双能X射线骨密度测量方法分析研究
摘要
近年来骨质疏松症受到了众人越来越多的关注,通过骨密度检测能对骨质疏松症给予及时诊断。目前,利用骨密度仪检测骨密度得到了广泛的临床应用。在众检测方法中,双能X射线检测法(DEXA)体现了其优势。本文详细研究分析了用DEXA进行骨密度测量的原理方法,提出了用标准参照物校准的方法进行人体骨密度测量。论文主要内容有:
介绍了DEXA的研究背景,包括骨质疏松的概念及其危害性的介绍。在比较各种骨密度检测方法的基础上,指出了DEXA骨密度检测方法的优越性。
详细分析了双能X线骨密度检测方法,讨论了该检测方法的物理原理,人体检测部位,高低两种能量X射线产生的两种方式,即K层边缘滤过法和开关脉冲技术及相应的X线探测器的特性。
进行了DEXA硬件设计,整个测量控制系统的硬件方案以单片机C8051F020为主控器,完成了双路脉冲的数据采集部分的设计,并使用MS-3H090M型驱动器实现了对驱动X射线源和探测器运动的步进电机的控制,单片机和PC机之间的数据通过串口进行传输。满足了设计要求。
采用VC++6.0为开发环境进行了DEXA控制软件框架设计。利用ADO接口的数据库技术实现了受检人的信息管理,通过上下位机的串口通讯实现了步进电机的控制以及计数值数据的接收,与设计的硬件配合,经过初步的性能测试,能够较好的进行步进电机的控制和数据的接收。此外,根据DEXA的检测原理,讨论了用标准参照物校准的方法进行人体骨密度测量。
介绍了目前国际上利用骨密度值进行骨质疏松诊断的标准。在调研骨密度临床检测文献的基础上,初步总结出了我国各区域该部位骨密度的参考值。
Osteoporosis is being paid close attention by people all these years,and can be diagnosed timely through the clinical bone density measurements,in which bone densitometers are widely applied. Compares with other densitometers, Dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry shows lots of advantages. A method of bone density measurements utilizing DEXA is studied in details in this paper,and Calibrations using standard material to measure bone density are also introduced.The main contents in this paper includes:
Introduction to the research background of DEXA. It introduces the concept of osteoporosis and its potential harmfulness. Several methods for bone density measurements are introduced and compared,then the advantages of DEXA are concluded.
The dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry is analyzed detailedly including the physical theories of the technique, the measurement positions of human body, the ways to produce dual energy X-ray and the corresponding detectors’characteristics.
Hardware designs utilizing C8051F020 as the main controller is introduced, the data acquisition system based on two-way single-chip pulse counter and the scan control system driven by MS-3H090M driver to make X-ray source and detector function are both achieved.
Chapter 4 introduces the design of software framework of DEXA, based on Visual C++6.0, programming of information managements of people with ADO database access technology, the control of stepping motor and data acceptance programming through Serial Communication are achieved. Preliminary performance testing shows good abilities in scan control and data acceptance. Furthermore Calibrations using standard material to measure bone density are also introduced.
Finally the measuring standard for Chinese bone density is introduced. A reference bone density database for people from all over China is established based on the clinical literatures.
