梅岭霉素生物活性测定及其作用机理研究
|
摘要
本研究针对我国自行开发的抗生素类农药梅岭霉素和其它3种同类药剂，采用浸渍法测定了它们对泰安种群小菜蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力水平；测定了梅岭霉素对多种昆虫和螨类的毒力，进一步验证了梅岭霉素的杀虫范围；采用多种毒力作用测定方法，测定了梅岭霉素对小菜蛾的毒力，明确了其作用方式；测定了梅岭霉素对害虫、害螨卵的生物活性，研究了在自然环境中施用梅岭霉素的持效期；测定了增效剂对梅岭霉素的增效作用，利用生物化学测定对梅岭霉素的作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：
1.梅岭霉素对小菜蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力远高于同类对比药剂阿维菌素、多杀菌素和浏阳霉素，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾幼虫的LC50是浏阳霉素的2478～50589倍，而且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增长而降低。
2.梅岭霉素杀虫范围较广，对所测定的小菜蛾、二斑叶螨、柑桔全爪螨、柑桔锈壁虱、苹果红蜘蛛、棉红蜘蛛、棉蚜和萝卜蚜等8种昆虫、螨类具有很高的毒力，其效果均高于或相当于对比药剂阿维菌素，是一种优秀的抗生素类杀虫杀螨剂，但梅岭霉素对菜青虫不敏感，其对菜青虫5龄幼虫的LD50仅为阿维菌素的0.0009倍。
3.梅岭霉素以触杀作用为主，同时具有较好的胃毒作用和一定的内渗作用。点滴法测定证明，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LD50是阿维菌素的3.8倍，触杀毒力高。浸叶法测定对小菜蛾的胃毒毒力证明，该药剂胃毒毒力不及对比药剂阿维菌素，但是显著高于多杀菌素；其内渗作用也低于阿维菌素；梅岭霉素对小菜蛾既无熏蒸作用，也无内吸作用。
4. 梅岭霉素具有较好的杀卵作用。其对小菜蛾、二斑叶螨卵的孵化都具较好的抑制作用，抑制效果显著高于各对比药剂，并且能大大降低小菜蛾初孵幼虫的存活率。
5.在室外自然环境中，梅岭霉素喷雾防治小菜蛾，其持效期为7天左右。药后3天其校正死亡率在92％以上，从第5天开始药效明显下降，药后7天其校正死亡率降至73.7％，药后14天其药效基本消失。结果还显示，梅岭霉素的消解速度高于对照药剂阿维菌素。
6.取梅岭霉素、阿维菌素各自对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LC50剂量浓度，以浸渍法处理4龄幼虫，分别于处理后1h、2h、4h、8h测定试虫体内的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力。结果显示：梅岭霉素、阿维菌素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都具有显著的抑制作用，而且抑制作用随着处理时间的延长而增强；梅岭霉素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用显著高于阿维菌素；经这两种药剂处理后，试虫体内羧酸酯酶与底物的亲和力及酶最大反应速度显著低于对照组，证明药剂处理后使试虫体内的羧酸酯酶发生了质的改变；但梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对试虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用无显著差别；对试虫三种酶的离体抑制测定表明，梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶均无直接的抑制作用。
7. 5种增效剂对梅岭霉素的增效试验结果表明：PBO、SV1和TPP对梅岭霉素和阿维菌素都具有较显著的增效作用，对梅岭霉素的增效倍数分别为1.65，1.67、1.15，对阿维菌素的增效倍数分别为2.58、3.03、1.81。
8．阿维菌素或梅岭霉素与无致死作用浓度的硫丹混用后显著降低了两者的毒力。究其原因可能是，硫丹与阿维菌素、梅岭霉素产生了竞争性抑制作用，因其毒力低，在占据受体后，影响了阿维菌素或梅岭霉素致毒作用的发挥，降低了两种高活性药剂的毒力。
The meilingmycin in pesticidal invention was found by china, which was a new insecticidal antibiotic. This dissertation studies on meilingmycin and the other three insecticidal antibiotic avermectin, spinosad, liuyangmycin. Laboratory measurement of toxicity to different instar larva of taian's pullutella xylostella (L.) population of these four insecticides was carried out by insect-dip method. At the same time, the insecticidal activity to other insects and acarids of meilingmycin were studied .The meilingmycin's mode of activity was evaluated by using different measuring methods to toxicity.The ovicidal action to pullutella xylostella and Tetranychus urticae Koch of meilingmycin and its residual efficacy duration in entironment were investigated.The synergism of five synergists was tested, and the mechanism of meilingmycin was discussed by biochemical bioassay. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. The meilingmycin's toxicity to every instar larva of pullutella xylostella was further higher than the four compared insecticidal antibiotics's. The meilingmycin's LC50 is 2478～50589 folds to the liuyangmycin's and its toxicity would decline with the development of instar larva.
2. The insecticidal range of meilingmycin is very large, it has very high toxicity to insects and acarids, such as pullutella xylostella L., Tetranychus urticae Koch, Panonychus citri McGregor, Phyllocoptrota oleivora Ashamead, Panonychus ulmi Koch, Tetranychus urticae Koh, Aphis gossypii Glover, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, and its toxicity was equal or higher to the compared insecticide's, so it is an excellent acaricidal and insecticidal antibiotics. But meilingmycin is not susceptive to Pieris rapae Linne, its LD50 to 5 instar larva is only 0.0009 fold to Avermectin's.
3. Meilingmycin's contact action is primary, at the same time it has nicer stomachic action and definite osmosis action. It is tested by dip method that meilingmycin's LD50 to pullutella xylostella (L.) is 3.8 folds to Avermectin's, its contact toxicity is the highest. The stomachic toxicity to pullutella xylostella (L.) was testified by leaf-dip method, it showed that meilingmycin's stomachic toxicity is inferior to Avermectin's, but markedly higher than Spinosad's; the osmosis action of meilingmycin is also lower than Avermectin's; Meilingmycin has neither systemic action nor fumigantion effect.
4. The ovicidal action of meilingmycin is outstanding, it could observably restrain the egg hatching of pullutella xylostella (L.) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, the restraining effect is markedly higher than all the other compared insecticide. What's more, it did cause substantial mortality of newly-hatched larva of pullutella xylostella (L.).
5. The efficacy duration in entironment of meilingmycin is around 7 days, when it was used by spray. Be used three days later, meilingmycin's reviseing death rate was 92%; five days later, meilingmycin's toxicity markedly dropped; seven days later, the reviseing death rate was 73.7%, fourteen days later, the toxicity of meilinmycin almost disappeared. The result also show that: the decompound velocity of meilingmycin in entironment is quicker than Avermectin's.
6. Fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.) was treated by insect-dip method using meilingmycin and Avermectin , its dosage is equal to the LC50 to fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.), then measured the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST in one hour, two hour, four hour , and eight hour, the result showed that: meilingmycin and Avermectin could evidently restrain the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST , and with time increasing , the inhibiting effect could rise ; the inhibiting action of meilingmycin to CarE and AChE is much higher than Avermectin's. Steeped 4th larva of pullutella xylostella by meilingmycin and Avermectin , the maximal reaction velocity
and the affinity to substrate of CarE was markedly lower than control group's, both of these could testify that the change of quality of CarE happened after steeped. But
1.梅岭霉素对小菜蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力远高于同类对比药剂阿维菌素、多杀菌素和浏阳霉素，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾幼虫的LC50是浏阳霉素的2478～50589倍，而且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增长而降低。
2.梅岭霉素杀虫范围较广，对所测定的小菜蛾、二斑叶螨、柑桔全爪螨、柑桔锈壁虱、苹果红蜘蛛、棉红蜘蛛、棉蚜和萝卜蚜等8种昆虫、螨类具有很高的毒力，其效果均高于或相当于对比药剂阿维菌素，是一种优秀的抗生素类杀虫杀螨剂，但梅岭霉素对菜青虫不敏感，其对菜青虫5龄幼虫的LD50仅为阿维菌素的0.0009倍。
3.梅岭霉素以触杀作用为主，同时具有较好的胃毒作用和一定的内渗作用。点滴法测定证明，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LD50是阿维菌素的3.8倍，触杀毒力高。浸叶法测定对小菜蛾的胃毒毒力证明，该药剂胃毒毒力不及对比药剂阿维菌素，但是显著高于多杀菌素；其内渗作用也低于阿维菌素；梅岭霉素对小菜蛾既无熏蒸作用，也无内吸作用。
4. 梅岭霉素具有较好的杀卵作用。其对小菜蛾、二斑叶螨卵的孵化都具较好的抑制作用，抑制效果显著高于各对比药剂，并且能大大降低小菜蛾初孵幼虫的存活率。
5.在室外自然环境中，梅岭霉素喷雾防治小菜蛾，其持效期为7天左右。药后3天其校正死亡率在92％以上，从第5天开始药效明显下降，药后7天其校正死亡率降至73.7％，药后14天其药效基本消失。结果还显示，梅岭霉素的消解速度高于对照药剂阿维菌素。
6.取梅岭霉素、阿维菌素各自对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LC50剂量浓度，以浸渍法处理4龄幼虫，分别于处理后1h、2h、4h、8h测定试虫体内的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力。结果显示：梅岭霉素、阿维菌素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都具有显著的抑制作用，而且抑制作用随着处理时间的延长而增强；梅岭霉素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用显著高于阿维菌素；经这两种药剂处理后，试虫体内羧酸酯酶与底物的亲和力及酶最大反应速度显著低于对照组，证明药剂处理后使试虫体内的羧酸酯酶发生了质的改变；但梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对试虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用无显著差别；对试虫三种酶的离体抑制测定表明，梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶均无直接的抑制作用。
7. 5种增效剂对梅岭霉素的增效试验结果表明：PBO、SV1和TPP对梅岭霉素和阿维菌素都具有较显著的增效作用，对梅岭霉素的增效倍数分别为1.65，1.67、1.15，对阿维菌素的增效倍数分别为2.58、3.03、1.81。
8．阿维菌素或梅岭霉素与无致死作用浓度的硫丹混用后显著降低了两者的毒力。究其原因可能是，硫丹与阿维菌素、梅岭霉素产生了竞争性抑制作用，因其毒力低，在占据受体后，影响了阿维菌素或梅岭霉素致毒作用的发挥，降低了两种高活性药剂的毒力。
The meilingmycin in pesticidal invention was found by china, which was a new insecticidal antibiotic. This dissertation studies on meilingmycin and the other three insecticidal antibiotic avermectin, spinosad, liuyangmycin. Laboratory measurement of toxicity to different instar larva of taian's pullutella xylostella (L.) population of these four insecticides was carried out by insect-dip method. At the same time, the insecticidal activity to other insects and acarids of meilingmycin were studied .The meilingmycin's mode of activity was evaluated by using different measuring methods to toxicity.The ovicidal action to pullutella xylostella and Tetranychus urticae Koch of meilingmycin and its residual efficacy duration in entironment were investigated.The synergism of five synergists was tested, and the mechanism of meilingmycin was discussed by biochemical bioassay. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. The meilingmycin's toxicity to every instar larva of pullutella xylostella was further higher than the four compared insecticidal antibiotics's. The meilingmycin's LC50 is 2478～50589 folds to the liuyangmycin's and its toxicity would decline with the development of instar larva.
2. The insecticidal range of meilingmycin is very large, it has very high toxicity to insects and acarids, such as pullutella xylostella L., Tetranychus urticae Koch, Panonychus citri McGregor, Phyllocoptrota oleivora Ashamead, Panonychus ulmi Koch, Tetranychus urticae Koh, Aphis gossypii Glover, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, and its toxicity was equal or higher to the compared insecticide's, so it is an excellent acaricidal and insecticidal antibiotics. But meilingmycin is not susceptive to Pieris rapae Linne, its LD50 to 5 instar larva is only 0.0009 fold to Avermectin's.
3. Meilingmycin's contact action is primary, at the same time it has nicer stomachic action and definite osmosis action. It is tested by dip method that meilingmycin's LD50 to pullutella xylostella (L.) is 3.8 folds to Avermectin's, its contact toxicity is the highest. The stomachic toxicity to pullutella xylostella (L.) was testified by leaf-dip method, it showed that meilingmycin's stomachic toxicity is inferior to Avermectin's, but markedly higher than Spinosad's; the osmosis action of meilingmycin is also lower than Avermectin's; Meilingmycin has neither systemic action nor fumigantion effect.
4. The ovicidal action of meilingmycin is outstanding, it could observably restrain the egg hatching of pullutella xylostella (L.) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, the restraining effect is markedly higher than all the other compared insecticide. What's more, it did cause substantial mortality of newly-hatched larva of pullutella xylostella (L.).
5. The efficacy duration in entironment of meilingmycin is around 7 days, when it was used by spray. Be used three days later, meilingmycin's reviseing death rate was 92%; five days later, meilingmycin's toxicity markedly dropped; seven days later, the reviseing death rate was 73.7%, fourteen days later, the toxicity of meilinmycin almost disappeared. The result also show that: the decompound velocity of meilingmycin in entironment is quicker than Avermectin's.
6. Fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.) was treated by insect-dip method using meilingmycin and Avermectin , its dosage is equal to the LC50 to fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.), then measured the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST in one hour, two hour, four hour , and eight hour, the result showed that: meilingmycin and Avermectin could evidently restrain the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST , and with time increasing , the inhibiting effect could rise ; the inhibiting action of meilingmycin to CarE and AChE is much higher than Avermectin's. Steeped 4th larva of pullutella xylostella by meilingmycin and Avermectin , the maximal reaction velocity
and the affinity to substrate of CarE was markedly lower than control group's, both of these could testify that the change of quality of CarE happened after steeped. But
引文
1. Aoki A ,Fukuda R, Nakayabu T, et al, U. S. Patent,3,998,699,1976
2. Argentine JA, Clark JM, Lin H. Genetics and biochemical mechangisms of abamectin resistance in two isogenic strains of colorado polato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1992,44:191-207
3. Argentine JA, Clark JM. Selection for abamectin resistance in colorado potato beetle(Coleoptera:Chrysometidae). Pestic. Sci., 1990,28:17-24
4. Bradhrd M M。A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein unitizing the principle of protein dye binding．Analytical Biochemistry。1976，72：248
5. Bren D. J., Gray J., Reilly P. Control of sheep scab by subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. Irish Veterinary Journal. 1993,46(3):99-101
6. Brickle D. S., Turnipseed S. G., Sullivan M. J. et al. Comparison of different chemistries and rates against bollworm in Bt and conventional cotton. 2000 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA, 48 January. 2000: Volume 2. 2000, 971-975
7. Brien D. J. Ivermectin for the control of sheep scab.Proceedings of the Conference on Sheep Scab,Tralee,Irish Republic.1996,42(3)27-28.
8. Bulman G. M., Munoz Cobenas M. E., Ambrustolo-RR. The environmental impact of the macrocyclic lactones(endectocides):a comprhensive and comparative update.Veterinaria Argentina.1996,13(127)190-504.
9. Bury R W, Miller B M, Baker E E, et al. Avemectins, New Family of Potent Anthelmitic Agents: Producing Organism and Fementation .Antimicrob Ag. Chemother., Vol. 15, No. 13, 361~3678, 1979
10. Casida, J.E. Archive of Insect Biochemisty and Physiology. 1993, 22:13-23
11. Chandre F., Hougard J. M. Ivermectin as a systemic insecticide on Culex quinquefasciatus Exotique. 1999,92(1):71-72
12. Chukwudebe AC. Atkins RH. Wislocki PG. Metabolic fate of emamectin benzoate in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemisty. 1997,45(10):4137-4146
13. Clark JM, Argentine JA, Lin H et al. Mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the colorado potato beetle.In: Mullins CA, Scott J G eds. Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Diversity among Insects. Washington, DC. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 322,1992,247-263
14. Clark JM, Scott JG, Campos F et al. Resistance to avermectins : extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol.,1994,40:1-30
15. Cochran D. G. Efficacy of abamectin fed to German cockroAChEs (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) resistant to pyrethroids. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1990,83(4):1243-1245
16. Cox D. L., Remick M. D., Lasota J. A. Toxicity of Avermectin to Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae and adults. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1995,88(5):1415-1419
17. Craven J., Bjorn H. Monrad J. Anthelmintic resistance of intestinal helminths [sic] of horse. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift. 2000,83(2):14-16
18. Cully DF. Paress PS. Liu KK. Schaeffer JM. Arena JP Identification of a Drosophila melanogaster glutamate gated chlorid channel sensitive to the antiparasitic agent Avermectin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996,271(33):20187-20191
19. David M. Soderlund and Pamela M. Adams. Inhibition of Octopamine-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase Acricides. Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology . 1993, 46,228-235
20. Deng Y. Clark J. M. Insecticide binding sites in the house fly head gamma aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel complex. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,230 -250; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego, California, USA, on March 13-17 1996
21. Deng Yanli; Palmer CJ; Casida JE; Deng YL. House fly head GABA gated chloride channel: four putative insecticide binding sites differentiated by [3H] EBOB and [35S] TBPS. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology . 1993,47(2):98-112
22. Dipietro J. A., Todd K. S. Anthelmintics used in treatment of parasitic infections of horses. Equine Practice. 1989,11(4):5-15
23. Duce IR; Bhandal NS; Scott RH; Norris TM; Clark JM Effects of ivermectin on gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate gated chloride conductance in arthropod skeletal muscle. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,251-263; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego,California, USA, on March 13-17 1994
24. FAO。Recommed Method for Measurment of Resistance to Pesticide。Plant Production and Proction Puper 21。Rome，1980，49~54
25. Ffrench-constant, R. H., Roush, R. T., Mortlock, D.et al. J. Fron. Entomol. 1990,83:1733-1737
26. Finney D J。Probit analysis，3rd ed。London：Cambridge University Press，1977
27. Fisher M. H. and Mrozik H. in “Ivermectin and Abamectin”（W.C.Ca-ampbell，ED.），chemistry，Springer-Verlag，Berlin 1989，1－23
28. Gorun V, Proinov L ,Baltescu V et al. Modified ellman procedure for assay of cholinesterases in crude enzymatic preparations . Analytical Biochemistry .1978,86:324~326
29. Gruber V. F., Halley B. A., Hwang S. C. et al. Mobility of Avermectin B1a in soil. Journal of Agricultual and Food Chemistry. 1990,38(3):886-890
30. Hama H. Development of pyrethroid resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.(Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1987,22:166-175
Hatano R., Scott J. G. Characterization of ［3H］ abamectin binding in
31. susceptible and abamectin resistant strains of house fly. Pestic. Sci., 1993,18:281-284
32. He YuXian, Yang XiuJuan, Weng QiYong, et al. Biological toxicity of Avermectin to Plutella xylostella. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001,16(2):24-27
33. Holloway J., Forrester N. New insecticide chemistry for Australian cotton IPM. Australian Cottongrower. 1998,19(6):29-34
34. Ibrahim M. Abalis Amira T. Eldefrawi. [3H] Muscimol Binding to a Putative GABA Receptor in Honey Bee Brain and Its Interaction with Avermectin B1a.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.1986,(25):279-287
35. Iqbal M., Wright D.J. Host resistance to insecticides can confer protefction to endolarval parasitoids. Bull. Entomol. Res., 1996,86:721-723
36. Ismail F，Wright DJ。Synergism of teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron in an acylurea-resistant field strain of Plutella xylostella（L.）（Lepidoptera：Yponomeutidae）。Pesticide Science。1992，34：221～226
37. Ismail F.，Wright D. J.。Cross-resistance between acylurea insect growth regulators in a strain of Plutella xylostella（L.）（Lepidoptera：Yponomeutidae）from Malaysia。Pesticide Science。1991，33：359－370
38. Jansson R. K., Peterson R. F., Halliday W. R. et al. Efficacy of solid formulations of emamectin benzoate controlling lepidopterous pests. Florida Entomologist. 1996,79(3):434-449
39. Japan Plant Protection Association。 Report on urgent counter measures against diseases and insect pests。ToKyo：Japan Plant Protection Association, 1988, 282
40. Kido G, et al, Antimycin A。 An Antibiltic with Insecticidal and Miticidal Property.Science 112:172,1950
Kim SangSoo, Paik ChaeHoon, Kim S. S. et al. Comparative toxicity of abamectin to the spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus
41. kanzawai Kishida (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and the predatory mite, Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 1996,35(2):164-172
42. Konno Y, Scott JG. Biochemistry and genetics of abamectin resistance in the housefly. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol.,1991,41:21-28
43. Kruger K., Scholtz C. H. Lethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung breeding beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 1997,61(23): 123-131
44. Kutzer E., Treatment of oestrinosis and hypodermosis in Cervidae by ivermectin. Proceedings of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology, Jena, Germany, 23-27 March 1993. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeineund Angewandte Entomologie. 1994,9(1-3):165-170
45. Kwochka K.W., Gram D., Kunkle G. A. et al. Plant JD Clinical efficacy of selamectin for the control of fleas on dogs and cats. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2000,1:4,252-260
46. Li TengWu, Gao xiwu, Zheng bingzong. Genetic analysis and cross resistance of Plutella xylostella to Avermectin. Plant Protection. 1999,25(6):12-14
47. Lindy Holden-Dye etc. Studies Involving Avermectin and th 4-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Receptor of Ascaris suum Musele. Pestic.Sci.1998,24:231-245
48. Logan N.B., Weatherley A.J., Jones R.M. Activity of injectable Avermectin against sucking lice of cattle. Veterinary Record. 1996,139(14):345-346
49. Ma C. Z., Gu Z. R., Qian Z. G. Establishment and application of insecticidal antibiotics bioassay using nematodes. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai. 1995, 11(1):78-82
Moya Borja GE, Muniz R.A., Umehara O. et al. Persistence of doramectin
50. efficacy when administered subcutaneously to cattle exposed to Dermatobia hominis infestations. Revista Brasileira de parasitologia Veterinaria. 1997,6(2):165-168.
