大学生完美主义、心理痛楚与自杀意念的关系研究
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摘要
完美主义与自杀意念的关系是近年来心理学者非常感兴趣的一个研究领域,同样,在大学生群体中接连不断的自杀现象也引起了社会和自杀干预研究者们的普遍关注。著名的自杀研究者Shneidman在1993年提出“心理痛楚”的概念,并强调心理痛楚是引起自杀的最直接的原因,一切影响自杀的变量都是通过心理痛楚为中介变量的。国外对心理痛楚的研究日益增多,但国内几乎还没有涉及到这方面的研究。本研究采用问卷调查方法,以武汉地区高校大学生521人为研究对象,将心理痛楚看作是影响自杀意念的内部变量,将人际关系问题看成影响自杀意念的外部变量,通过方差分析、相关分析、回归分析及结构方程模型等统计分析方法,考察完美主义对自杀意念的影响,并探讨两个变量在其中所起的中介作用。
研究结论:
1、大学生完美主义及其各维度在父母受教育程度变量上存在显著性差异,在其他人口学变量上不存在显著性差异。人际关系问题及其各维度在性别、是否独生子女等人口学变量上存在显著性差异,自杀意念也存在性别上的显著性差异。
2、完美主义及其各维度、人际关系问题、心理痛楚和自杀意念之间存在显著的相关,并且心理痛楚、条理性和担心出错能显著预测自杀意念。
3、结构方程模型分析表明,心理痛楚能最大程度上预测自杀意念,且各变量对自杀意念的影响都是经过心理痛楚来进行的,说明心理痛楚是完美主义及其各维度、人际关系问题影响自杀意念的中介变量。
The relationship between perfectionism and suicide is one of the favorite research field for psychologists recent years. Also, the successional suicide phenomenon has caused great concern in community and suicidologists. Shneidman, one of a famous suicidologists proposed the concept of "psychache" in 1993, and stress that psychache is directly and proximally associated with suicide ideation and mediates the effects of other relevant factors. Although more and more research on psychache abroad, there has being few researches relate to psychache in China. The present research investigated 521 undergraduate students as participants, chosen relationship problem as external variable and psychache as internal variable. On the basis of analyzing the Correlation and Regression among these variables, we built a structural equation model, examined the mediates effect and the relationship between perfectionism and suicide ideation.
The study obtained conclusions as following:
First, the result of One-Way ANOVA indicated that parents' educational status variable exist significant differences in perfectionism and its dimensions. Suicide ideation showed difference on the variable of gender, and relationship problem show difference on the variables of gender and only kid or not.
Secondly, the result of correlation and regression analysis indicated that perfectionism and its dimensions, relationship problems, psychache and suicide ideation existed correction significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05). Psychache, organization and concern over mistake can play predictive roles for suicide ideation.
Thirdly, the structure equation model revealed psychache can furthest predict suicide ideation, and all variables effect on suicide ideation must though psychache.
研究结论:
1、大学生完美主义及其各维度在父母受教育程度变量上存在显著性差异,在其他人口学变量上不存在显著性差异。人际关系问题及其各维度在性别、是否独生子女等人口学变量上存在显著性差异,自杀意念也存在性别上的显著性差异。
2、完美主义及其各维度、人际关系问题、心理痛楚和自杀意念之间存在显著的相关,并且心理痛楚、条理性和担心出错能显著预测自杀意念。
3、结构方程模型分析表明,心理痛楚能最大程度上预测自杀意念,且各变量对自杀意念的影响都是经过心理痛楚来进行的,说明心理痛楚是完美主义及其各维度、人际关系问题影响自杀意念的中介变量。
The relationship between perfectionism and suicide is one of the favorite research field for psychologists recent years. Also, the successional suicide phenomenon has caused great concern in community and suicidologists. Shneidman, one of a famous suicidologists proposed the concept of "psychache" in 1993, and stress that psychache is directly and proximally associated with suicide ideation and mediates the effects of other relevant factors. Although more and more research on psychache abroad, there has being few researches relate to psychache in China. The present research investigated 521 undergraduate students as participants, chosen relationship problem as external variable and psychache as internal variable. On the basis of analyzing the Correlation and Regression among these variables, we built a structural equation model, examined the mediates effect and the relationship between perfectionism and suicide ideation.
