combine the analysis of model reactions, XRD, BET, TPR, dispersion measurement, TG-DTA, Raman, SEM and XPS to provide the fundamental references for POM catalysts design.
Investigations over Ni based POM catalysts reveal the optimized 10% Ni loading onα-Al_2O_3. Surface areas’threshold is determined to be 4.042m~2/g, and higher values induce larger pore volumes and diameters positive for mass transportation efficiency thus benefitting POM performances. Pore volume Vt≥0.0160cm~3/g and pore diameter Dp≥13.08nm would be required accordingly. The parameter S_(micro)/S_(BET) well describes the correlation between supports’textures and catalytic performances, where the desired activities could be maintained at S_(micro)/S_(BET)≤37.79%. Catalytic activity and durability has been significantly improved by CeO_2-ZrO_2 promoters. Mechanical powder mixed POM catalyst shows the best comprehensive performance in comparison with precipitates or precursors mixed samples, which is contributed to the intense Ni-Al_2O_3 interaction resisting active sites sintering, carbon deposit.
Investigations of Pd based POM catalysts confirm the advantages of CeO_2-ZrO_2 supports in reducing Pd amount for activity maintenance, promoting catalytic activity and durability. Better dispersion of active components with higher thermal stability on CeO_2-ZrO_2 and the reactive lattice oxygen of the latter are the main factors for those above advantages. Precipitates mixed catalyst performs the best activity in comparison with the mechanical powder or precursors mixed samples. Pd and CeO_2-ZrO_2 interaction is magnified in precipitates mixed catalysts, and the lattice oxygen of CeO_2-ZrO_2 is positive for carbon deposit removal on metal sites. Initial industrial application of the selected Pd catalysts, where CeO_2-ZrO_2 is mixed with Al_2O_3 as the promoter with molar ratio of 1:1, shows the improved sulfur resistance due to the formation of surface oxidative sulfate from SO_2 adsorption. Ignition temperature of the catalysts’bed is managed to be limited at 880℃in metal honeycomb supported materials, lower than 950℃for calcinations, avoiding active sites aggregation, supports sintering, and improving longevity of the catalysts.
本文以甲烷部分氧化制合成气为模型反应,结合XRD、BET、TPR和分散度、TG-DTA、拉曼光谱、SEM、XPS等表征手段,研究了Ni、Pd系催化剂制备工艺、改性剂和改性效应、催化性能,并进行工业化初探,为POM催化剂设计提供基础数据。
Ni系催化剂的研究表明,对于以α-Al_2O_3为载体的Ni基POM催化剂,Ni的最优负载量是10%;载体比表面有一个阈值,即4.042m~2/g,当比表面大于阈值后,载体的孔容、孔径成为主要影响因素,因为孔容、孔径的增大可使反应物和产物扩散速度增大,从而提高催化剂的活性。在本实验中得出需要载体孔容Vt≥0.0160cm~3/g,孔径Dp≥13.08nm。S_(micro)/S_(BET)能很好反映载体孔结构对催化剂的影响规律,当S_(micro)/S_(BET)≤37.79%时,催化剂的活性较好;助剂CeO_2-ZrO_2改性催化剂能有效提高催化活性和稳定性,在机械混合、分子混合和原子混合三种不同的载体混合方式中,机械混合载体催化剂的稳定性和抗积炭性能最好,主要是因为机械混合样品中Ni-Al_2O_3间具有较强的相互作用能够抑制活性组分的烧结和积炭,提高催化剂的稳定性。
Pd系催化剂的研究表明,以CeO_2-ZrO_2为载体能减少活性组分Pd的负载量,并能提高POM催化剂的活性和稳定性,可归因于CeO_2-ZrO_2载体能提高活性组分分散度和CeO_2-ZrO_2中的晶格氧参与反应;还可以提高Pd催化剂的耐高温性能;以机械混合、分子混合和原子混合三种CeO_2-ZrO_2/Al_2O_3载体制备的催化剂中分子混合载体催化剂具有最佳的稳定性,这是因为分子混合样品中金属与CeO_2-ZrO_2接触的界面较大,CeO_2-ZrO_2中的晶格氧能及时消除金属上的积炭。对性能较好的Pd系模型催化剂开展工业化初探研究表明,将CeO_2-ZrO_2以助剂形式与Al_2O_3以摩尔比例1:1混合制得的催化剂,表面吸附的SO_2可形成具有一定氧化性的硫酸盐类,从而提高了催化剂的抗硫性能。采用金属蜂窝载体,可以有效降低催化剂床层飞温点温度为880℃,低于催化剂焙烧温度950℃,避免了活性中心团聚和载体烧结,延长了催化剂的使用寿命。
Partial Oxidation of Methane (POM) has drawn great scientific interests due to high reaction rate, low energy consuming, limited operation cost, and producing the syngas with H_2/CO molar ratio of 2:1 that could be directly applied for methanol and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.
The present works investigate Ni and Pd based POM catalysts concerning preparation methods, modifications, performances and initial industrial applications. The studies combine the analysis of model reactions, XRD, BET, TPR, dispersion measurement, TG-DTA, Raman, SEM and XPS to provide the fundamental references for POM catalysts design.
Investigations over Ni based POM catalysts reveal the optimized 10% Ni loading onα-Al_2O_3. Surface areas’threshold is determined to be 4.042m~2/g, and higher values induce larger pore volumes and diameters positive for mass transportation efficiency thus benefitting POM performances. Pore volume Vt≥0.0160cm~3/g and pore diameter Dp≥13.08nm would be required accordingly. The parameter S_(micro)/S_(BET) well describes the correlation between supports’textures and catalytic performances, where the desired activities could be maintained at S_(micro)/S_(BET)≤37.79%. Catalytic activity and durability has been significantly improved by CeO_2-ZrO_2 promoters. Mechanical powder mixed POM catalyst shows the best comprehensive performance in comparison with precipitates or precursors mixed samples, which is contributed to the intense Ni-Al_2O_3 interaction resisting active sites sintering, carbon deposit.
Investigations of Pd based POM catalysts confirm the advantages of CeO_2-ZrO_2 supports in reducing Pd amount for activity maintenance, promoting catalytic activity and durability. Better dispersion of active components with higher thermal stability on CeO_2-ZrO_2 and the reactive lattice oxygen of the latter are the main factors for those above advantages. Precipitates mixed catalyst performs the best activity in comparison with the mechanical powder or precursors mixed samples. Pd and CeO_2-ZrO_2 interaction is magnified in precipitates mixed catalysts, and the lattice oxygen of CeO_2-ZrO_2 is positive for carbon deposit removal on metal sites. Initial industrial application of the selected Pd catalysts, where CeO_2-ZrO_2 is mixed with Al_2O_3 as the promoter with molar ratio of 1:1, shows the improved sulfur resistance due to the formation of surface oxidative sulfate from SO_2 adsorption. Ignition temperature of the catalysts’bed is managed to be limited at 880℃in metal honeycomb supported materials, lower than 950℃for calcinations, avoiding active sites aggregation, supports sintering, and improving longevity of the catalysts.