介绍了DEXA的研究背景,包括骨质疏松的概念及其危害性的介绍。在比较各种骨密度检测方法的基础上,指出了DEXA骨密度检测方法的优越性。
详细分析了双能X线骨密度检测方法,讨论了该检测方法的物理原理,人体检测部位,高低两种能量X射线产生的两种方式,即K层边缘滤过法和开关脉冲技术及相应的X线探测器的特性。
进行了DEXA硬件设计,整个测量控制系统的硬件方案以单片机C8051F020为主控器,完成了双路脉冲的数据采集部分的设计,并使用MS-3H090M型驱动器实现了对驱动X射线源和探测器运动的步进电机的控制,单片机和PC机之间的数据通过串口进行传输。满足了设计要求。
采用VC++6.0为开发环境进行了DEXA控制软件框架设计。利用ADO接口的数据库技术实现了受检人的信息管理,通过上下位机的串口通讯实现了步进电机的控制以及计数值数据的接收,与设计的硬件配合,经过初步的性能测试,能够较好的进行步进电机的控制和数据的接收。此外,根据DEXA的检测原理,讨论了用标准参照物校准的方法进行人体骨密度测量。
介绍了目前国际上利用骨密度值进行骨质疏松诊断的标准。在调研骨密度临床检测文献的基础上,初步总结出了我国各区域该部位骨密度的参考值。
Osteoporosis is being paid close attention by people all these years,and can be diagnosed timely through the clinical bone density measurements,in which bone densitometers are widely applied. Compares with other densitometers, Dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry shows lots of advantages. A method of bone density measurements utilizing DEXA is studied in details in this paper,and Calibrations using standard material to measure bone density are also introduced.The main contents in this paper includes:
Introduction to the research background of DEXA. It introduces the concept of osteoporosis and its potential harmfulness. Several methods for bone density measurements are introduced and compared,then the advantages of DEXA are concluded.
The dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry is analyzed detailedly including the physical theories of the technique, the measurement positions of human body, the ways to produce dual energy X-ray and the corresponding detectors’characteristics.
Hardware designs utilizing C8051F020 as the main controller is introduced, the data acquisition system based on two-way single-chip pulse counter and the scan control system driven by MS-3H090M driver to make X-ray source and detector function are both achieved.
Chapter 4 introduces the design of software framework of DEXA, based on Visual C++6.0, programming of information managements of people with ADO database access technology, the control of stepping motor and data acceptance programming through Serial Communication are achieved. Preliminary performance testing shows good abilities in scan control and data acceptance. Furthermore Calibrations using standard material to measure bone density are also introduced.
Finally the measuring standard for Chinese bone density is introduced. A reference bone density database for people from all over China is established based on the clinical literatures.
引文
[1]郭世绂,罗先正,邱贵兴.骨质疏松-基础与临床[M].第1版.天津:天津科学技术出版社,2001:7-34.
[2]王学谦,主编.检验与临床诊断(骨质疏松与骨关节病分册)[M].第1版.北京:人民军医出版社,2006:3-5.
[3] Zhao Chen,Leslie Arendell, Mikel Aickin,et al.Hip bone density predicts breast cancer risk independently of Gail score[J]. Cancer, 2008, 113(5).
[4] Hodge HC, Van Huysen G, Warren SL.Factorsinfluencing the qualitative measurement of the Roentgen-rayabsorption in tooth slabs[J]. AJR, 1935, 34:513-538, 678～691, 817-838.
[5] J J Nicoll,M A Smith,DReid,et al. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry[J].Phys.Med.Biol,1986, 32(6):697一706.
[6]Ryan,P.J..Overview of role of BMD measurements in managing osteoporosis[J].Semin.Nuel.Med,1997,27:197-209.
[7] Kanis J A ,Gluer C C. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry[J].Osteoporos Int,2000,11:192-202.
[8] G.Dougherty.Quantitative CT in the measurement of bone quantity and bone quality for assessing osteoporosis[J]. Med. Eng. Phys., 1996, 18(7): 557-568.
[9]Pisit Pitukcbeewanont,Paul Chen.Bone density measurements in children and adolescents : Quantitative computed tomography versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry[J].The Endocrinologist, 2005, 15: 232- 239
[10] Smita Nayak,Ingramolkin,HauLiu,et al. Accuracy of Quantitative Ultrasound for Identifying Patients with Osteoporosis.Annals of Intemal Medieine, 2006,144(11):832-841.
[11]葛中泽.DEXA骨密度仪自动控制设计[J].长春工程学院学报(自然科学版),2004(5.1)
[12] Hussain R. Importance of Lateral Spine view in DEXA BoneDensitometry[J].World Joumal of Nuelear Medieine,2005,4(3):174-178.
[13] Lunar Radiation Crop.Technical Note#4,August 1988.
[14]施咏军,等. Norland全身快速XR-6骨密度仪测量儿童骨龄的技术分析.医疗装备, 2005,10:13-14.
[15] Lunar Radiation Crop.Technical Note#1,August 1988.
