圈内人际传播特征及对社会发展影响的研究
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摘要
基于文化和社会的因素,中国的人际传播具有非正式组织形式圈子的显著特征,在对社会交往关系的权衡方面,中西方存在明显分歧,西方社会强调人人平等,在社会交往中人际亲疏关系并不像中国一般泾渭分明。中国人有恋圈情节,或处于自我保护、或出于社会交往、或出于谋求自身发展,在圈子中圈民遵循共同的行为准则,在圈主的领导下维护圈子的既得利益,对外排斥、封锁。形形色色的圈子共同构筑了现代社会的人际关系非正式组织形态。圈子栖身于具体的社会情境之中,对社会的发展产生着正面的促进作用或者负面的阻碍作用。通过圈子,我们可以清晰、直观地审视人际传播非正式组织的建构基础、组织结构、组织运行、组织变迁和组织之间关系等错综复杂的人际传播组织现象。正确认识圈子有利于人们凭借自身力量和外界合力影响圈子,利用圈子,驾驭圈子,使圈子为我所用,避免圈子的消极作用而发挥圈子的积极影响。相反,如果人们在圈子面前蒙蔽了心智,则会为圈子所累。因此,探究圈子旨在深入而全面地挖掘圈子的社会根源,洞悉圈子的本质和在情境中的具体体现,以期解读人际传播的非正式组织本原,丰富人际传播关系理论,趋利避害,服务社会。
文中所引用材料主要来源于文献资料,辅以综合对比分析和观察。在统筹兼顾的基础上进行横向和纵向两个维度的对比分析,(1)对圈子的共时性分析。从同一时期的不同层面,从多个角度研究圈子的属性、特点、类型、及其相互关系,并将圈子置于情境之中,探讨圈子在具体情境中的属性和控制;(2)对圈子的历时性探究。在情境中从历史的角度研究圈子的在不同时期所表现出来的独特特点,分析我国人际传播非正式组织的历史变化和对现代人际传播非正式组织的影响。
本文从人际传播的关系及其组织形式切入,以人际传播的内在动力为基础,揭示了人际传播关系的非正式组织形式——圈子的内涵和一般特征,并以交友圈、政治圈和商业圈等情境为例,系统阐述了圈子在交友圈、政治圈和商业圈等情境中的表现形式,正负效应和控制策略。进而从共时行和历时性两个维度总结了人际传播的非正式组织形式——圈子,对传播理论的贡献和社会发展的影响。
Because of social and cultural factors, the interpersonal communication of Chinese has the notable characteristics of unofficial organization groups. There are differences between the eastern and the western countries in the balance of social relation. In western countries, the equal relation between people is emphasized, while in China, the relationship between people has clearly social classification. Chinese like keeping their own cycles for self-protection, social association, or for their own development. They obey the common behavior standards in the group and protect the benefit of the group, but exclude the things and people out groups. Various groups make up of the interpersonal relation as the unofficial organization in modern society. Groups are put into the social background, which exert a positive or negative effect on the social development. Through groups, we can survey the base and the structure of interpersonal unofficial organization clearly and know how the organization runs and changes and even the relationship between different organizations. Better understanding of groups can help people take advantage of self power and outside power to influence groups, decreasing the negative effect and increasing the positive effect of groups. On the contrary, if people are confused by groups, they will have some trouble. Therefore, the research of groups aims at probing into the social sources of groups, exploring the essence of groups and explaining the nature of interpersonal unofficial organization.
The materials cited in the thesis are mainly from literature and are compared and contrasted comprehensively. There are two dimensions in comparison; (1) the synchronic analysis of groups; the nature, characteristics and types of groups and relation between groups are analyzed in different aspects in the same times. The research put groups in certain context to talk about their property and controlling in specific surroundings. (2) the diachronic analysis of groups; the research probes into different characteristics of groups in different times, analyzing the historical changes of Chinese unofficial organization in interpersonal communication and the effect on modern unofficial organization in interpersonal communication.
The thesis begins with the relation of interpersonal communication and forms of its organization, basing on the internal motivation and reveals the unofficial organization in interpersonal communication---- the definition and the characteristics of groups. The research takes the groups of friends, the group of politics and the group of commerce for example to explain these different forms of groups, positive and negative effect of theirs, and strategies of controlling groups systematically. The research concludes unofficial organization in interpersonal communication---- groups in the diachronic and synchronic dimensions, which contributes to the communication theory and social development.