引文
[1] BP公司,2007年全球石油供需失衡,世界石油工业,2008年,15(5):18-20
[2]王涛,大力发展天然气工业,为中国经济快速增长提供优质能源,世界石油工业,2008,15(6):12-14
[3]刘佩成,天然气化工技术发展趋势及我国的对策,石油炼制与化工,2006,37(2):10-15
[4]田霖,天然气化工利用现状及发展动向,化工科技,2006,14(3):64-67
[5]马鸣,陈伟,姜健准,等人,中国天然气资源的开发利用现状,2005,34 (4):394-398
[6]粟源材,刘树人,唐廷川,中国天然气发展战略探讨,天然气工业,1992,20 (2):25-28
[7]胡捷,贺德华,甲烷直接转化及制合成气研究新进展,[J].天然气化工(c1化学与化工)2003,(2):46—49
[8]王卫,申欣,孙道兴等人,国内外甲烷催化部分氧化技术进展,工业催化,2005,13 (11):36-40
[9]徐占林,毕颖丽,甄开吉.甲烷催化氧化制合成气反应研究进展,化学进展,2000,12 (2) :121-128
[10]许珊,王晓来,赵睿,甲烷催化制氢气的研究进展,化学进展,2003,15 (2):141-150
[11]黄海燕,沈志虹.天然气转化制合成气的研究.石油与天然气化工;2000,29 (6):276-279
[12]孙长庚,刘宗章,张敏华,甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的研究进展,化学工业与工程,2004,21 (4):276-280
[13]邸立辉,王亚权,侯永江,整体型催化剂在天然气部分氧化中的研究进展,化学工业与工程,2004,21 (2):107-111
[14]潘智勇,沈师孔.加压条件下两段法天然气催化氧化制合成气催化剂的改进石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28 (4):120-124
[15]贺黎明,沈召军,甲烷的转化和利用,化学工业出版社,2005,102-103
[16]Prettre M, Eichner CH, Perrin M, The catalytic oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1946, 43: 335~340.
[17]Kim SB, Kim YK, Lim YS, Kim MS, Hahm HS, Reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over supported Ni catalysts, Korean Journal of chemical engineering, 2003, 20 (6): 1023~1025
[18]Guerrero-Ruiz A,Ferreira-Aparicio P,Bachiller-Baeza MB, et al, .Isotope tracing experiments in syngas production from methane on Ru/Al_2O_3 and Rh/SiO_2, Catalysis Today, 1998, 46(2~3): 99~105
[19]Souza MM, Schmal M, Autothermal reforming of methane over Pt/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2005, 281(1~2): 19~24
[20]Hickman DA, Schmidt LD, Production of syngas by direct catalytic oxidation of methane, Science, 1993, 259: 343~346
[21]Hickman DA, Schmidt LD, Synthesis gas formation by direct oxidation of methane over Pt monoliths, Journal of Catalysis,1992,138(1): 267~282
[22]Wu TH, Yan QG, Mao FL, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to syngas over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst using on-line MS, Catalysis Today, 2004, 93(5): 121~127
[23]李春义,沈师孔,甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气反应机理,石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(6):113~117
[24]金荣超,陈燕馨,崔巍等甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的反应机理,物理化学学报,1999,15(4):31 3~31 8
[25]Passos FB, Oliveira ER, Mattos LV, et al, Effect of the support on the mechanism of partial oxidation of methane on platinum catalysts, Catalysis Letters, 2006, 110 (3~4): 261~267
[26]Nakagawa K, Ikenaga NO, Kobayashi T, Suzuki T, Transient response of catalyst bed temperature in the pulsed reaction of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over supported group VIII metal catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2001, 64(1~2): 31~34
[27]Jin RC, Chen YX, Li WZ, et al, Mechanism for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas over a Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 201, (1) : 71~80
[28]万惠霖,翁维正,甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应机理的原位时间分辨IR光谱和Raman光谱表征,复旦学报(自然科学版),2002,41(3):243~250
[29]翁维正,罗春容,李建梅,Ir/SiO_2上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的原位时间分辨红外和原位Raman光谱表征,化学学报,2004,62(18):1853~1857
[30]刘淑红,陈燕馨等,甲烷催化部分氧化之合成气固定床反应器的研究进展,石油与天然气化工,2008,37(2),105-109
[31]石晴,王明博,尹志国,等人。甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中床层热点问题研究进展。化工科技,2005,13(4):60-64
[32]张兆斌,余长春,沈师孔.甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中床层热点位置研究[J],石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,24(3):22～25
[33]Koby linski Thaddeus P.Process for converting natural gas to synthesis gas.US:5112527,1992-05-12.
[34]孔繁华,徐恒泳,肖海成等.一种天然气或甲烷催化转化制合成气的方法.中国专利CN1415531A. 2001
[35]潘智勇,沈师孔。加压条件下两段法天然气催化氧化制合成气催化剂的改进,石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2004,28(4):120-124
[36]季亚英,李文钊,徐恒泳,等.流化床甲烷部分氧化制合成气[J].催化学报,2000,21(2):97- 98.
[37]Sie Swan Tiong.Partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing fuel using entrained catalyst[P].GB:2249555,1992-05-13.
[38]Goetsch Duane A,Say Geoffrey R.Synthesis gas preparation and catalyst therefore[P].US:4877550,1989-10-31.
[39]董辉,邵宗平,熊国兴等.膜反应器中的甲烷转化反应[J].催化学报,2000,21(5):467-470.
[40]王海辉,丛铀.在管状透氧膜反应器中进行甲烷部分氧化制合成气[J].科学通报,2002,47(1):21-24.
[41]Hiehman D A,Haupfear E A,Schmidt L D.Synthesis gas formation by direct oxidation of methane over Rh monoliths[J].Catalysis Letters(Historical Archive),1993,17(3-4):223- 237.