[16]程晓光,刘忠厚.国际临床骨密度学会共识文件(2005年版)[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2006,12(2):205-209.
[17]王克明,迟德选,闻绍飞.步进电机在辐射测量中的应用[J].沈阳大学学报,2002,14(2): 20-21.
[18]周明德.微型计算机系统原理及应用[M].第四版.清华大学出版社,2002: 290-302.
[19]李延国,李惕碚.新型脉冲形状甄别器[J].核电子学与探测技术,2003,23(5):391-396.
[20]潘琢金译.C8051F320/1混合信号ISP FLASH微控制器数据手册[M].新华龙电子有限公司, 2004.12.
[21]侯俊杰著.深入浅出MFC[M].第2版.武汉:华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[22]谷庆华,李成贵.基于VC++ 6.0和数据库的温度监控系统软件的开发[J].青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,29(1):64-67.
[23]宋青,郑冰,李国辉. VC与数据库接口技术的研究[J].现代电子技术,2007,22:72-76.
[24]梁普选等译.Chuck Wood.Visual C++6.0数据库编程大全[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000:429-431.
[25]张牧笛,罗驱波,白静宜.ADO.NET数据访问模型[J].微计算机信息,2008,23(2):202-204.
[26]刘刀桂,孟繁晶.Visual C++实践与提高--数据库篇[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2001:415-419.
[27]夏鑫,王磊.基于VC++和ADO的燃气调压站管理系统开发[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(4):8-9.
[28]李现勇.Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2002,138～146.
[29]http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab3.html[OL].
[30]陈敏聪.扇束双能X射线骨密度测量方法研究[D].2009.04
[31]程晓光.骨密度测量和骨质疏松诊断[J].国外医学内分泌学分册,2005,25(5):308-310.
[32]陈超,邢学农,叶山东,等.合肥地区1162例正常人群骨密度的分析研究.中国骨质疏松杂志, 2008,14(6):419-421.
[33]黄琪仁,周琦,陆敬辉,等. 2111例上海健康女性骨密度值测定与年龄相关骨丢失的研究.中国骨质疏松杂志,2002,8(3):191-194.
[34]刘德军,冯彦林,陈润钿,等.佛山市1899例健康体检者腰椎及左侧骸部骨密度测定结果分析.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(2):109-113.
[35]江毅,刘智,肖联平,等.天津地区1695骨密度调查研究.中国骨质疏松杂志, 2004,10(1):56-58.
[36]王闻博,廖二元,邓小戈,等.长沙地区正常女性骨密度的双能x线吸收测量及其意义.中华妇产科杂志,1999,34(2):74-77.
[37]吴玉洁,赵方,靖涛.辽宁地区正常成年人不同部位骨密度测量分析.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(6):422一424.
[38]李白艳,贾文霄,张鹏,等.乌鲁木齐市汉族、维吾尔族正常人群骨密度DXA测量.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(7):456-491.
[39]张智海,沈建雄,刘忠厚. DXA骨密度仪在国内标一化回顾性研究.中国骨质疏松杂志,2005,11(2):133一139.
[2]王学谦,主编.检验与临床诊断(骨质疏松与骨关节病分册)[M].第1版.北京:人民军医出版社,2006:3-5.
[3] Zhao Chen,Leslie Arendell, Mikel Aickin,et al.Hip bone density predicts breast cancer risk independently of Gail score[J]. Cancer, 2008, 113(5).
[4] Hodge HC, Van Huysen G, Warren SL.Factorsinfluencing the qualitative measurement of the Roentgen-rayabsorption in tooth slabs[J]. AJR, 1935, 34:513-538, 678～691, 817-838.
[5] J J Nicoll,M A Smith,DReid,et al. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry[J].Phys.Med.Biol,1986, 32(6):697一706.
[6]Ryan,P.J..Overview of role of BMD measurements in managing osteoporosis[J].Semin.Nuel.Med,1997,27:197-209.
[7] Kanis J A ,Gluer C C. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry[J].Osteoporos Int,2000,11:192-202.
[8] G.Dougherty.Quantitative CT in the measurement of bone quantity and bone quality for assessing osteoporosis[J]. Med. Eng. Phys., 1996, 18(7): 557-568.