The study obtained conclusions as following:
First, the result of One-Way ANOVA indicated that parents' educational status variable exist significant differences in perfectionism and its dimensions. Suicide ideation showed difference on the variable of gender, and relationship problem show difference on the variables of gender and only kid or not.
Secondly, the result of correlation and regression analysis indicated that perfectionism and its dimensions, relationship problems, psychache and suicide ideation existed correction significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05). Psychache, organization and concern over mistake can play predictive roles for suicide ideation.
Thirdly, the structure equation model revealed psychache can furthest predict suicide ideation, and all variables effect on suicide ideation must though psychache.
引文
陈玫伶(1997)。国小资优学生完美主义倾向与自我观念及学业成就相关之研究。国立高雄师范大学特殊教育研究所硕士论文。
何兆雄(1997)。自杀病学.第一版,中国中医药出版社。
林碧英(2005)。浅谈独生子女的同伴关系。莆田学院学报,12(1):42-44。
林俊德(1999)。咨商员于初次晤谈中有关完美主义思考与相关行为之分析研究。国立彰化师范大学辅导学系硕士论文。
宋专茂,冯冬梅(2002)。有自杀倾向大学生的人格特征研究。健康心理学杂志,10(6),408-411。
佟月华(2006)。大学生完美主义研究。济南大学学报,20(3),277-279。
佟月华,宋尚佳(2005)。大学生完美主义与自尊、主观幸福感的关系。中国学校卫生,26(11),916-917。
王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧(2005)。完美主义研究综述。心理学探新,93(1),70-73。
夏朝云,王东波,吴素琴(2002)。自杀意念自评量表的初步制定。临床精神医学杂志,12(2),100-102。
谢玉兰(2004)。大学生自我完美主义倾向及其与心理异常的相关研究。河南师范大学学报,31(4),186-188。
徐强,李建伟,张明洁(2007)。大学生完美主义研究。中国健康心理学杂志,15(6),516-517。
杨国枢(1985)。青年的人际关系。中国论坛,204,10-26。
杨宏飞,张小燕(2004)。大学生的完美主义与心理健康的关系。中国心理卫生杂志,18(9),647-648。
叶雅婷(2000)。高中生知觉其父母教养方式,完美主义及身心健康之关系。硕士学位论文,国立台湾师范大学。
翟书涛(2002)。自杀原因的研究现状。中华精神科杂志,35(2),65-68。
张轶文,甘怡群(2006)。完美主义对抑郁的影响及人格的调节作用。 中国临床心理学杂志,14(4),381-383。
钟向阳,曾漩,杨利江,韩云金(2003)。大学新生自杀意念与其心理健康状况的关系。中国校医,17(3),216-218。
訾非(2004)。完美主义心理研究的历史和现状。心理科学,27(4),943-945。
訾非,周旭(2005)。大学二年级男生的完美主义心理、羞怯与自杀念头的相关研究。中国健康心理学杂志,13(4),244-246。
訾非(2006)。对权威的畏惧感、对他人否定评价的惧怕与非适应性完美主义。中国健康心理学杂志。14(4),466-469。
訾非,周旭(2006)。中文Frost多维度完美主义问卷的信效度检验。中国临床心理学杂志,14(6),560-563。
訾非(2007)。完美主义与心理健康。大众心理学,25(6):39-39。
Barrow,J.C.,& Moore,C.A.(1983).Group interventions with perfectionist thinking.Personnel and Guidance Journal,61,612-615.
Baumeister,R.E.(1990).Suicide as escape from self.Psychological Review,99,90-113.
Beck.A.T.,Weissman.I.,Lester.D.,& Trexler.L.(1974).Measurement of pessimism:The Beck Hopelessness Scale.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,42.861-865.
Blatt,S.J.,Quinlan,D.M.,Pilkonis,P.A.,& Shea,M.T.(1995).Impact of perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of depression:the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,63,125-132.
Bonner,R.L.,& Rich,A.R.(1987).Toward a predictive model of suicide ideation and behaviour:Some preliminary data in college students.Suicide and life-Threatening Behavior,17(1),50-63.