[42]Huff M., Torniainen P.M., Schmidt L.D., Partial oxidation of alkane over noble metal coated monoliths. Catal.Today, 1994, 21(1):113-128
[43]Huff M, Schmidt L.D., Ethylene formation by oxidation of ethane over monoliths at very shot contact times, J. Phys.Chem, 1993, 97:11 815-11 822
[44]Wang yaquan, Hou yongjiang.Partial oxidation of methane to syngas autothermally over monolithic catalysts, Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, 2001, 7(2):105-109
[45]Schmidt LD, Huf M, Partial oxidation of CH_4 and C2H_6 over noble metal-coated monoliths, Catalysis Today, 1994, 21: 443~454
[46]褚衍来,李树本,林景治,甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ⅰ.催化剂设计,Ⅱ.镍基催化剂的反应性能,催化学报,1996,17(3):202~211
[47]Ayabe S, Omoto H, Utaka T, et al, Catalytic autothermal reforming of methane and propane over supported metal catalysts, 2003, Applied Catalysis A: General, 241:261~269
[48]朱全力,杨建,季生福等,MO_2C/Al_2O_3催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气的研究,分子催化,2003, 17(2):18~223
[49]吴廷华,李少斌,严前古,Ni与Al_2O_3相互作用对甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上积炭性能的影响,催化学报,2001,22(5):501-504
[50]严前古,于军胜,于作龙,Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气,应用化学,1997,14(3):19-23
[51]Claridge JB, Green MLH, Tsang SC, et al, A study of carbon deposition on catalysts during the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Letter, 1993, 22 (4):299~305
[52]纪红兵.CH_4 ,CO_2和O_2,催化氧化重整制合成气的研究-反应性能考察.天然气化工,1996, 21(6):11-15
[53]Barbero J, Penia MA, Campos-Martin JM, et al, Support effect in supported Ni catalysts on their performance for methane partial oxidation, Catalysis Letters, 2003, 87(3~4):211~218
[54]余林,袁书华等.甲烷部分催化制合成气载体及助剂对Ni系催化剂活性的影响.催化学报2001, 22 (4):383-386
[55]李振花,张翔宇,载体对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响,四川大学学报(工程科学版)2002,34 (5):24-27
[56]Ruckenstein E, Pulvermacher B, Growth kinetics and the size distributions of supported metal crystallites, Journal of Catalysis, 1973, 29: 224~245
[57]Flynn PC, Wanke SE, A model of supported metal catalyst sinteringⅡ. Application of model, Journal of Catalysis, 1974, 34: 400~410
[58]Bartholomew CH, Sorensen WL, Sintering kinetics of silica and alumina supported nickel in hydrogen atmosphere, Journal of Catalysis, 1983, 81: 131~141
[59]楚文玲,膜反应器用甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应催化剂的研究:[学位论文].大连:中国科学院大连化学物理研究所,2002
[60]Albertazzi S, Arpentinier P, Basile F, Deactivation of a Pt/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst in the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 247:1~7
[61]李振花,田树勋.甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中Ni基催化剂的研究[J].石油化工,2003,32(7):567—569
[62]Pengpanich S, Meeyoo V, Rirksomboon T, Methane partial oxidation over Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide solid solution catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2004, 93–95: 95~105
[63]J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen, D. L. Trimm, Mechanisms of Carbon Formation on Nickel-containing Catalysts, J.Catal, 1977, 48: 155-165
[64]关毅,秦永宁,利用积炭法研究稀土对催化剂镍表面活性的影响[J],催化学报, 1997, 18(6): 517-520
[65]Yang YL, Xu HY, Li WZ, Influence of the nanoscale support on carbon deposition and carbon elimination over Ni/gamma-Al_2O_3 catalyst for CH_4 conversion, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2004, 4(7): 891~895
[66]Xu S, Zhao R, Wang XL, Highly coking resistant and stable Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts prepared by W/O microemulsion for partial oxidation of methane, Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 86: 123~133
[67]Wang HY, Ruckenstein E, Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over MgO and SiO_2-Supported Rhodium Catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1999, 186: 181~187
[68]Shamsi A, Spivey JJ, Partial Oxidation of Methane on Ni-MgO Catalysts Supported on Metal Foams, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2005, 44(19): 7298~7305
[69]Hu YH, Ruckenstein E, Binary MgO-based solid solution catalysts for methane conversion to syngas, Catalysis Reviews, 2002, 44(3): 423~453
[70] P. Silva, F. de A. Silva,et al., Synthesis gas production by partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Al_2O_3, Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 and Pt/Ce-ZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts, the 7th Natural Gas Conversion Symposium , Dalian, China, 2004.
[71] F.B.Passos, L.V.Mattos, F.B.Noronha. Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on Pt/CexZrO_1-xO_2 catalysts: the effect of the support reducibility and of the metal dispersion on the stability of the catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101:23-30.
[72]L.V.Mattos, E.R.de Oliveira, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245-256
[73]郭清松,沈岳年,刘志双.具有镁铝尖晶石表面覆盖层的NiO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂[J].石油化工,1989,18(9):606-609.
[74]Requies J, Cabrero MA, Barrio VL, et al, Nickel/alumina catalysts modified by basic oxides for the production of synthesis gas by methane partial oxidation, Catalysis today, 2006, 116 (3): 304~312
[75]季亚英,陈燕馨,等人, Mg调变Ni基催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气,天然气化工,1999, 24: 12-15
[76]Qing Miao, GuoXing, Xiong. Partial oxidation of methane to syngas over nickel-based catalysts modified by alkali metal oxide and rare earth metal oxide [J]. Appl. Catal.A: Gen, 1997, 154: 17
[77] S. Damyanova, P. Grange, B. Delmon, Surface characterization of Zirconia-Coated Alumina and Silica Carriers, Jouranal of Catalysis, 1997, 168: 421-430
[78]Francisco Pompeo, Nora N. Nichio, Osmar A.Ferretti, Daniel Resasco.Study of Ni catalysts on the different supports to obtain sythesis gas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2005 (30): 1399-1405
[79]李振花,王海涛,等,甲烷部分氧化制合成气中助剂对Ni基催化剂性能的影响,天然气化工. 2004, 29 (1):15-19
[80]尚丽霞,空气与甲烷部分氧化制合成气的催化剂研究,中国科学院成都有机化学研究所,硕士,2001
[81]宋一兵,余林,孙长勇等人,稀土对制合成气用Ce-Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂活性和稳定性的影响,催化学报,2002, 23 (3): 267-270
[82]Salazar M, Berry DA, Gardner TH, et al, Catalytic partial oxidation of methane over Pt/ceria-doped catalysts: Effect of ionic conductivity, Applied Catalysts A-General, 2006, 310: 54~60
[83]Passos FB, Oliveira ER, Mattos LV, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on Pt/CexZr1- xO_2 catalysts: the effect of the support reducibility and of the metal dispersionon the stability of the catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101: 23~30
[84]金荣超,陈燕馨.甲烷部分氧化Ni催化剂及助剂的研究.物理化学学报. 1998, 14(8):737-741
[85]滕云,陈耀强.助剂对甲烷部分氧化催化剂Ni/a-Al_2O_3催化性能的影响[J],化学研究与应用,2003,15(1):58—61
[86]CeO_2、CaO助剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni/MgO—Al_2O_3催化剂结构和性能的影响-邱业君,陈吉祥,张继炎,燃料化学学报2007,35(1),85-90,天津大学
[87]Pantu P , Kim K , Gavalas GR, Methane partial oxidation on Pt/CeO_2-ZrO_2 in the absence of gaseous oxygen, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 193: 203~214
[88]Kiyoshi Otsuka Ye Wang, Masaki Nakamura ,Direct conversion of methane to synthesis gas through gas-solid reaction using CeO_2-ZrO_2 solid solution at moderate temperature Applied Catalysis A: General, 1999,183: 317-324
[89]L.V.Mattos, E.R.de Oliveira, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245-256
[90]Mattos LV, Rodino E, Resasco DE, et al, Partial oxidation and CO_2 reforming of methane on Pt/Al_2O_3, Pt/ZrO_2, and Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83: 147~161
[91]Mattos LV, Oliveira ER, Resende PD, et al, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245~256
[92]W.S.Dong, K.W.Jun, H.S.Roh, et al. Comparative study on partial oxidation of methane over Ni/ZrO_2, Ni/CeO_2 and Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 catalysts. Catalysis Letters. 2002, 78:1-4.