51. Oconnell P W, U. S. Patent，3，272，696，1966
52. Oliveira CB de, Muniz R.A., Umehara O. et al. Comparaive persistence of doramectin and ivermectin against natural infestations of Dermatobia hominis in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul. \revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria.1997,6(2):169-173.
53. Ostlind D. A., Felcetto T., Misura A. et al. Discovery of a novel indole diterpene insecticide using first instars of Lucilia sericata. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1997,11(4): 407-408
54. Payne,G. T.; Soderlund, D. M. Activation of gamma aminobutyric acid insensitive chloride channels in mouse brain synaptic vesicles by Avermectin B1a. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology. 1991,6(4):283-292
55. Perng, F.S., Yao, M. C., Hung, C. F., et al. Journal of economic Entomology.1998,81:1277-1282
56. Pluschkell U., Horowitz A. R., Ishaaya I. Effect of milbemectin on the sweeppotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica. 1999,27(3):183-191
57. PM. Flanagan DP. Gormally M. J. Preliminary investigations of Aphodius species activity in cattlefaeces treated with ivermectin. Medical and Veterinary Entomology.1997,11(2):139-142.
58. Putter J. C.，MacConnell F. A. et al。Amermectin：Novel insecticides，acarixides and nematicides from a soil microorganism，Experientia 1981，37：963
59. Roderich H.Scott and Ian R.Duce. Effects of 22,23-DihydroAvermectin B1a on Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)Muscles May Involve Several Sites of Action. Pestic.Sci.1985,(16):599-604
60. Rugg D. Aboratory selection of Lucilia cuprina larvae with ivermectin. Resistant Pest Management. 1996,8(1):55-57
61. Ryabchinskaja T. A., Kharchenko G. L., Drinyajev V. A. et al. A new native biopesticide of the Avermectin group for controlling currant pests. 1996,(89):107-111
62. Scott JG; Clark JM; Resistance to Avermectin in the house fly, Musca domestica. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,251-263; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego,California, USA, on March 13-17 1994
63. Sherratt T.N., Macdougall A. D., Wratten S. D. et al. Models to assist the evaluation of the impact of Avermectin on dung insect populations. Ecological Modelling. 1998,110(2):165-173
64. Shoop W.L., Egerton J.R., Eary C.H.. Eprinomectin: a novel Avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle. International Journal for Parasitology.1996,26(11):1237-1242.
65. Singh J., Gill B.S., Jasmer Singh. Efficacy of ivermectin and nitroxinil against Oestrus ovis in sheep.Journal of Veterinary Parasitology.1995,9(2):131-132.
66. Soerensen B., Vieira V., Christovao F.G. et al. The efficacy of doramectin against Dermatobia hominis,Boophilus microplus, Cochliomyia hominivorax and Trichostrongylus spp. In cattle under conditions allowing reinfection. UNIMAR Ciencias. 1994,3(19):22
67. Strong L. Avermectin: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1992,82(2):265-274
68. Sun C. N.,In:Talker N. S. ed. Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 1992:419-426
69. Talekar, N. S. , Shelton, A. M. Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1993, (38):275-301[23]
70. Talekar, N. S., Yang, J. C. Characteristics of Parasitism of diamondback moth by two larval parasites. Entomophaga. 1991, (36):95-104[24]
71. Tanaka K. Mode of action of insecticidal compounds acting at inhibitory synapses. Pestic. Sci., 1987,12:549-560
72. Titchener R. N., Purnell R. E. Duration of persistence of injectable Avermectin against sucking lice of cattle. Veterinary Record. 1996,139(14):345-346
73. Tomomasa et al, Use of Anbiotics in Agriculture. Advances in Applied Microbiology,Vol.21,53~58,1977
74. Van Asperene K．J．Insect Physiol，1962，8：401-410
75. Wafford, K.A., Sattelle,D. B., Gant,D. B. et al. Pestic.Biochem. Physiol., 1989,33:213-219.
76. Wang ChegnJu, Zhang WenJi, Wang Lin et al. Study on the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of ten insecticides to the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera ). Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis. 1995,11(1):78-82
77. Wang ChengJu, Li XueFeng, Wu XueMin et al. Toxicities of Avermectin to cotton bollworm and effect of synergists. Journal of China Agricultural University. 1999,4(5):6-10
78. Watson T.G., Bishop D. M., Hook F.G.. Efficacy of injectable oramectin against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research.1996,39(3):401-404.
79. White S. M., Dunbar D. M., Brown R. et al. A novel Avermectin derivative for control of lepidopterous pests in cotton. 1997 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, USA, January 6-10(M). 1997: Volume 2. 1997, 1078-1082
80. Windelspecht M., Richmond R. C., Cochrane B. J. Survey of malathion resistance and Avermectin susceptibility in field populations of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and D. simulans. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1998,91(6):1245-1252
Wright D. J., Iqbal M., Verkerk R.H.J.. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and abamectin in the diamondback moth , Plutella xylostella:a major problem for integrated pest management?