Brent,D.A.,Kalas,R.,Edelbrock,C.,Costello,A.J.,& Dulcan,M.,Conover,N.(1986).Psychopathology and its relationship to suicidal ideation in childhood and adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,25,666-673.
Burns,D.D.(1980).The perfectionist's script for self-defeat.Psychology Today,34-51.
Dean,P.J.,Range,L.M.,& Goggin,W.C.(1996).The escape theory of suicide in college students:Testing a model that includes perfectionism.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,26,181-186.
Ferrari,J.R.,& Mautz,W.T.(1997).Predicting perfectionism:Applying tests of rigidity.Journal of Clinical Psychology,53,1-6.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,& Dyek,D.G.(1989).Self oriented perfectionism,neuroticism and anxiety.Personality and Individual Differences,10,731-735.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& Mosher,S.W.(1991a).Perfectionism,self-actualisation,and personal adjustment.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,6,147-150.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& O'Brien,S.(1991b).Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem.Personality and Individual Differences,12,61-68.
Flett,G.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,Hewitt,P.L.,& Koledin,S.(1992).Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students.Social Behavior and Personality,20,85-94.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& Dynin,C.B.(1994).Dimensions of perfectionism and Type A behaviour.Personality and Individual Differences,16,477-485.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Endler,N.S.,& Tassone,C.(1995).Perfectionism and components of state and trait anxiety.Current Psychology:Development,Learning,Personality,Social,13,326-350.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,& DeRosa,T.(1996).Dimensions of perfectionism,psychosocial adjustment,and social skills.Personality and Individual Differences.,20,143-150.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Garshowitz,M.,& Thomas,M.R.(1997).Personality,negative social interactions,and depressive symptoms.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science,29,28-37.
Frost,R.O.,Marten,P.,Lahart,C.M.,& Rosenblate,R.(1990).The dimensions of perfectionism.Cognitive Therapy and Research,14,449-468.
Frost,R.O.,Lahart,C.M.,& Rosenblate,R.(1991).The development of perfectionism:A study of daughters and their parents.Cognitive Therapy and Research,15,469-489.
Frost,R.O.,Heimberg,R.G.,Holt,C.S.,Mattia,J.I.,& Neubauer,A.L.(1993).A comparison of two measures of perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,14,119-126.
Frost,R.O.,Steketee,G.,Cohn,L.,& Greiss,K.(1994).Personality traits in subclinical and non-obsessive-compulsive volunteers and their parents.Behaviour Research and Therapy,32,47-56.
Frost,R.O.,& Steketee,G.(1997).Perfectionism in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35,291-296.
Hafran,R.,& Mansell,W.(2001).Perfectionism and psychopathology:A review of research and treatment.Clinical Psychology Review,21,879-906.
Hamachek,D.E.(1978).Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism.Psychology:A Journal of Human Behavior,15,27-33.
Hamilton,T.K.,& Schweitzer,R.D.(2000).The cost of being perfect:perfectionism and suicide ideation in university students.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,34,829-835.
Hill,R.W.,Mclntire,K.,& Bacharach,V.R.(1997).Perfectionism and the big five factors.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,12,257-270.
Holden,R.R.,Mendonca,J.D.,Kerr,P.S.,& Velamoor,V.R.(1998).Are some motives more linked to suicide proneness than others? Journal of Clinical Psychology,54,569-576.
Holden,R.R.,Mehta,K,Cunningham,E.J.,Mcleod,L.D.(2001).Development and preliminary validation of a scale of pschache.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,2001,33,224-232.
Hollender,M.H.(1965).Perfectionism.Comprehensive Psychiatry,6,94-103.
Hollender,M.H.(1978).Perfectionism,a neglected personality trait.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,39,384.
Homey,K.(1950).Neurosis and human growth.New York:Norton.
Johns,D.,& Holden,R.R.(1997).Differentiating suicidal motivations and manifestations in a nonclinical population.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,29,266-274.
Johnson,D.P.,& Slaney,R.B.(1996).Perfectionism:Scale development and a study of perfectionism clients in counseling.Journal of College Student Development,37(1),29-41.
Lester,D.(2000).Psychache,depression,and personality.Psychological Reports,87,940.
Mills,J.E,Green,K.,& Reddon,J.R.(2005).An evaluation of the Psychache Scale on an offender population.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,35,570-580.