[93]Silva PP, Silva FA, Portela LS, et al, Effect of Ce/Zr ratio on the performance of Pt/CeZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts for methane partial oxidation, Catalysis Today, 2005, 107–108: 734~740
[94]Silva PP, Silva FA, Souza HP , et al, Partial oxidation of methane using Pt/CeZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts– effect of preparation methods, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101: 31~37
[95]李春林,卞国柱,伏义路,等人,三氧化二铝含量对Ni/Zr_(0.4)Ce_(0.6)O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂CH_4-CO_2重整反应性能影响,2001, 15(5): 352-354
[96]K. Heitnes, S. Lindberg, O.A. Rokstad et al. Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas[J]. Catalysis Today, 1995, 24: 211-216.
[97]F.J.J.G.Janssen, R.A.van Santen. Environmental Catalysis [M]. Imperial College Press. London, 1999:103.
[98]C.H. Bartholomew. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation[J]. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2001, 212: 17–60.
[99]P. Forzatti, L. Lietti. Catalyst deactivation[J]. Catalysis Today, 1999, 52: 165-181.
[100]A. Brautsch, T. Griffin, Andreas Schlegel. Heat transfer characterization of support structures for catalytic combustion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45: 3223–3231.
[101]R. M. Heck, S. Gulati, R. J. Farrauto. The application of monoliths for gas phase catalytic reactions[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal , 2001, 82: 149–156.
[102]H. Jung, W. L.Yoon, H. Lee et al. Fast start-up reactor for partial oxidation of methane with electrically-heated metallic monolith catalyst[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003,124: 76–80
[103]Vernon PDF, Green MLH, Cheetham AK, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Letter, 1990, 6: 181~186
[104] G. Leofanti, M. Padovan, G. Tozzola, et.al, Surface area and pore texture of catalysts, Catalysis Today, 1998, 41: 207-209
[105]Rongchao Jin, Yanxin Chen, Wenzhao Li, Mechanism for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas over a Ni/Al_2O_3 catalys, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 201: 71–80
[106]Chen P, Zhang HB, Lin GD, et al, Studies of catalysis in partial oxidation of methane to syngas, Performance and characterization of Ni-based catalysts, Chemical research in Chinese Universities, 1995, 11(4):323
[107]H. Kap-Sung, H. Y. Zhu, G.. Q. Lu, New nickel catalysts supported on highly porous alumina intercatated laponite for methane reforming with CO_2, Catalysis Today, 2001, 68: 183-190
[108]Shaobin Wang, G..Q. M. Lu, CO_2 refornin of methane on Ni catalysis:Effects of the support phase and preparation technique, Applied Catalysis B: Environment, 1998, 16: 269-277
[109]Jixiang Chen, Rijie Wang, Jiyan Zhang, et.al, Effects of preparation methods on properties of Ni/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalysts for methane reforming with carbon dioxide, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical , 2005, 235: 302-310
[110]Kiyoshi Otsuka, Ye Wang, Direct Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas by Cerium Oxide, Journal of Catalysis, 1998, 175:152-160
[111]CarlaE.Hori, HaryaniPermana, et al. Applied Catalysis B: Enviromental,1998,16:105
[112]滕云,陈耀强,Ni基整体式甲烷部分氧化催化剂研究,硕士论文,四川大学,2003
[113]M.Fathi, E.Bjorgum, T.Viig, et al. Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Elimination of gas phase oxygen[J]. Catalisis.Today 2000, 63: 489-497
[114]Giannantonio P, Ragaini V, Luearelli L, et a1, Dispersion Measurement by the Single Introduction Method Coupied with the Back-Sorption Procedure: A Chemisorption and TPD Study of the Diferent Chemiserbed Hydrogen Species, Journal of Catalysis, 1994, 146: l03~1l5
[115]李灿,李美俊,拉曼光谱在催化研究中应用的进展,分子催化,2003, 17(3) : 213~240
[116]F.B.Noronha et al. Correlation between catalytic activity and support reducibility in the CO_2 reforming of methane over Pt/CexZr1-xO_2 catalysts. Chem.Eng.J, 2001, 82:21
[117]房师平,陈宏德,田群等,Pd/CZ/Al_2O_3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能,环境科学,2005, 26(5): 12~16
[118]Ozawa M, Matuda K, Suzuki S, Microstructure and oxygen release properties of catalytic alumina-supported CeO_2-ZrO_2 powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2000, 303: 56~59
[119]Xie YC, Tang YQ. Spontaneous Monolayer Dispersion of Oxides and Salts onto Surfaces of Supports: Applications to Heterogenerous Catalysis, Advances in Catalysis, 1990, 37: 1~43