81. Mededelingen Faculte: Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 1995, 60 3b:927-933
82. Zhou chengAi, Wang xiaoping, Chen zhangfa et al. Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth in Changsha and effects of synergist on insecticides. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University. 2000,26(5):358-362
83. 陈传盈，方祺霞，林开汇等。杀蚜素的研究。微生物学报。1980，20 （2）：113～115
84. 陈焕瑜，冯夏，高琴。不同温度下阿维菌素对小菜蛾的毒力测定。广东农业科学。1995，5，41-42
85. 陈之浩，刘传秀，李凤良等。小菜蛾继代繁殖大量饲养力法研究初报。贵州农业科学，1990，（4）：52－53
86. 方菊莲，夏大荣，杨荣新。小菜蛾半合成饲料研究。植物保护学报，1988，15（3）：167－171
87. 高希武。Gorun等改进的Ellman胆碱酯酶活性测定方法介绍。昆虫知识。1987，24（4）：245－246
88. 顾宝根，姜辉。我国生物农药的现状及问题。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
89. 郭庆铭，张一宾。生物源农药的发展及生物化学相结合技术的进步。中国农药工业“十五”发展座谈会。2000：76-96
90. 扈洪波，朱蓓蕾，李俊锁。阿维菌素类药物的研究进展。畜牧兽医学报。2000年，31（6）：520－529
91. 姜家良，陈巧云，侯能俊等。昆虫学报。1984，27（3）： 248－ 253
92. 柯礼道，方菊莲。应用发芽菜籽大量饲养小菜蛾。昆虫知识。1981，18（5）：233－235
93. 匡开源，魏春妹，唐永兰等。杀蚜（螨）抗生素T21产生菌－浅黄链霉菌韶关变种。微生物学报，1983，23（1）：10~14
94. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗。小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传分析及交互抗性研究。植物保护。1999年，25（6）：12－14
95. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。阿维菌素对小菜蛾的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响。昆虫学报。2000年，V（43）增刊：38－42
96. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。不同地区小菜蛾种群羧酸酯酶的毒理学性质研究。昆虫学报。1998 V（41）增刊：26－33
97. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式和相对适合度研究。昆虫学报。2000年V（43）3：255－263
98. 刘传秀，韩招久，李凤良等。应用蚯石萝卜苗法室内继代大量繁殖小菜蛾的研究。昆虫知识，1993，30（ 6）：341～344
99. 刘家成，包文新。加入WTO植保工作而临的机遇、挑战及其对策。安徽农学通报。2000，6（3）：6－7
100. 罗万春，慕立义。杀虫剂现状及发展前景。农药。1997，36（6）：10－12[8]
101. 罗万春。世界新农药与环境－发展中的新型药剂。北京：世界图书出版社，2002。
102. 慕立义编。植物化学保护研究方法。北京：中国农业出版社。1994，54～55
103. 欧阳谅，万淑婉，涂国全。一株产生杀虫抗生素的链霉菌新种。微生物学报，1984，4（3）：195－199
104. 欧阳谅．南昌链霉菌新种及其产生的两种杀虫抗生素。江西农业大学学报(杀虫抗生素研究专辑)。1993年，（15）：148－153
105. 欧阳谅。微生物来源的杀虫活性物质开发利用。杀虫抗生素研究专辑用设备。江西农业大学工报。1993，97～113
106. 邱立红，张文吉。害虫及螨对阿维菌素的抗药性发展及治理策略探讨。中国农业大学学报。1999年，4（1）：43－48
107. 沈寅初 张一宾。生物农药。北京：化学工业出版社，2000年
108. 沈寅初。农用抗生素研究开发新进展。植保技术应用与推广。1997年，17（6）：35－37
109. 帅应垣，冯夏，陈焕瑜。广东供港菜区小菜蛾抗药性研究初报。广东农业科学。1994，4：31－32
110. 宋渊。杀虫抗生素的研究进展。微生物农药及其产业化。北京，科学出版社，2000年
111. 唐振华。昆虫抗药性及其治理。北京，农业出版社，1993，336－378
112. 万金精。微生物与害虫防治。河南科学出版社，1985：188~201
113. 王开运，姜兴印，仪美芹。梅岭霉素对3种叶螨和2种害虫的毒力评价。农药，2002（02）：47
114. 王开运等。棉苗的水培和棉蚜的繁育。农药，1983 （05）：46
115. 王润华，涂国全，高勇生。梅岭霉素生物学活性及其产生菌特性的研究－ I 梅岭霉素对十种昆虫螨类的杀虫活性。江西农业大学学报。1995，Vol.17（4）：455－461
116. 王润华，涂国全，高勇生。梅岭霉素生物学活性及其产生菌特性的研究I梅岭霉素对十种昆虫螨类的杀虫活性。江西农业大学学报。1995，V（17）4：455－461
117. 王旭，高希武，郑炳宗。小菜蛾抗药性的研究。世界农业。1997，（11）：27－29
118. 王延年。昆虫饲养手册。上海科学技术出版社。1984
119. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群小菜蛾的生物适台度。农药学学报，2000年， 2（1）： 36－40
120. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。表皮穿透和 GABA受体不敏感性在小菜蛾对阿维茵素抗性中的作用。昆虫学报。2002年，45（3）：336－340
121. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。解毒酶系在小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性中的作用。农药学学报。2001年，V（3）：23—28
122. 谢心宏。从种植结构调整看加入WTO对我国农药行业的影响。农药。2002，41（4）：1－5
123. 徐汉虹，陈立。Avermectin抗性水平、机制及抗性治理。农药译丛。1994，16（3）：1－13
124. 徐汉金，黄志鹏，关雄等。生物测定种－小菜蛾的人工饲养及冷藏。福建农业大学学报，1997，26（2）：187－190
125. 许小龙，顾中言，韩丽娟。阿维菌素对十字花科蔬菜主要害虫的生物活性及防治小菜蛾、菜青虫的田间应用研究。农药学学报。2002，V（4）1，39-44
126. 杨沛。正确推广阿维菌素系列农药。农药，1998，37（12）：35－36
127. 喻子牛 柯云 刘子铎等。微生物农药在病虫害可持续控制中的应用及发展战略。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
128. 喻子牛。苏云金芽孢杆菌制剂的生产和应用。北京：中国农业出版社，1998
129. 张光美等。苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾卵的生物活性。中国生物防治。1997 （02）：53－56
130. 张敏衡。新型高效广谱杀虫杀螨剂阿维菌素。农药。1998，37（3）：36－37
131. 张一宾，唐春风。农药工业的世纪回顾和展望－世界大型农药公司负责人访谈。世界农药。2000，22（2）：1－8
132. 张友军，张文吉，韩熹莱。杀虫剂分子靶标：γ-氨基丁酸A型受体（二）。昆虫知识，1996，33（5）：315－317
133. 张友军，张文吉，韩熹莱。杀虫剂分子靶标：γ-氨基丁酸A型受体（一）。昆虫知识，1996，33（4）：244－247
134. 赵建周，朱国仁，吴世昌。小菜蛾抗药性及其治理的研究。世界农业。1991，（9）：30－31
135. 赵善欢。小菜蛾的抗药性及防治策略（提要）。西北农业大学学报。1996，23（3）：21-24
136. 周成理，唐振华，张丽妹。小菜蛾幼虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性与多功能氧化酶的关系。植物保护学报。1993，20（1）：91－95
137. 朱昌雄，蒋细良。我国农用杀菌抗生素的研究开发现状和产业化展望。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
138. 朱昌雄。我国微生物农药存在的问题及解决对策。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
139. 王开运，姜兴印，仪美芹等。甜菜夜蛾抗药性及其机理。植物保护学报。2002年，V（29）3：229－234
2. Argentine JA, Clark JM, Lin H. Genetics and biochemical mechangisms of abamectin resistance in two isogenic strains of colorado polato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1992,44:191-207
3. Argentine JA, Clark JM. Selection for abamectin resistance in colorado potato beetle(Coleoptera:Chrysometidae). Pestic. Sci., 1990,28:17-24
4. Bradhrd M M。A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein unitizing the principle of protein dye binding．Analytical Biochemistry。1976，72：248
5. Bren D. J., Gray J., Reilly P. Control of sheep scab by subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. Irish Veterinary Journal. 1993,46(3):99-101
6. Brickle D. S., Turnipseed S. G., Sullivan M. J. et al. Comparison of different chemistries and rates against bollworm in Bt and conventional cotton. 2000 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA, 48 January. 2000: Volume 2. 2000, 971-975
7. Brien D. J. Ivermectin for the control of sheep scab.Proceedings of the Conference on Sheep Scab,Tralee,Irish Republic.1996,42(3)27-28.