Pacht,A.R.(1984).Reflections on Perfectionism.American Psychologist,39(4),386-390.
Parker,W.D.An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children.American Educational Research Journal,1997,34:545-562.
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Ricardo,E,& Ronald R.H.(2007).Psyehaehe as a mediator in the relationship between perfectionism and suieidality.Journal of Counseling Psychology.54,51-61.
Schotte,D.E.,& Clum,GA.(1982).Suicide ideation in a college population:A test of a model.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,50(5),690-696.
Shneidman,E.S.(1993).Suicide as psychaehe.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,181,145-147.
Shneidman,E.S.(2001).Suicidology and the university:A founder's reflections at 80. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,31,1-8.
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Wood,P.J.& Muller,G.E.(1988).The contemplation of suicide:Its relationship to irrational beliefs in a client sample and the implications for long-rang suicide preventions.Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,6,236-258.
何兆雄(1997)。自杀病学.第一版,中国中医药出版社。
林碧英(2005)。浅谈独生子女的同伴关系。莆田学院学报,12(1):42-44。
林俊德(1999)。咨商员于初次晤谈中有关完美主义思考与相关行为之分析研究。国立彰化师范大学辅导学系硕士论文。
宋专茂,冯冬梅(2002)。有自杀倾向大学生的人格特征研究。健康心理学杂志,10(6),408-411。
佟月华(2006)。大学生完美主义研究。济南大学学报,20(3),277-279。
佟月华,宋尚佳(2005)。大学生完美主义与自尊、主观幸福感的关系。中国学校卫生,26(11),916-917。
王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧(2005)。完美主义研究综述。心理学探新,93(1),70-73。
夏朝云,王东波,吴素琴(2002)。自杀意念自评量表的初步制定。临床精神医学杂志,12(2),100-102。
谢玉兰(2004)。大学生自我完美主义倾向及其与心理异常的相关研究。河南师范大学学报,31(4),186-188。
徐强,李建伟,张明洁(2007)。大学生完美主义研究。中国健康心理学杂志,15(6),516-517。
杨国枢(1985)。青年的人际关系。中国论坛,204,10-26。
杨宏飞,张小燕(2004)。大学生的完美主义与心理健康的关系。中国心理卫生杂志,18(9),647-648。
叶雅婷(2000)。高中生知觉其父母教养方式,完美主义及身心健康之关系。硕士学位论文,国立台湾师范大学。
翟书涛(2002)。自杀原因的研究现状。中华精神科杂志,35(2),65-68。
张轶文,甘怡群(2006)。完美主义对抑郁的影响及人格的调节作用。 中国临床心理学杂志,14(4),381-383。
钟向阳,曾漩,杨利江,韩云金(2003)。大学新生自杀意念与其心理健康状况的关系。中国校医,17(3),216-218。
訾非(2004)。完美主义心理研究的历史和现状。心理科学,27(4),943-945。
訾非,周旭(2005)。大学二年级男生的完美主义心理、羞怯与自杀念头的相关研究。中国健康心理学杂志,13(4),244-246。
訾非(2006)。对权威的畏惧感、对他人否定评价的惧怕与非适应性完美主义。中国健康心理学杂志。14(4),466-469。
訾非,周旭(2006)。中文Frost多维度完美主义问卷的信效度检验。中国临床心理学杂志,14(6),560-563。
訾非(2007)。完美主义与心理健康。大众心理学,25(6):39-39。
Barrow,J.C.,& Moore,C.A.(1983).Group interventions with perfectionist thinking.Personnel and Guidance Journal,61,612-615.
Baumeister,R.E.(1990).Suicide as escape from self.Psychological Review,99,90-113.
Beck.A.T.,Weissman.I.,Lester.D.,& Trexler.L.(1974).Measurement of pessimism:The Beck Hopelessness Scale.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,42.861-865.
Blatt,S.J.,Quinlan,D.M.,Pilkonis,P.A.,& Shea,M.T.(1995).Impact of perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of depression:the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,63,125-132.
Bonner,R.L.,& Rich,A.R.(1987).Toward a predictive model of suicide ideation and behaviour:Some preliminary data in college students.Suicide and life-Threatening Behavior,17(1),50-63.