[120]Zhao BY, Jiang D, Xie YC, Dispersion of Na2CO_3 onγ- Al_2O_3 and the threshold effect in flue-gas desulfurization, Fuel, 2002, 81(11~12): 1565~1568
[121]Liu X, Liu Y, Li XH, et al. Cyclopropanation on a highly active heterogeneous catalyst: CuO/TiO_2-α-Al_2O_3, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 239(1~2): 279~286
[122]Tadashi Suzuki, Akira Morikawa, Akihiko Suda, et al Alumina-Ceria-Zirconia Composite Oxide for Three-Way Catalyst. Research report of R&D review of Toyota CRDL.Vol.37, No.4
[123]Bond GC, The role of carbon deposits in metal-catalyzed reactions of hydrocarbons, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1997, 149 (1): 3~25
[124]严前古,甲烷部分氧化制合成气的研究,博士,中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,1998
[125]杨咏来,李文钊,徐恒泳,CeO_2和CO_3O_4助剂对镍基催化剂上CH_4积碳和CO_2消碳性能的影响,催化学报,2002, 23(6): 517-520
[126]Yong Li, Baocai Zhang, Wenjie Shen, et al. Novel Ni catalysts for methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. J.Catal. 2006, 238:412
[127]J.B.Aladekomo, R.H.Bragg, Structural transformations induced in graphite by grinding: Analysis of 002 X-ray diffraction line profiles, Carbon, 1990, 28: 897-906
[128]J.Abrahamson, R.G.A.Maclagan, Theoretical studies of interstitials in graphite, Carbon, 1984, 22: 291-295
[129]朱保伟,陈宏德,田群等,Pd/Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2三效催化剂负载方法,环境科学,2004, 25(6): 21~25
[130]Tian DX, Wang HJ, Wang XK, Influence of Additives Ceria and Lanthana on Performance of Pd/Al/Monolith Honeycomb Catalysts, Journal of Rare Earths, 2003, 21(5): 529~532
[131]Weng WZ, Pei XQ, Li HM, et al, Effects of calcination temperatures on the catalytic performance of Rh/Al_2O_3 for methane partial oxidation to synthesis gas, Catalysis Today, 2006, 117 (1~3): 53~61
[132]Wang HY, Catalytic Conversion of Methane into Synthesis Gas: [dissertation]. Buffalo: State University of New York, 2001
[133]Takenaka S, M Serizawa, K Otsuka, Formation of filamentous carbons over supported Fe catalysts through methane decomposition, Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 222: 520~531
[134]Shao M, Wang D, Yu G, et al, The synthesis of carbon nanotubes at low temperature via carbon suboxide disproportionation, Carbon, 2004, 42: 183~185
[135]Wang P, Tanabe E, Ito K, et al, Filamentous carbon prepared by the catalytic pyrolysis of CH_4 on Ni/SiO_2, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2002, 231: 35~44
[136]Xu S, Wang XL, Highly active and coking resistant Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 catalyst for partial oxidation of methane, Fuel, 2005, 84: 563~567
[137]薛彬,何洪,戴洪兴等,氧化铈和铈锆固溶体对Pd催化剂抗硫性能影响的研究,工业催化,2007, 15(9):19-24
[138]Liwei Jia, Meiqing Shen and Jun Wang, Preparation and Characterization of Dip-Coated Gamma-Alumina Based Ceramic Materials on FeCrAl Foils, Surface and coatings Technology, 2007, 201(16-17), 7159-7165
[139]Jung H, Yoon W L, Lee H et al. Fast start-up reactor for partial oxidation of methane with electrically-heated metallic monolith catalyst, Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 124(1): 76-80
[140]Janssen F J J G, van Santen R A., Environmental Catalysis, London: Imperial College Press, 1999: 103
[141]Heitnes K, Lindberg S, Rokstad O A , et al., Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Today, 1995, 24: 211
[142]Yan Q G, Weng W Z, Wan H L et al., Activation of methane to syngas over a Ni/TiO_2 catalyst , Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 239(1-2): 43-58
[143]B.Vincent Crist, Handbook of Monochromatic XPS Spectra[M], Volume1-The Elements and Native Oxides, XPS International, Inc, 1999
[2]王涛,大力发展天然气工业,为中国经济快速增长提供优质能源,世界石油工业,2008,15(6):12-14
[3]刘佩成,天然气化工技术发展趋势及我国的对策,石油炼制与化工,2006,37(2):10-15
[4]田霖,天然气化工利用现状及发展动向,化工科技,2006,14(3):64-67
[5]马鸣,陈伟,姜健准,等人,中国天然气资源的开发利用现状,2005,34 (4):394-398
[6]粟源材,刘树人,唐廷川,中国天然气发展战略探讨,天然气工业,1992,20 (2):25-28
[7]胡捷,贺德华,甲烷直接转化及制合成气研究新进展,[J].天然气化工(c1化学与化工)2003,(2):46—49
[8]王卫,申欣,孙道兴等人,国内外甲烷催化部分氧化技术进展,工业催化,2005,13 (11):36-40
[9]徐占林,毕颖丽,甄开吉.甲烷催化氧化制合成气反应研究进展,化学进展,2000,12 (2) :121-128
[10]许珊,王晓来,赵睿,甲烷催化制氢气的研究进展,化学进展,2003,15 (2):141-150
[11]黄海燕,沈志虹.天然气转化制合成气的研究.石油与天然气化工;2000,29 (6):276-279
[12]孙长庚,刘宗章,张敏华,甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的研究进展,化学工业与工程,2004,21 (4):276-280
[13]邸立辉,王亚权,侯永江,整体型催化剂在天然气部分氧化中的研究进展,化学工业与工程,2004,21 (2):107-111
[14]潘智勇,沈师孔.加压条件下两段法天然气催化氧化制合成气催化剂的改进石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28 (4):120-124
[15]贺黎明,沈召军,甲烷的转化和利用,化学工业出版社,2005,102-103
[16]Prettre M, Eichner CH, Perrin M, The catalytic oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1946, 43: 335~340.