文中所引用材料主要来源于文献资料,辅以综合对比分析和观察。在统筹兼顾的基础上进行横向和纵向两个维度的对比分析,(1)对圈子的共时性分析。从同一时期的不同层面,从多个角度研究圈子的属性、特点、类型、及其相互关系,并将圈子置于情境之中,探讨圈子在具体情境中的属性和控制;(2)对圈子的历时性探究。在情境中从历史的角度研究圈子的在不同时期所表现出来的独特特点,分析我国人际传播非正式组织的历史变化和对现代人际传播非正式组织的影响。
本文从人际传播的关系及其组织形式切入,以人际传播的内在动力为基础,揭示了人际传播关系的非正式组织形式——圈子的内涵和一般特征,并以交友圈、政治圈和商业圈等情境为例,系统阐述了圈子在交友圈、政治圈和商业圈等情境中的表现形式,正负效应和控制策略。进而从共时行和历时性两个维度总结了人际传播的非正式组织形式——圈子,对传播理论的贡献和社会发展的影响。
Because of social and cultural factors, the interpersonal communication of Chinese has the notable characteristics of unofficial organization groups. There are differences between the eastern and the western countries in the balance of social relation. In western countries, the equal relation between people is emphasized, while in China, the relationship between people has clearly social classification. Chinese like keeping their own cycles for self-protection, social association, or for their own development. They obey the common behavior standards in the group and protect the benefit of the group, but exclude the things and people out groups. Various groups make up of the interpersonal relation as the unofficial organization in modern society. Groups are put into the social background, which exert a positive or negative effect on the social development. Through groups, we can survey the base and the structure of interpersonal unofficial organization clearly and know how the organization runs and changes and even the relationship between different organizations. Better understanding of groups can help people take advantage of self power and outside power to influence groups, decreasing the negative effect and increasing the positive effect of groups. On the contrary, if people are confused by groups, they will have some trouble. Therefore, the research of groups aims at probing into the social sources of groups, exploring the essence of groups and explaining the nature of interpersonal unofficial organization.
The materials cited in the thesis are mainly from literature and are compared and contrasted comprehensively. There are two dimensions in comparison; (1) the synchronic analysis of groups; the nature, characteristics and types of groups and relation between groups are analyzed in different aspects in the same times. The research put groups in certain context to talk about their property and controlling in specific surroundings. (2) the diachronic analysis of groups; the research probes into different characteristics of groups in different times, analyzing the historical changes of Chinese unofficial organization in interpersonal communication and the effect on modern unofficial organization in interpersonal communication.
The thesis begins with the relation of interpersonal communication and forms of its organization, basing on the internal motivation and reveals the unofficial organization in interpersonal communication---- the definition and the characteristics of groups. The research takes the groups of friends, the group of politics and the group of commerce for example to explain these different forms of groups, positive and negative effect of theirs, and strategies of controlling groups systematically. The research concludes unofficial organization in interpersonal communication---- groups in the diachronic and synchronic dimensions, which contributes to the communication theory and social development.
引文
1.斯蒂文﹒小约翰. 传播理论.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999. 第 27 页
2.安德列耶娃.社会心理学.天津:南开学出版社,1984 年中译本.第 69 页
3.Parsons, T . The Social system.Glencoe,111.:Free press,1951
4.林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 64～66 页
5.阎云祥.礼物的流动. 上海:上海人民出版社,2000.第 14 页
6.费孝通.乡土中国 生育制度. 北京:北京大学出版社,1998.第 24 页
7.贺雪峰.差序格局与乡村治理的区域差异. 三农中国网,2006. http://www.snzg.cn/article/show.php?Itemid-278/page-1.html
8.Alba, R.D., and Kadushin, C., 1976. “The intersection of social circle: A new measurement of social proximity in network”, Sociological Methods and Research. 5, 77～102.
9.Simmel,G.,1902.“The Number of Member as Determining the Sociological From of the Group.”American Journal of Sociology. 8, 1～46;8.156～196.
10.Alba, R.D., 1973, “A graph-theoretic definition of a sociometric clique”. Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 3, 113～126. Alba, R.D., and Moore, G., 1978. “Elite social circle”, Sociological Methods and Research. 7, 167～188.