8. Bulman G. M., Munoz Cobenas M. E., Ambrustolo-RR. The environmental impact of the macrocyclic lactones(endectocides):a comprhensive and comparative update.Veterinaria Argentina.1996,13(127)190-504.
9. Bury R W, Miller B M, Baker E E, et al. Avemectins, New Family of Potent Anthelmitic Agents: Producing Organism and Fementation .Antimicrob Ag. Chemother., Vol. 15, No. 13, 361~3678, 1979
10. Casida, J.E. Archive of Insect Biochemisty and Physiology. 1993, 22:13-23
11. Chandre F., Hougard J. M. Ivermectin as a systemic insecticide on Culex quinquefasciatus Exotique. 1999,92(1):71-72
12. Chukwudebe AC. Atkins RH. Wislocki PG. Metabolic fate of emamectin benzoate in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemisty. 1997,45(10):4137-4146
13. Clark JM, Argentine JA, Lin H et al. Mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the colorado potato beetle.In: Mullins CA, Scott J G eds. Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Diversity among Insects. Washington, DC. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 322,1992,247-263
14. Clark JM, Scott JG, Campos F et al. Resistance to avermectins : extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol.,1994,40:1-30
15. Cochran D. G. Efficacy of abamectin fed to German cockroAChEs (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) resistant to pyrethroids. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1990,83(4):1243-1245
16. Cox D. L., Remick M. D., Lasota J. A. Toxicity of Avermectin to Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae and adults. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1995,88(5):1415-1419
17. Craven J., Bjorn H. Monrad J. Anthelmintic resistance of intestinal helminths [sic] of horse. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift. 2000,83(2):14-16
18. Cully DF. Paress PS. Liu KK. Schaeffer JM. Arena JP Identification of a Drosophila melanogaster glutamate gated chlorid channel sensitive to the antiparasitic agent Avermectin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996,271(33):20187-20191
19. David M. Soderlund and Pamela M. Adams. Inhibition of Octopamine-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase Acricides. Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology . 1993, 46,228-235
20. Deng Y. Clark J. M. Insecticide binding sites in the house fly head gamma aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel complex. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,230 -250; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego, California, USA, on March 13-17 1996
21. Deng Yanli; Palmer CJ; Casida JE; Deng YL. House fly head GABA gated chloride channel: four putative insecticide binding sites differentiated by [3H] EBOB and [35S] TBPS. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology . 1993,47(2):98-112
22. Dipietro J. A., Todd K. S. Anthelmintics used in treatment of parasitic infections of horses. Equine Practice. 1989,11(4):5-15
23. Duce IR; Bhandal NS; Scott RH; Norris TM; Clark JM Effects of ivermectin on gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate gated chloride conductance in arthropod skeletal muscle. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,251-263; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego,California, USA, on March 13-17 1994
24. FAO。Recommed Method for Measurment of Resistance to Pesticide。Plant Production and Proction Puper 21。Rome，1980，49~54
25. Ffrench-constant, R. H., Roush, R. T., Mortlock, D.et al. J. Fron. Entomol. 1990,83:1733-1737
26. Finney D J。Probit analysis，3rd ed。London：Cambridge University Press，1977
27. Fisher M. H. and Mrozik H. in “Ivermectin and Abamectin”（W.C.Ca-ampbell，ED.），chemistry，Springer-Verlag，Berlin 1989，1－23
28. Gorun V, Proinov L ,Baltescu V et al. Modified ellman procedure for assay of cholinesterases in crude enzymatic preparations . Analytical Biochemistry .1978,86:324~326
29. Gruber V. F., Halley B. A., Hwang S. C. et al. Mobility of Avermectin B1a in soil. Journal of Agricultual and Food Chemistry. 1990,38(3):886-890
30. Hama H. Development of pyrethroid resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.(Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1987,22:166-175
Hatano R., Scott J. G. Characterization of ［3H］ abamectin binding in
31. susceptible and abamectin resistant strains of house fly. Pestic. Sci., 1993,18:281-284
32. He YuXian, Yang XiuJuan, Weng QiYong, et al. Biological toxicity of Avermectin to Plutella xylostella. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001,16(2):24-27
33. Holloway J., Forrester N. New insecticide chemistry for Australian cotton IPM. Australian Cottongrower. 1998,19(6):29-34
34. Ibrahim M. Abalis Amira T. Eldefrawi. [3H] Muscimol Binding to a Putative GABA Receptor in Honey Bee Brain and Its Interaction with Avermectin B1a.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.1986,(25):279-287
35. Iqbal M., Wright D.J. Host resistance to insecticides can confer protefction to endolarval parasitoids. Bull. Entomol. Res., 1996,86:721-723
36. Ismail F，Wright DJ。Synergism of teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron in an acylurea-resistant field strain of Plutella xylostella（L.）（Lepidoptera：Yponomeutidae）。Pesticide Science。1992，34：221～226
37. Ismail F.，Wright D. J.。Cross-resistance between acylurea insect growth regulators in a strain of Plutella xylostella（L.）（Lepidoptera：Yponomeutidae）from Malaysia。Pesticide Science。1991，33：359－370
38. Jansson R. K., Peterson R. F., Halliday W. R. et al. Efficacy of solid formulations of emamectin benzoate controlling lepidopterous pests. Florida Entomologist. 1996,79(3):434-449
39. Japan Plant Protection Association。 Report on urgent counter measures against diseases and insect pests。ToKyo：Japan Plant Protection Association, 1988, 282
40. Kido G, et al, Antimycin A。 An Antibiltic with Insecticidal and Miticidal Property.Science 112:172,1950
Kim SangSoo, Paik ChaeHoon, Kim S. S. et al. Comparative toxicity of abamectin to the spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus
41. kanzawai Kishida (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and the predatory mite, Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 1996,35(2):164-172
42. Konno Y, Scott JG. Biochemistry and genetics of abamectin resistance in the housefly. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol.,1991,41:21-28
43. Kruger K., Scholtz C. H. Lethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung breeding beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 1997,61(23): 123-131
44. Kutzer E., Treatment of oestrinosis and hypodermosis in Cervidae by ivermectin. Proceedings of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology, Jena, Germany, 23-27 March 1993. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeineund Angewandte Entomologie. 1994,9(1-3):165-170
45. Kwochka K.W., Gram D., Kunkle G. A. et al. Plant JD Clinical efficacy of selamectin for the control of fleas on dogs and cats. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2000,1:4,252-260
46. Li TengWu, Gao xiwu, Zheng bingzong. Genetic analysis and cross resistance of Plutella xylostella to Avermectin. Plant Protection. 1999,25(6):12-14
47. Lindy Holden-Dye etc. Studies Involving Avermectin and th 4-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Receptor of Ascaris suum Musele. Pestic.Sci.1998,24:231-245
48. Logan N.B., Weatherley A.J., Jones R.M. Activity of injectable Avermectin against sucking lice of cattle. Veterinary Record. 1996,139(14):345-346
49. Ma C. Z., Gu Z. R., Qian Z. G. Establishment and application of insecticidal antibiotics bioassay using nematodes. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai. 1995, 11(1):78-82
Moya Borja GE, Muniz R.A., Umehara O. et al. Persistence of doramectin
50. efficacy when administered subcutaneously to cattle exposed to Dermatobia hominis infestations. Revista Brasileira de parasitologia Veterinaria. 1997,6(2):165-168.