Brent,D.A.,Kalas,R.,Edelbrock,C.,Costello,A.J.,& Dulcan,M.,Conover,N.(1986).Psychopathology and its relationship to suicidal ideation in childhood and adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,25,666-673.
Burns,D.D.(1980).The perfectionist's script for self-defeat.Psychology Today,34-51.
Dean,P.J.,Range,L.M.,& Goggin,W.C.(1996).The escape theory of suicide in college students:Testing a model that includes perfectionism.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,26,181-186.
Ferrari,J.R.,& Mautz,W.T.(1997).Predicting perfectionism:Applying tests of rigidity.Journal of Clinical Psychology,53,1-6.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,& Dyek,D.G.(1989).Self oriented perfectionism,neuroticism and anxiety.Personality and Individual Differences,10,731-735.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& Mosher,S.W.(1991a).Perfectionism,self-actualisation,and personal adjustment.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,6,147-150.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& O'Brien,S.(1991b).Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem.Personality and Individual Differences,12,61-68.
Flett,G.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,Hewitt,P.L.,& Koledin,S.(1992).Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students.Social Behavior and Personality,20,85-94.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Blankstein,K.R.,& Dynin,C.B.(1994).Dimensions of perfectionism and Type A behaviour.Personality and Individual Differences,16,477-485.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Endler,N.S.,& Tassone,C.(1995).Perfectionism and components of state and trait anxiety.Current Psychology:Development,Learning,Personality,Social,13,326-350.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,& DeRosa,T.(1996).Dimensions of perfectionism,psychosocial adjustment,and social skills.Personality and Individual Differences.,20,143-150.
Flett,G.L.,Hewitt,P.L.,Garshowitz,M.,& Thomas,M.R.(1997).Personality,negative social interactions,and depressive symptoms.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science,29,28-37.
Frost,R.O.,Marten,P.,Lahart,C.M.,& Rosenblate,R.(1990).The dimensions of perfectionism.Cognitive Therapy and Research,14,449-468.
Frost,R.O.,Lahart,C.M.,& Rosenblate,R.(1991).The development of perfectionism:A study of daughters and their parents.Cognitive Therapy and Research,15,469-489.
Frost,R.O.,Heimberg,R.G.,Holt,C.S.,Mattia,J.I.,& Neubauer,A.L.(1993).A comparison of two measures of perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,14,119-126.
Frost,R.O.,Steketee,G.,Cohn,L.,& Greiss,K.(1994).Personality traits in subclinical and non-obsessive-compulsive volunteers and their parents.Behaviour Research and Therapy,32,47-56.
Frost,R.O.,& Steketee,G.(1997).Perfectionism in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35,291-296.
Hafran,R.,& Mansell,W.(2001).Perfectionism and psychopathology:A review of research and treatment.Clinical Psychology Review,21,879-906.
Hamachek,D.E.(1978).Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism.Psychology:A Journal of Human Behavior,15,27-33.
Hamilton,T.K.,& Schweitzer,R.D.(2000).The cost of being perfect:perfectionism and suicide ideation in university students.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,34,829-835.
Hill,R.W.,Mclntire,K.,& Bacharach,V.R.(1997).Perfectionism and the big five factors.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,12,257-270.
Holden,R.R.,Mendonca,J.D.,Kerr,P.S.,& Velamoor,V.R.(1998).Are some motives more linked to suicide proneness than others? Journal of Clinical Psychology,54,569-576.
Holden,R.R.,Mehta,K,Cunningham,E.J.,Mcleod,L.D.(2001).Development and preliminary validation of a scale of pschache.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,2001,33,224-232.
Hollender,M.H.(1965).Perfectionism.Comprehensive Psychiatry,6,94-103.
Hollender,M.H.(1978).Perfectionism,a neglected personality trait.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,39,384.
Homey,K.(1950).Neurosis and human growth.New York:Norton.
Johns,D.,& Holden,R.R.(1997).Differentiating suicidal motivations and manifestations in a nonclinical population.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,29,266-274.
Johnson,D.P.,& Slaney,R.B.(1996).Perfectionism:Scale development and a study of perfectionism clients in counseling.Journal of College Student Development,37(1),29-41.
Lester,D.(2000).Psychache,depression,and personality.Psychological Reports,87,940.
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