11.刘军.社会网络分析导论.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.第 170 页
12.李彬.传播学引论.北京:新华出版社,1993.第 4 页;第 95 页
13.马克思、恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集. 北京:人民出版社 1995 年第 1 卷
14.[美] 丹尼尔·贝尔.后工业社会的来临.北京:新华出版社,1997.第 136～138 页
15.刘少杰.后现代西方社会学理论.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.第 80～81 页
16.马丁·布伯.对人的问题的展望. 熊伟主编.《存在主义哲学资料选辑》上卷.北京:商务印书馆,1997.第 185 页。
17.王怡红.人与人的相遇.北京:人民出版社,2003.第 44 页,。
18.斯蒂芬?P?罗宾斯.组织行为学(第七版).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
19.马丁·布伯.《对人的问题的展望》.《存在主义哲学资料选辑》上卷,北京:商务印书馆, 1997 年.第 185 页
20.[美]迈克尔﹒E﹒罗洛夫.人际传播社会交换论.上海:上海译文出版社,1997. 第27～120 页
21.包亚明.布迪厄访谈录——文化资本与社会炼金术.上海:上海人民出版社 1997.第202 页
22. 林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 28～31 页
23.[美]迈克尔﹒E﹒罗洛夫.人际传播社会交换论.上海:上海译文出版社,1997.第121～145 页
24.Mallan Group Training and Manage went Inc. 1999 http: //www. chinaeraconsulting. com / johari htm,
25.海尔特·霍夫斯泰德.美国的动机、领导和组织的管理理论适用于外国吗?.史蒂夫·莫滕森编选,关世杰、胡兴译.跨文化传播学:东方的视角.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999.第 14 页。
26.辞海编辑委员会 编纂:辞海,上海辞书出版社 出版时间:1999 年 09 月
27.汉语大辞典编篡委员会,上海,汉语大辞典,1993 年出版
28.冯天喻 ,中华文化辞典,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001 年
29.[法]皮埃尔·布迪厄,[美]华康德,李猛、李康译:《实践与反思——反思社会学导引》,中央编译出版社,2004 年,第 134 页
30. [法]皮埃尔·布迪厄,[美]华康德,李猛、李康译:《实践与反思——反思社会学导引》,中央编译出版社,2004 年,第 135 页
31.邱珉芾.“圈子”:公共权力的悖论.创造,2005 年 08 期
32. 林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 43 页
33.于阳. 江湖中国. 北京:当代中国出版社,2006.第 115 页
34.张继焦. 城市的适应——迁移者的就业与创业. 北京:商务印书馆,2004.第 73 页
35.杨宜音.试析人际关系及其分类--兼与黄光国先生商榷,社会学研究,1995 年第 5 期。
36.周晓虹.现代社会心理学. 上海:上海人民出版社,2002.第 361～376 页
37.马健.关于“圈子的猜想”—— 王安忆小说《舞伴》之解读.名作欣赏,2004 年 05 期
38.林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 50 页
39.赵延东.下岗职工的社会资本与再就业:[博士学位论文]. 北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2001
40.徐勇:圈子,三农中国网,2004,http://www.snzg.cn/article/show.php?Itemid-234/page-1.html
41.唐凯林、戴璐.20 万进人圈子很值.英才调查,2005
42.乐国安.当前中国人际关系研究,2002.第 218～230 页
43.〔汉〕黄石公.六韬三略.陕西:陕西旅游出版社,2003
44.欧春芳.有效防范领导干部中的“小圈子”.领导科学,2004 年第 7 期
45.于阳. 江湖中国. 北京:当代中国出版社,2006.第 84104 页
46.最高人民检察院和最高人民法院于 2007 年 3 月 13 日向十届全国人大五次会议做的工作报告
47.何功.浙江商人的“圈子主义”. 乡镇论坛,2004 年 08 期
48.张广利.投资大陆的海外华人企业社会资本的正负功效分析.人文杂志 2004 年第 3 期
49.厉以宁.《经济日报》,2001 年 4 月 4 日
50.应焕红.家族企业组织制度变迁的制约因素.企业改革与管理,2002 年第 6 期
51.马健.关于“圈子的猜想”—— 王安忆小说《舞伴》之解读.名作欣赏,2004 年 05 期
2.安德列耶娃.社会心理学.天津:南开学出版社,1984 年中译本.第 69 页
3.Parsons, T . The Social system.Glencoe,111.:Free press,1951
4.林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 64～66 页
5.阎云祥.礼物的流动. 上海:上海人民出版社,2000.第 14 页
6.费孝通.乡土中国 生育制度. 北京:北京大学出版社,1998.第 24 页
7.贺雪峰.差序格局与乡村治理的区域差异. 三农中国网,2006. http://www.snzg.cn/article/show.php?Itemid-278/page-1.html
8.Alba, R.D., and Kadushin, C., 1976. “The intersection of social circle: A new measurement of social proximity in network”, Sociological Methods and Research. 5, 77～102.
9.Simmel,G.,1902.“The Number of Member as Determining the Sociological From of the Group.”American Journal of Sociology. 8, 1～46;8.156～196.