51. Oconnell P W, U. S. Patent，3，272，696，1966
52. Oliveira CB de, Muniz R.A., Umehara O. et al. Comparaive persistence of doramectin and ivermectin against natural infestations of Dermatobia hominis in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul. \revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria.1997,6(2):169-173.
53. Ostlind D. A., Felcetto T., Misura A. et al. Discovery of a novel indole diterpene insecticide using first instars of Lucilia sericata. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1997,11(4): 407-408
54. Payne,G. T.; Soderlund, D. M. Activation of gamma aminobutyric acid insensitive chloride channels in mouse brain synaptic vesicles by Avermectin B1a. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology. 1991,6(4):283-292
55. Perng, F.S., Yao, M. C., Hung, C. F., et al. Journal of economic Entomology.1998,81:1277-1282
56. Pluschkell U., Horowitz A. R., Ishaaya I. Effect of milbemectin on the sweeppotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica. 1999,27(3):183-191
57. PM. Flanagan DP. Gormally M. J. Preliminary investigations of Aphodius species activity in cattlefaeces treated with ivermectin. Medical and Veterinary Entomology.1997,11(2):139-142.
58. Putter J. C.，MacConnell F. A. et al。Amermectin：Novel insecticides，acarixides and nematicides from a soil microorganism，Experientia 1981，37：963
59. Roderich H.Scott and Ian R.Duce. Effects of 22,23-DihydroAvermectin B1a on Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)Muscles May Involve Several Sites of Action. Pestic.Sci.1985,(16):599-604
60. Rugg D. Aboratory selection of Lucilia cuprina larvae with ivermectin. Resistant Pest Management. 1996,8(1):55-57
61. Ryabchinskaja T. A., Kharchenko G. L., Drinyajev V. A. et al. A new native biopesticide of the Avermectin group for controlling currant pests. 1996,(89):107-111
62. Scott JG; Clark JM; Resistance to Avermectin in the house fly, Musca domestica. Molecular action of insecticides on ion channels. 1995,251-263; developed from a symposium at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego,California, USA, on March 13-17 1994
63. Sherratt T.N., Macdougall A. D., Wratten S. D. et al. Models to assist the evaluation of the impact of Avermectin on dung insect populations. Ecological Modelling. 1998,110(2):165-173
64. Shoop W.L., Egerton J.R., Eary C.H.. Eprinomectin: a novel Avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle. International Journal for Parasitology.1996,26(11):1237-1242.
65. Singh J., Gill B.S., Jasmer Singh. Efficacy of ivermectin and nitroxinil against Oestrus ovis in sheep.Journal of Veterinary Parasitology.1995,9(2):131-132.
66. Soerensen B., Vieira V., Christovao F.G. et al. The efficacy of doramectin against Dermatobia hominis,Boophilus microplus, Cochliomyia hominivorax and Trichostrongylus spp. In cattle under conditions allowing reinfection. UNIMAR Ciencias. 1994,3(19):22
67. Strong L. Avermectin: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1992,82(2):265-274
68. Sun C. N.,In:Talker N. S. ed. Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 1992:419-426
69. Talekar, N. S. , Shelton, A. M. Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1993, (38):275-301[23]
70. Talekar, N. S., Yang, J. C. Characteristics of Parasitism of diamondback moth by two larval parasites. Entomophaga. 1991, (36):95-104[24]
71. Tanaka K. Mode of action of insecticidal compounds acting at inhibitory synapses. Pestic. Sci., 1987,12:549-560
72. Titchener R. N., Purnell R. E. Duration of persistence of injectable Avermectin against sucking lice of cattle. Veterinary Record. 1996,139(14):345-346
73. Tomomasa et al, Use of Anbiotics in Agriculture. Advances in Applied Microbiology,Vol.21,53~58,1977
74. Van Asperene K．J．Insect Physiol，1962，8：401-410
75. Wafford, K.A., Sattelle,D. B., Gant,D. B. et al. Pestic.Biochem. Physiol., 1989,33:213-219.
76. Wang ChegnJu, Zhang WenJi, Wang Lin et al. Study on the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of ten insecticides to the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera ). Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis. 1995,11(1):78-82
77. Wang ChengJu, Li XueFeng, Wu XueMin et al. Toxicities of Avermectin to cotton bollworm and effect of synergists. Journal of China Agricultural University. 1999,4(5):6-10
78. Watson T.G., Bishop D. M., Hook F.G.. Efficacy of injectable oramectin against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research.1996,39(3):401-404.
79. White S. M., Dunbar D. M., Brown R. et al. A novel Avermectin derivative for control of lepidopterous pests in cotton. 1997 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, USA, January 6-10(M). 1997: Volume 2. 1997, 1078-1082
80. Windelspecht M., Richmond R. C., Cochrane B. J. Survey of malathion resistance and Avermectin susceptibility in field populations of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and D. simulans. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1998,91(6):1245-1252
Wright D. J., Iqbal M., Verkerk R.H.J.. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and abamectin in the diamondback moth , Plutella xylostella:a major problem for integrated pest management?