[17]Kim SB, Kim YK, Lim YS, Kim MS, Hahm HS, Reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over supported Ni catalysts, Korean Journal of chemical engineering, 2003, 20 (6): 1023~1025
[18]Guerrero-Ruiz A,Ferreira-Aparicio P,Bachiller-Baeza MB, et al, .Isotope tracing experiments in syngas production from methane on Ru/Al_2O_3 and Rh/SiO_2, Catalysis Today, 1998, 46(2~3): 99~105
[19]Souza MM, Schmal M, Autothermal reforming of methane over Pt/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2005, 281(1~2): 19~24
[20]Hickman DA, Schmidt LD, Production of syngas by direct catalytic oxidation of methane, Science, 1993, 259: 343~346
[21]Hickman DA, Schmidt LD, Synthesis gas formation by direct oxidation of methane over Pt monoliths, Journal of Catalysis,1992,138(1): 267~282
[22]Wu TH, Yan QG, Mao FL, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to syngas over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst using on-line MS, Catalysis Today, 2004, 93(5): 121~127
[23]李春义,沈师孔,甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气反应机理,石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(6):113~117
[24]金荣超,陈燕馨,崔巍等甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的反应机理,物理化学学报,1999,15(4):31 3~31 8
[25]Passos FB, Oliveira ER, Mattos LV, et al, Effect of the support on the mechanism of partial oxidation of methane on platinum catalysts, Catalysis Letters, 2006, 110 (3~4): 261~267
[26]Nakagawa K, Ikenaga NO, Kobayashi T, Suzuki T, Transient response of catalyst bed temperature in the pulsed reaction of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over supported group VIII metal catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2001, 64(1~2): 31~34
[27]Jin RC, Chen YX, Li WZ, et al, Mechanism for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas over a Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 201, (1) : 71~80
[28]万惠霖,翁维正,甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应机理的原位时间分辨IR光谱和Raman光谱表征,复旦学报(自然科学版),2002,41(3):243~250
[29]翁维正,罗春容,李建梅,Ir/SiO_2上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的原位时间分辨红外和原位Raman光谱表征,化学学报,2004,62(18):1853~1857
[30]刘淑红,陈燕馨等,甲烷催化部分氧化之合成气固定床反应器的研究进展,石油与天然气化工,2008,37(2),105-109
[31]石晴,王明博,尹志国,等人。甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中床层热点问题研究进展。化工科技,2005,13(4):60-64
[32]张兆斌,余长春,沈师孔.甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中床层热点位置研究[J],石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,24(3):22～25
[33]Koby linski Thaddeus P.Process for converting natural gas to synthesis gas.US:5112527,1992-05-12.
[34]孔繁华,徐恒泳,肖海成等.一种天然气或甲烷催化转化制合成气的方法.中国专利CN1415531A. 2001
[35]潘智勇,沈师孔。加压条件下两段法天然气催化氧化制合成气催化剂的改进,石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2004,28(4):120-124
[36]季亚英,李文钊,徐恒泳,等.流化床甲烷部分氧化制合成气[J].催化学报,2000,21(2):97- 98.
[37]Sie Swan Tiong.Partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing fuel using entrained catalyst[P].GB:2249555,1992-05-13.
[38]Goetsch Duane A,Say Geoffrey R.Synthesis gas preparation and catalyst therefore[P].US:4877550,1989-10-31.
[39]董辉,邵宗平,熊国兴等.膜反应器中的甲烷转化反应[J].催化学报,2000,21(5):467-470.
[40]王海辉,丛铀.在管状透氧膜反应器中进行甲烷部分氧化制合成气[J].科学通报,2002,47(1):21-24.
[41]Hiehman D A,Haupfear E A,Schmidt L D.Synthesis gas formation by direct oxidation of methane over Rh monoliths[J].Catalysis Letters(Historical Archive),1993,17(3-4):223- 237.
[42]Huff M., Torniainen P.M., Schmidt L.D., Partial oxidation of alkane over noble metal coated monoliths. Catal.Today, 1994, 21(1):113-128
[43]Huff M, Schmidt L.D., Ethylene formation by oxidation of ethane over monoliths at very shot contact times, J. Phys.Chem, 1993, 97:11 815-11 822
[44]Wang yaquan, Hou yongjiang.Partial oxidation of methane to syngas autothermally over monolithic catalysts, Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, 2001, 7(2):105-109
[45]Schmidt LD, Huf M, Partial oxidation of CH_4 and C2H_6 over noble metal-coated monoliths, Catalysis Today, 1994, 21: 443~454
[46]褚衍来,李树本,林景治,甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ⅰ.催化剂设计,Ⅱ.镍基催化剂的反应性能,催化学报,1996,17(3):202~211
[47]Ayabe S, Omoto H, Utaka T, et al, Catalytic autothermal reforming of methane and propane over supported metal catalysts, 2003, Applied Catalysis A: General, 241:261~269
[48]朱全力,杨建,季生福等,MO_2C/Al_2O_3催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气的研究,分子催化,2003, 17(2):18~223
[49]吴廷华,李少斌,严前古,Ni与Al_2O_3相互作用对甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上积炭性能的影响,催化学报,2001,22(5):501-504
[50]严前古,于军胜,于作龙,Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气,应用化学,1997,14(3):19-23
[51]Claridge JB, Green MLH, Tsang SC, et al, A study of carbon deposition on catalysts during the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Letter, 1993, 22 (4):299~305
[52]纪红兵.CH_4 ,CO_2和O_2,催化氧化重整制合成气的研究-反应性能考察.天然气化工,1996, 21(6):11-15
[53]Barbero J, Penia MA, Campos-Martin JM, et al, Support effect in supported Ni catalysts on their performance for methane partial oxidation, Catalysis Letters, 2003, 87(3~4):211~218
[54]余林,袁书华等.甲烷部分催化制合成气载体及助剂对Ni系催化剂活性的影响.催化学报2001, 22 (4):383-386
[55]李振花,张翔宇,载体对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响,四川大学学报(工程科学版)2002,34 (5):24-27
[56]Ruckenstein E, Pulvermacher B, Growth kinetics and the size distributions of supported metal crystallites, Journal of Catalysis, 1973, 29: 224~245
[57]Flynn PC, Wanke SE, A model of supported metal catalyst sinteringⅡ. Application of model, Journal of Catalysis, 1974, 34: 400~410
[58]Bartholomew CH, Sorensen WL, Sintering kinetics of silica and alumina supported nickel in hydrogen atmosphere, Journal of Catalysis, 1983, 81: 131~141
[59]楚文玲,膜反应器用甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应催化剂的研究:[学位论文].大连:中国科学院大连化学物理研究所,2002
[60]Albertazzi S, Arpentinier P, Basile F, Deactivation of a Pt/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst in the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 247:1~7
[61]李振花,田树勋.甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中Ni基催化剂的研究[J].石油化工,2003,32(7):567—569
[62]Pengpanich S, Meeyoo V, Rirksomboon T, Methane partial oxidation over Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide solid solution catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2004, 93–95: 95~105
[63]J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen, D. L. Trimm, Mechanisms of Carbon Formation on Nickel-containing Catalysts, J.Catal, 1977, 48: 155-165
[64]关毅,秦永宁,利用积炭法研究稀土对催化剂镍表面活性的影响[J],催化学报, 1997, 18(6): 517-520
[65]Yang YL, Xu HY, Li WZ, Influence of the nanoscale support on carbon deposition and carbon elimination over Ni/gamma-Al_2O_3 catalyst for CH_4 conversion, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2004, 4(7): 891~895
[66]Xu S, Zhao R, Wang XL, Highly coking resistant and stable Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts prepared by W/O microemulsion for partial oxidation of methane, Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 86: 123~133
[67]Wang HY, Ruckenstein E, Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over MgO and SiO_2-Supported Rhodium Catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1999, 186: 181~187
[68]Shamsi A, Spivey JJ, Partial Oxidation of Methane on Ni-MgO Catalysts Supported on Metal Foams, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2005, 44(19): 7298~7305
[69]Hu YH, Ruckenstein E, Binary MgO-based solid solution catalysts for methane conversion to syngas, Catalysis Reviews, 2002, 44(3): 423~453
[70] P. Silva, F. de A. Silva,et al., Synthesis gas production by partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Al_2O_3, Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 and Pt/Ce-ZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts, the 7th Natural Gas Conversion Symposium , Dalian, China, 2004.