10.Alba, R.D., 1973, “A graph-theoretic definition of a sociometric clique”. Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 3, 113～126. Alba, R.D., and Moore, G., 1978. “Elite social circle”, Sociological Methods and Research. 7, 167～188.
11.刘军.社会网络分析导论.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.第 170 页
12.李彬.传播学引论.北京:新华出版社,1993.第 4 页;第 95 页
13.马克思、恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集. 北京:人民出版社 1995 年第 1 卷
14.[美] 丹尼尔·贝尔.后工业社会的来临.北京:新华出版社,1997.第 136～138 页
15.刘少杰.后现代西方社会学理论.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.第 80～81 页
16.马丁·布伯.对人的问题的展望. 熊伟主编.《存在主义哲学资料选辑》上卷.北京:商务印书馆,1997.第 185 页。
17.王怡红.人与人的相遇.北京:人民出版社,2003.第 44 页,。
18.斯蒂芬?P?罗宾斯.组织行为学(第七版).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
19.马丁·布伯.《对人的问题的展望》.《存在主义哲学资料选辑》上卷,北京:商务印书馆, 1997 年.第 185 页
20.[美]迈克尔﹒E﹒罗洛夫.人际传播社会交换论.上海:上海译文出版社,1997. 第27～120 页
21.包亚明.布迪厄访谈录——文化资本与社会炼金术.上海:上海人民出版社 1997.第202 页
22. 林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 28～31 页
23.[美]迈克尔﹒E﹒罗洛夫.人际传播社会交换论.上海:上海译文出版社,1997.第121～145 页
24.Mallan Group Training and Manage went Inc. 1999 http: //www. chinaeraconsulting. com / johari htm,
25.海尔特·霍夫斯泰德.美国的动机、领导和组织的管理理论适用于外国吗?.史蒂夫·莫滕森编选,关世杰、胡兴译.跨文化传播学:东方的视角.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999.第 14 页。
26.辞海编辑委员会 编纂:辞海,上海辞书出版社 出版时间:1999 年 09 月
27.汉语大辞典编篡委员会,上海,汉语大辞典,1993 年出版
28.冯天喻 ,中华文化辞典,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001 年
29.[法]皮埃尔·布迪厄,[美]华康德,李猛、李康译:《实践与反思——反思社会学导引》,中央编译出版社,2004 年,第 134 页
30. [法]皮埃尔·布迪厄,[美]华康德,李猛、李康译:《实践与反思——反思社会学导引》,中央编译出版社,2004 年,第 135 页
31.邱珉芾.“圈子”:公共权力的悖论.创造,2005 年 08 期
32. 林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 43 页
33.于阳. 江湖中国. 北京:当代中国出版社,2006.第 115 页
34.张继焦. 城市的适应——迁移者的就业与创业. 北京:商务印书馆,2004.第 73 页
35.杨宜音.试析人际关系及其分类--兼与黄光国先生商榷,社会学研究,1995 年第 5 期。
36.周晓虹.现代社会心理学. 上海:上海人民出版社,2002.第 361～376 页
37.马健.关于“圈子的猜想”—— 王安忆小说《舞伴》之解读.名作欣赏,2004 年 05 期
38.林南.《社会资本》.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.第 50 页
39.赵延东.下岗职工的社会资本与再就业:[博士学位论文]. 北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2001
40.徐勇:圈子,三农中国网,2004,http://www.snzg.cn/article/show.php?Itemid-234/page-1.html
41.唐凯林、戴璐.20 万进人圈子很值.英才调查,2005
42.乐国安.当前中国人际关系研究,2002.第 218～230 页
43.〔汉〕黄石公.六韬三略.陕西:陕西旅游出版社,2003
44.欧春芳.有效防范领导干部中的“小圈子”.领导科学,2004 年第 7 期
45.于阳. 江湖中国. 北京:当代中国出版社,2006.第 84104 页
46.最高人民检察院和最高人民法院于 2007 年 3 月 13 日向十届全国人大五次会议做的工作报告
47.何功.浙江商人的“圈子主义”. 乡镇论坛,2004 年 08 期
48.张广利.投资大陆的海外华人企业社会资本的正负功效分析.人文杂志 2004 年第 3 期
49.厉以宁.《经济日报》,2001 年 4 月 4 日
50.应焕红.家族企业组织制度变迁的制约因素.企业改革与管理,2002 年第 6 期
51.马健.关于“圈子的猜想”—— 王安忆小说《舞伴》之解读.名作欣赏,2004 年 05 期