[9]Pisit Pitukcbeewanont,Paul Chen.Bone density measurements in children and adolescents : Quantitative computed tomography versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry[J].The Endocrinologist, 2005, 15: 232- 239
[10] Smita Nayak,Ingramolkin,HauLiu,et al. Accuracy of Quantitative Ultrasound for Identifying Patients with Osteoporosis.Annals of Intemal Medieine, 2006,144(11):832-841.
[11]葛中泽.DEXA骨密度仪自动控制设计[J].长春工程学院学报(自然科学版),2004(5.1)
[12] Hussain R. Importance of Lateral Spine view in DEXA BoneDensitometry[J].World Joumal of Nuelear Medieine,2005,4(3):174-178.
[13] Lunar Radiation Crop.Technical Note#4,August 1988.
[14]施咏军,等. Norland全身快速XR-6骨密度仪测量儿童骨龄的技术分析.医疗装备, 2005,10:13-14.
[15] Lunar Radiation Crop.Technical Note#1,August 1988.
[16]程晓光,刘忠厚.国际临床骨密度学会共识文件(2005年版)[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2006,12(2):205-209.
[17]王克明,迟德选,闻绍飞.步进电机在辐射测量中的应用[J].沈阳大学学报,2002,14(2): 20-21.
[18]周明德.微型计算机系统原理及应用[M].第四版.清华大学出版社,2002: 290-302.
[19]李延国,李惕碚.新型脉冲形状甄别器[J].核电子学与探测技术,2003,23(5):391-396.
[20]潘琢金译.C8051F320/1混合信号ISP FLASH微控制器数据手册[M].新华龙电子有限公司, 2004.12.
[21]侯俊杰著.深入浅出MFC[M].第2版.武汉:华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[22]谷庆华,李成贵.基于VC++ 6.0和数据库的温度监控系统软件的开发[J].青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,29(1):64-67.
[23]宋青,郑冰,李国辉. VC与数据库接口技术的研究[J].现代电子技术,2007,22:72-76.
[24]梁普选等译.Chuck Wood.Visual C++6.0数据库编程大全[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000:429-431.
[25]张牧笛,罗驱波,白静宜.ADO.NET数据访问模型[J].微计算机信息,2008,23(2):202-204.
[26]刘刀桂,孟繁晶.Visual C++实践与提高--数据库篇[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2001:415-419.
[27]夏鑫,王磊.基于VC++和ADO的燃气调压站管理系统开发[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(4):8-9.
[28]李现勇.Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2002,138～146.
[29]http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab3.html[OL].
[30]陈敏聪.扇束双能X射线骨密度测量方法研究[D].2009.04
[31]程晓光.骨密度测量和骨质疏松诊断[J].国外医学内分泌学分册,2005,25(5):308-310.
[32]陈超,邢学农,叶山东,等.合肥地区1162例正常人群骨密度的分析研究.中国骨质疏松杂志, 2008,14(6):419-421.
[33]黄琪仁,周琦,陆敬辉,等. 2111例上海健康女性骨密度值测定与年龄相关骨丢失的研究.中国骨质疏松杂志,2002,8(3):191-194.
[34]刘德军,冯彦林,陈润钿,等.佛山市1899例健康体检者腰椎及左侧骸部骨密度测定结果分析.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(2):109-113.
[35]江毅,刘智,肖联平,等.天津地区1695骨密度调查研究.中国骨质疏松杂志, 2004,10(1):56-58.
[36]王闻博,廖二元,邓小戈,等.长沙地区正常女性骨密度的双能x线吸收测量及其意义.中华妇产科杂志,1999,34(2):74-77.
[37]吴玉洁,赵方,靖涛.辽宁地区正常成年人不同部位骨密度测量分析.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(6):422一424.
[38]李白艳,贾文霄,张鹏,等.乌鲁木齐市汉族、维吾尔族正常人群骨密度DXA测量.中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(7):456-491.
[39]张智海,沈建雄,刘忠厚. DXA骨密度仪在国内标一化回顾性研究.中国骨质疏松杂志,2005,11(2):133一139.