[71] F.B.Passos, L.V.Mattos, F.B.Noronha. Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on Pt/CexZrO_1-xO_2 catalysts: the effect of the support reducibility and of the metal dispersion on the stability of the catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101:23-30.
[72]L.V.Mattos, E.R.de Oliveira, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245-256
[73]郭清松,沈岳年,刘志双.具有镁铝尖晶石表面覆盖层的NiO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂[J].石油化工,1989,18(9):606-609.
[74]Requies J, Cabrero MA, Barrio VL, et al, Nickel/alumina catalysts modified by basic oxides for the production of synthesis gas by methane partial oxidation, Catalysis today, 2006, 116 (3): 304~312
[75]季亚英,陈燕馨,等人, Mg调变Ni基催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气,天然气化工,1999, 24: 12-15
[76]Qing Miao, GuoXing, Xiong. Partial oxidation of methane to syngas over nickel-based catalysts modified by alkali metal oxide and rare earth metal oxide [J]. Appl. Catal.A: Gen, 1997, 154: 17
[77] S. Damyanova, P. Grange, B. Delmon, Surface characterization of Zirconia-Coated Alumina and Silica Carriers, Jouranal of Catalysis, 1997, 168: 421-430
[78]Francisco Pompeo, Nora N. Nichio, Osmar A.Ferretti, Daniel Resasco.Study of Ni catalysts on the different supports to obtain sythesis gas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2005 (30): 1399-1405
[79]李振花,王海涛,等,甲烷部分氧化制合成气中助剂对Ni基催化剂性能的影响,天然气化工. 2004, 29 (1):15-19
[80]尚丽霞,空气与甲烷部分氧化制合成气的催化剂研究,中国科学院成都有机化学研究所,硕士,2001
[81]宋一兵,余林,孙长勇等人,稀土对制合成气用Ce-Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂活性和稳定性的影响,催化学报,2002, 23 (3): 267-270
[82]Salazar M, Berry DA, Gardner TH, et al, Catalytic partial oxidation of methane over Pt/ceria-doped catalysts: Effect of ionic conductivity, Applied Catalysts A-General, 2006, 310: 54~60
[83]Passos FB, Oliveira ER, Mattos LV, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on Pt/CexZr1- xO_2 catalysts: the effect of the support reducibility and of the metal dispersionon the stability of the catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101: 23~30
[84]金荣超,陈燕馨.甲烷部分氧化Ni催化剂及助剂的研究.物理化学学报. 1998, 14(8):737-741
[85]滕云,陈耀强.助剂对甲烷部分氧化催化剂Ni/a-Al_2O_3催化性能的影响[J],化学研究与应用,2003,15(1):58—61
[86]CeO_2、CaO助剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni/MgO—Al_2O_3催化剂结构和性能的影响-邱业君,陈吉祥,张继炎,燃料化学学报2007,35(1),85-90,天津大学
[87]Pantu P , Kim K , Gavalas GR, Methane partial oxidation on Pt/CeO_2-ZrO_2 in the absence of gaseous oxygen, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 193: 203~214
[88]Kiyoshi Otsuka Ye Wang, Masaki Nakamura ,Direct conversion of methane to synthesis gas through gas-solid reaction using CeO_2-ZrO_2 solid solution at moderate temperature Applied Catalysis A: General, 1999,183: 317-324
[89]L.V.Mattos, E.R.de Oliveira, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245-256
[90]Mattos LV, Rodino E, Resasco DE, et al, Partial oxidation and CO_2 reforming of methane on Pt/Al_2O_3, Pt/ZrO_2, and Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83: 147~161
[91]Mattos LV, Oliveira ER, Resende PD, et al, Partial oxidation of methane on Pt/Ce-ZrO_2 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2002, 77: 245~256
[92]W.S.Dong, K.W.Jun, H.S.Roh, et al. Comparative study on partial oxidation of methane over Ni/ZrO_2, Ni/CeO_2 and Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 catalysts. Catalysis Letters. 2002, 78:1-4.
[93]Silva PP, Silva FA, Portela LS, et al, Effect of Ce/Zr ratio on the performance of Pt/CeZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts for methane partial oxidation, Catalysis Today, 2005, 107–108: 734~740
[94]Silva PP, Silva FA, Souza HP , et al, Partial oxidation of methane using Pt/CeZrO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts– effect of preparation methods, Catalysis Today, 2005, 101: 31~37
[95]李春林,卞国柱,伏义路,等人,三氧化二铝含量对Ni/Zr_(0.4)Ce_(0.6)O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂CH_4-CO_2重整反应性能影响,2001, 15(5): 352-354
[96]K. Heitnes, S. Lindberg, O.A. Rokstad et al. Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas[J]. Catalysis Today, 1995, 24: 211-216.
[97]F.J.J.G.Janssen, R.A.van Santen. Environmental Catalysis [M]. Imperial College Press. London, 1999:103.
[98]C.H. Bartholomew. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation[J]. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2001, 212: 17–60.
[99]P. Forzatti, L. Lietti. Catalyst deactivation[J]. Catalysis Today, 1999, 52: 165-181.
[100]A. Brautsch, T. Griffin, Andreas Schlegel. Heat transfer characterization of support structures for catalytic combustion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45: 3223–3231.
[101]R. M. Heck, S. Gulati, R. J. Farrauto. The application of monoliths for gas phase catalytic reactions[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal , 2001, 82: 149–156.
