黄河干流水生态系统健康指标体系研究
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摘要
河流健康是科学发展观思想和可持续发展战略在中国流域管理的具体体现,对促进经济高效、环境可持续和社会公平,实现人类与河流的和谐相处具有重要意义。河流健康的标志、评价指标及其量化标准是河流健康理念应用于生产实际迫切需要解决的问题。河流生态系统健康是河流健康的重要内容,本论文以维持黄河干流水生生态系统健康为出发点,采用生态学、生态水文学、生态水力学、环境水力学、环境科学、管理科学以及经济学的方法,提出黄河干流水生生态系统健康指标体系,在此基础上,对指标体系中的指示性因子识别及其量化标准进行研究,为黄河健康修复提供科学依据。论文的主要研究内容和取得的成果如下：
(1)定义了黄河干流水生生态系统健康标志为,黄河干流水生生态系统处于良好状态,且干流河道内具有连续的河川径流。提出用保护关键种和生态流量作为表征黄河干流水生生态系统健康的指示性因子。
(2)以河道生态功能一致性为原则,以生物因子(浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类)和非生物因子(水的物理化学状况、气候、地貌)为分类指标,采用系统聚类分析的方法对黄河干流水生生态系统进行了分区。
(3)提出了识别黄河干流不同河段水生生态系统关键种的思路为：首先,根据黄河干流各个河段水生生态系统的食物链结构,计算水生生态系统中各类物种的关键性指数,比较各类物种的关键性指数的大小,识别出关键物种；然后,根据关键物种的种群结构,计算关键物种中种群保护的次序,需要优先保护的种群就是某个河段水生生态系统需要保护的关键种。
(4)采用logistic增长模型,考虑种群的起始生物量就是关键种的保护规模,选择黄河干流饵料生物为关键种生长的主要影响因子,计算得到了关键种的保护规模。
(5)河流生态流量的计算基本上应包含水流以及生态两项基本要素。在水流条件研究中,以河川水力学模型HEC-RAS较为广泛,在生态分析中,则以物理栖息地模拟模型(PHABSIM)为主。本论文吸取了上述两个模型长处,并予以整合,提出了基于HEC-RAS和PHABSIM的生态流量计算方法,以求在河流生态流量研究上能较为合理与精确。首先,利用HEC-RAS模型计算各断面水位；然后,利用PHABSIM模型中水力学模型所提供的水深计算法推求每一断面各个测点的流速；再利用PHABSIM模型中的栖息地模型并结合关键种的适应度指数曲线,量化出各个断面的生态流量,计算结果从理论上来讲较水文学方法和水力学方法更具合理性。
River health reflects the scientific development view and sustainable development strategy in Chinese watershed management. And it has important significance in promoting economical efficiency, environmental sustainability, social justice, and realizing harmonious co-existence between human and river. The river health mark, evaluation index, and its quantitative standards have become an urgent problem in river health idea application. River ecosystem health is very important content in river health. To provide the scientific basis for healthy repair of the Yellow River, this paper using methods of ecology, eco-hydrology, eco-hydraulics, environmental hydraulics, environmental science, management science and economics and taking the aquatic ecosystem maintenance in the mainstream of the Yellow River as starting point, put forward aquatic ecosystem health index system of the mainstream of the Yellow River, then studied indicators identification and its quantitative standards. The main contents and findings of this dissertation are as follows:
(1)The health sign of aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream of the Yellow Rivers was defined that the aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream the Yellow Rivers is all right, and there exists continuous stream flow in its channel. The protection scale of the key population and the ecologic flow as the indicators to characterize the aquatic ecosystem health were put forward.
(2) The aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream of the Yellow Rivers was divided into several parts using the systematic cluster analysis taking the channel ecological function consistency as principle and taking the biological factors (zooplankton, Phytoplankton, benthos, fishes) and the non-biological factors (the physical and chemical status of water, climate, landform) as classification index.
(3) The thought was given to recognize the key species and key population for aquatic ecosystems in different reach of the mainstream of the Yellow River. First, according to the food chain structure of aquatic ecosystem in different reach of the mainstream of the Yellow River, the key index of various species in aquatic ecosystems was calculated and compared, and the key species were identified. Secondly, based on the population structure of key species, population protection orders of the key species were calculated. The population receiving priority to protection was the key population of river aquatic ecosystems.
(4) The protecting scale of the key population was calculated using logistic growth model, taking the initial biomass as the protection scale of key population and selecting the bait-creatures in the mainstream of the Yellow River as main influential factors to the growth of the key population.