81. Mededelingen Faculte: Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 1995, 60 3b:927-933
82. Zhou chengAi, Wang xiaoping, Chen zhangfa et al. Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth in Changsha and effects of synergist on insecticides. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University. 2000,26(5):358-362
83. 陈传盈，方祺霞，林开汇等。杀蚜素的研究。微生物学报。1980，20 （2）：113～115
84. 陈焕瑜，冯夏，高琴。不同温度下阿维菌素对小菜蛾的毒力测定。广东农业科学。1995，5，41-42
85. 陈之浩，刘传秀，李凤良等。小菜蛾继代繁殖大量饲养力法研究初报。贵州农业科学，1990，（4）：52－53
86. 方菊莲，夏大荣，杨荣新。小菜蛾半合成饲料研究。植物保护学报，1988，15（3）：167－171
87. 高希武。Gorun等改进的Ellman胆碱酯酶活性测定方法介绍。昆虫知识。1987，24（4）：245－246
88. 顾宝根，姜辉。我国生物农药的现状及问题。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
89. 郭庆铭，张一宾。生物源农药的发展及生物化学相结合技术的进步。中国农药工业“十五”发展座谈会。2000：76-96
90. 扈洪波，朱蓓蕾，李俊锁。阿维菌素类药物的研究进展。畜牧兽医学报。2000年，31（6）：520－529
91. 姜家良，陈巧云，侯能俊等。昆虫学报。1984，27（3）： 248－ 253
92. 柯礼道，方菊莲。应用发芽菜籽大量饲养小菜蛾。昆虫知识。1981，18（5）：233－235
93. 匡开源，魏春妹，唐永兰等。杀蚜（螨）抗生素T21产生菌－浅黄链霉菌韶关变种。微生物学报，1983，23（1）：10~14
94. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗。小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传分析及交互抗性研究。植物保护。1999年，25（6）：12－14
95. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。阿维菌素对小菜蛾的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响。昆虫学报。2000年，V（43）增刊：38－42
96. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。不同地区小菜蛾种群羧酸酯酶的毒理学性质研究。昆虫学报。1998 V（41）增刊：26－33
97. 李腾武，高希武，郑炳宗等。小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式和相对适合度研究。昆虫学报。2000年V（43）3：255－263
98. 刘传秀，韩招久，李凤良等。应用蚯石萝卜苗法室内继代大量繁殖小菜蛾的研究。昆虫知识，1993，30（ 6）：341～344
99. 刘家成，包文新。加入WTO植保工作而临的机遇、挑战及其对策。安徽农学通报。2000，6（3）：6－7
100. 罗万春，慕立义。杀虫剂现状及发展前景。农药。1997，36（6）：10－12[8]
101. 罗万春。世界新农药与环境－发展中的新型药剂。北京：世界图书出版社，2002。
102. 慕立义编。植物化学保护研究方法。北京：中国农业出版社。1994，54～55
103. 欧阳谅，万淑婉，涂国全。一株产生杀虫抗生素的链霉菌新种。微生物学报，1984，4（3）：195－199
104. 欧阳谅．南昌链霉菌新种及其产生的两种杀虫抗生素。江西农业大学学报(杀虫抗生素研究专辑)。1993年，（15）：148－153
105. 欧阳谅。微生物来源的杀虫活性物质开发利用。杀虫抗生素研究专辑用设备。江西农业大学工报。1993，97～113
106. 邱立红，张文吉。害虫及螨对阿维菌素的抗药性发展及治理策略探讨。中国农业大学学报。1999年，4（1）：43－48
107. 沈寅初 张一宾。生物农药。北京：化学工业出版社，2000年
108. 沈寅初。农用抗生素研究开发新进展。植保技术应用与推广。1997年，17（6）：35－37
109. 帅应垣，冯夏，陈焕瑜。广东供港菜区小菜蛾抗药性研究初报。广东农业科学。1994，4：31－32
110. 宋渊。杀虫抗生素的研究进展。微生物农药及其产业化。北京，科学出版社，2000年
111. 唐振华。昆虫抗药性及其治理。北京，农业出版社，1993，336－378
112. 万金精。微生物与害虫防治。河南科学出版社，1985：188~201
113. 王开运，姜兴印，仪美芹。梅岭霉素对3种叶螨和2种害虫的毒力评价。农药，2002（02）：47
114. 王开运等。棉苗的水培和棉蚜的繁育。农药，1983 （05）：46
115. 王润华，涂国全，高勇生。梅岭霉素生物学活性及其产生菌特性的研究－ I 梅岭霉素对十种昆虫螨类的杀虫活性。江西农业大学学报。1995，Vol.17（4）：455－461
116. 王润华，涂国全，高勇生。梅岭霉素生物学活性及其产生菌特性的研究I梅岭霉素对十种昆虫螨类的杀虫活性。江西农业大学学报。1995，V（17）4：455－461
117. 王旭，高希武，郑炳宗。小菜蛾抗药性的研究。世界农业。1997，（11）：27－29
118. 王延年。昆虫饲养手册。上海科学技术出版社。1984
119. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群小菜蛾的生物适台度。农药学学报，2000年， 2（1）： 36－40
120. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。表皮穿透和 GABA受体不敏感性在小菜蛾对阿维茵素抗性中的作用。昆虫学报。2002年，45（3）：336－340
121. 吴青君，张文吉，张友军等。解毒酶系在小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性中的作用。农药学学报。2001年，V（3）：23—28
122. 谢心宏。从种植结构调整看加入WTO对我国农药行业的影响。农药。2002，41（4）：1－5
123. 徐汉虹，陈立。Avermectin抗性水平、机制及抗性治理。农药译丛。1994，16（3）：1－13
124. 徐汉金，黄志鹏，关雄等。生物测定种－小菜蛾的人工饲养及冷藏。福建农业大学学报，1997，26（2）：187－190
125. 许小龙，顾中言，韩丽娟。阿维菌素对十字花科蔬菜主要害虫的生物活性及防治小菜蛾、菜青虫的田间应用研究。农药学学报。2002，V（4）1，39-44
126. 杨沛。正确推广阿维菌素系列农药。农药，1998，37（12）：35－36
127. 喻子牛 柯云 刘子铎等。微生物农药在病虫害可持续控制中的应用及发展战略。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
128. 喻子牛。苏云金芽孢杆菌制剂的生产和应用。北京：中国农业出版社，1998
129. 张光美等。苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾卵的生物活性。中国生物防治。1997 （02）：53－56
130. 张敏衡。新型高效广谱杀虫杀螨剂阿维菌素。农药。1998，37（3）：36－37
131. 张一宾，唐春风。农药工业的世纪回顾和展望－世界大型农药公司负责人访谈。世界农药。2000，22（2）：1－8
132. 张友军，张文吉，韩熹莱。杀虫剂分子靶标：γ-氨基丁酸A型受体（二）。昆虫知识，1996，33（5）：315－317
133. 张友军，张文吉，韩熹莱。杀虫剂分子靶标：γ-氨基丁酸A型受体（一）。昆虫知识，1996，33（4）：244－247
134. 赵建周，朱国仁，吴世昌。小菜蛾抗药性及其治理的研究。世界农业。1991，（9）：30－31
135. 赵善欢。小菜蛾的抗药性及防治策略（提要）。西北农业大学学报。1996，23（3）：21-24
136. 周成理，唐振华，张丽妹。小菜蛾幼虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性与多功能氧化酶的关系。植物保护学报。1993，20（1）：91－95
137. 朱昌雄，蒋细良。我国农用杀菌抗生素的研究开发现状和产业化展望。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
138. 朱昌雄。我国微生物农药存在的问题及解决对策。微生物农药及其产业化。北京：科学出版社，2000年
139. 王开运，姜兴印，仪美芹等。甜菜夜蛾抗药性及其机理。植物保护学报。2002年，V（29）3：229－234