[102]H. Jung, W. L.Yoon, H. Lee et al. Fast start-up reactor for partial oxidation of methane with electrically-heated metallic monolith catalyst[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003,124: 76–80
[103]Vernon PDF, Green MLH, Cheetham AK, et al, Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Letter, 1990, 6: 181~186
[104] G. Leofanti, M. Padovan, G. Tozzola, et.al, Surface area and pore texture of catalysts, Catalysis Today, 1998, 41: 207-209
[105]Rongchao Jin, Yanxin Chen, Wenzhao Li, Mechanism for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas over a Ni/Al_2O_3 catalys, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 201: 71–80
[106]Chen P, Zhang HB, Lin GD, et al, Studies of catalysis in partial oxidation of methane to syngas, Performance and characterization of Ni-based catalysts, Chemical research in Chinese Universities, 1995, 11(4):323
[107]H. Kap-Sung, H. Y. Zhu, G.. Q. Lu, New nickel catalysts supported on highly porous alumina intercatated laponite for methane reforming with CO_2, Catalysis Today, 2001, 68: 183-190
[108]Shaobin Wang, G..Q. M. Lu, CO_2 refornin of methane on Ni catalysis:Effects of the support phase and preparation technique, Applied Catalysis B: Environment, 1998, 16: 269-277
[109]Jixiang Chen, Rijie Wang, Jiyan Zhang, et.al, Effects of preparation methods on properties of Ni/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalysts for methane reforming with carbon dioxide, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical , 2005, 235: 302-310
[110]Kiyoshi Otsuka, Ye Wang, Direct Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas by Cerium Oxide, Journal of Catalysis, 1998, 175:152-160
[111]CarlaE.Hori, HaryaniPermana, et al. Applied Catalysis B: Enviromental,1998,16:105
[112]滕云,陈耀强,Ni基整体式甲烷部分氧化催化剂研究,硕士论文,四川大学,2003
[113]M.Fathi, E.Bjorgum, T.Viig, et al. Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Elimination of gas phase oxygen[J]. Catalisis.Today 2000, 63: 489-497
[114]Giannantonio P, Ragaini V, Luearelli L, et a1, Dispersion Measurement by the Single Introduction Method Coupied with the Back-Sorption Procedure: A Chemisorption and TPD Study of the Diferent Chemiserbed Hydrogen Species, Journal of Catalysis, 1994, 146: l03~1l5
[115]李灿,李美俊,拉曼光谱在催化研究中应用的进展,分子催化,2003, 17(3) : 213~240
[116]F.B.Noronha et al. Correlation between catalytic activity and support reducibility in the CO_2 reforming of methane over Pt/CexZr1-xO_2 catalysts. Chem.Eng.J, 2001, 82:21
[117]房师平,陈宏德,田群等,Pd/CZ/Al_2O_3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能,环境科学,2005, 26(5): 12~16
[118]Ozawa M, Matuda K, Suzuki S, Microstructure and oxygen release properties of catalytic alumina-supported CeO_2-ZrO_2 powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2000, 303: 56~59
[119]Xie YC, Tang YQ. Spontaneous Monolayer Dispersion of Oxides and Salts onto Surfaces of Supports: Applications to Heterogenerous Catalysis, Advances in Catalysis, 1990, 37: 1~43
[120]Zhao BY, Jiang D, Xie YC, Dispersion of Na2CO_3 onγ- Al_2O_3 and the threshold effect in flue-gas desulfurization, Fuel, 2002, 81(11~12): 1565~1568
[121]Liu X, Liu Y, Li XH, et al. Cyclopropanation on a highly active heterogeneous catalyst: CuO/TiO_2-α-Al_2O_3, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 239(1~2): 279~286
[122]Tadashi Suzuki, Akira Morikawa, Akihiko Suda, et al Alumina-Ceria-Zirconia Composite Oxide for Three-Way Catalyst. Research report of R&D review of Toyota CRDL.Vol.37, No.4
[123]Bond GC, The role of carbon deposits in metal-catalyzed reactions of hydrocarbons, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1997, 149 (1): 3~25
[124]严前古,甲烷部分氧化制合成气的研究,博士,中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,1998
[125]杨咏来,李文钊,徐恒泳,CeO_2和CO_3O_4助剂对镍基催化剂上CH_4积碳和CO_2消碳性能的影响,催化学报,2002, 23(6): 517-520
[126]Yong Li, Baocai Zhang, Wenjie Shen, et al. Novel Ni catalysts for methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. J.Catal. 2006, 238:412
[127]J.B.Aladekomo, R.H.Bragg, Structural transformations induced in graphite by grinding: Analysis of 002 X-ray diffraction line profiles, Carbon, 1990, 28: 897-906
[128]J.Abrahamson, R.G.A.Maclagan, Theoretical studies of interstitials in graphite, Carbon, 1984, 22: 291-295
[129]朱保伟,陈宏德,田群等,Pd/Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2三效催化剂负载方法,环境科学,2004, 25(6): 21~25
[130]Tian DX, Wang HJ, Wang XK, Influence of Additives Ceria and Lanthana on Performance of Pd/Al/Monolith Honeycomb Catalysts, Journal of Rare Earths, 2003, 21(5): 529~532
[131]Weng WZ, Pei XQ, Li HM, et al, Effects of calcination temperatures on the catalytic performance of Rh/Al_2O_3 for methane partial oxidation to synthesis gas, Catalysis Today, 2006, 117 (1~3): 53~61
[132]Wang HY, Catalytic Conversion of Methane into Synthesis Gas: [dissertation]. Buffalo: State University of New York, 2001
[133]Takenaka S, M Serizawa, K Otsuka, Formation of filamentous carbons over supported Fe catalysts through methane decomposition, Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 222: 520~531
[134]Shao M, Wang D, Yu G, et al, The synthesis of carbon nanotubes at low temperature via carbon suboxide disproportionation, Carbon, 2004, 42: 183~185
[135]Wang P, Tanabe E, Ito K, et al, Filamentous carbon prepared by the catalytic pyrolysis of CH_4 on Ni/SiO_2, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2002, 231: 35~44
[136]Xu S, Wang XL, Highly active and coking resistant Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2 catalyst for partial oxidation of methane, Fuel, 2005, 84: 563~567
[137]薛彬,何洪,戴洪兴等,氧化铈和铈锆固溶体对Pd催化剂抗硫性能影响的研究,工业催化,2007, 15(9):19-24
[138]Liwei Jia, Meiqing Shen and Jun Wang, Preparation and Characterization of Dip-Coated Gamma-Alumina Based Ceramic Materials on FeCrAl Foils, Surface and coatings Technology, 2007, 201(16-17), 7159-7165
[139]Jung H, Yoon W L, Lee H et al. Fast start-up reactor for partial oxidation of methane with electrically-heated metallic monolith catalyst, Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 124(1): 76-80
[140]Janssen F J J G, van Santen R A., Environmental Catalysis, London: Imperial College Press, 1999: 103
[141]Heitnes K, Lindberg S, Rokstad O A , et al., Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, Catalysis Today, 1995, 24: 211
[142]Yan Q G, Weng W Z, Wan H L et al., Activation of methane to syngas over a Ni/TiO_2 catalyst , Applied Catalysis A: General, 2003, 239(1-2): 43-58
[143]B.Vincent Crist, Handbook of Monochromatic XPS Spectra[M], Volume1-The Elements and Native Oxides, XPS International, Inc, 1999