(5) The basic elements to calculate river eco-flow should include water flow and ecology. In water flow conditions study, the application of the river hydraulics model HEC-RAS is more extensive and in ecological analysis, the physical habitat simulation model (PHABSIM) is oriented. The advantages of these two models were integrated and the method to calculate eco-flow based on the HEC-RAS model and the PHABSIM model was put forward. Firstly, the method used HEC-RAS model to calculate water level of every cross section; then, it used water depth calculation method offered by hydraulics model in PHABSIM to deduce the flow velocity of every part in each cross section; at last, it used habitat model in PHABSIM combining fitness curve of key population to estimate eco-flow of each cross section. In theory, the results are more reasonable than hydrology and hydraulics methods.
(1)定义了黄河干流水生生态系统健康标志为,黄河干流水生生态系统处于良好状态,且干流河道内具有连续的河川径流。提出用保护关键种和生态流量作为表征黄河干流水生生态系统健康的指示性因子。
(2)以河道生态功能一致性为原则,以生物因子(浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类)和非生物因子(水的物理化学状况、气候、地貌)为分类指标,采用系统聚类分析的方法对黄河干流水生生态系统进行了分区。
(3)提出了识别黄河干流不同河段水生生态系统关键种的思路为：首先,根据黄河干流各个河段水生生态系统的食物链结构,计算水生生态系统中各类物种的关键性指数,比较各类物种的关键性指数的大小,识别出关键物种；然后,根据关键物种的种群结构,计算关键物种中种群保护的次序,需要优先保护的种群就是某个河段水生生态系统需要保护的关键种。
(4)采用logistic增长模型,考虑种群的起始生物量就是关键种的保护规模,选择黄河干流饵料生物为关键种生长的主要影响因子,计算得到了关键种的保护规模。
(5)河流生态流量的计算基本上应包含水流以及生态两项基本要素。在水流条件研究中,以河川水力学模型HEC-RAS较为广泛,在生态分析中,则以物理栖息地模拟模型(PHABSIM)为主。本论文吸取了上述两个模型长处,并予以整合,提出了基于HEC-RAS和PHABSIM的生态流量计算方法,以求在河流生态流量研究上能较为合理与精确。首先,利用HEC-RAS模型计算各断面水位；然后,利用PHABSIM模型中水力学模型所提供的水深计算法推求每一断面各个测点的流速；再利用PHABSIM模型中的栖息地模型并结合关键种的适应度指数曲线,量化出各个断面的生态流量,计算结果从理论上来讲较水文学方法和水力学方法更具合理性。
River health reflects the scientific development view and sustainable development strategy in Chinese watershed management. And it has important significance in promoting economical efficiency, environmental sustainability, social justice, and realizing harmonious co-existence between human and river. The river health mark, evaluation index, and its quantitative standards have become an urgent problem in river health idea application. River ecosystem health is very important content in river health. To provide the scientific basis for healthy repair of the Yellow River, this paper using methods of ecology, eco-hydrology, eco-hydraulics, environmental hydraulics, environmental science, management science and economics and taking the aquatic ecosystem maintenance in the mainstream of the Yellow River as starting point, put forward aquatic ecosystem health index system of the mainstream of the Yellow River, then studied indicators identification and its quantitative standards. The main contents and findings of this dissertation are as follows:
(1)The health sign of aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream of the Yellow Rivers was defined that the aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream the Yellow Rivers is all right, and there exists continuous stream flow in its channel. The protection scale of the key population and the ecologic flow as the indicators to characterize the aquatic ecosystem health were put forward.
(2) The aquatic ecosystem of the mainstream of the Yellow Rivers was divided into several parts using the systematic cluster analysis taking the channel ecological function consistency as principle and taking the biological factors (zooplankton, Phytoplankton, benthos, fishes) and the non-biological factors (the physical and chemical status of water, climate, landform) as classification index.
(3) The thought was given to recognize the key species and key population for aquatic ecosystems in different reach of the mainstream of the Yellow River. First, according to the food chain structure of aquatic ecosystem in different reach of the mainstream of the Yellow River, the key index of various species in aquatic ecosystems was calculated and compared, and the key species were identified. Secondly, based on the population structure of key species, population protection orders of the key species were calculated. The population receiving priority to protection was the key population of river aquatic ecosystems.
(4) The protecting scale of the key population was calculated using logistic growth model, taking the initial biomass as the protection scale of key population and selecting the bait-creatures in the mainstream of the Yellow River as main influential factors to the growth of the key population.
(5) The basic elements to calculate river eco-flow should include water flow and ecology. In water flow conditions study, the application of the river hydraulics model HEC-RAS is more extensive and in ecological analysis, the physical habitat simulation model (PHABSIM) is oriented. The advantages of these two models were integrated and the method to calculate eco-flow based on the HEC-RAS model and the PHABSIM model was put forward. Firstly, the method used HEC-RAS model to calculate water level of every cross section; then, it used water depth calculation method offered by hydraulics model in PHABSIM to deduce the flow velocity of every part in each cross section; at last, it used habitat model in PHABSIM combining fitness curve of key population to estimate eco-flow of each cross section. In theory, the results are more reasonable than hydrology and hydraulics methods.
引文
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