中国大学生完美主义量表的编制研究
|
摘要
完美主义是一种深刻影响人格的心理特征,与心理病理现象和非病理现象都有极为密切的联系,是在大、中学生,尤其是资质优异的学生中普遍存在的心理现象,已经引起心理学界与教育学界人士的关注。但是长期以来,在完美主义研究历程中存在着如下重要问题需要解决:对完美主义具体的心理结构的有效探索与确认;对完美主义适应性成分与非适应性成分的分离和验证;有效的本土化的测量工具的编制。
本研究在综合分析与归纳国内外完美主义相关研究文献的基础上,借鉴词汇学的研究方法对完美主义的内隐概念和心理结构进行尝试性探究;对所搜集到的完美主义高频特征词语或句子进行了分类,然后依据分类结果进行了量表项目库的建立和完美主义心理结构的再探索,并对最后保留的量表项目进行了信度与效度的检验,结果得出如下结论:
第一,从完美主义心理产生原因的角度考察,完美主义具有以下核心特征:自省、高标准、条理性、完美期待、担心错误、重要他人要求;
第二,从人际关系的角度考察,完美主义由以下核心特征构成:自我导向的完美主义、与人比较倾向、他人导向的完美主义、社会导向的完美主义、他—他导向的完美主义;
第三,完美主义可分离为适应性的积极完美主义与非适应性的消极完美主义二维结构,其中前者由自省、高标准、条理性、完美期待以及自我导向的完美主义、与人比较倾向构成,后者由担心错误、重要他人要求以及他人导向、社会导向、他—他导向的完美主义构成;
第四,所编制的两个完美主义量表具有较为理想的结构效度和内容效度,其信度也达到了理想的统计学要求,内部一致性α系数在0.73～0.92之间。
Perfectionism is a kind of mental feature that affects personality significantly. In addition, there has always been a close association among psychopathological phenomenon, pathological phenomenon and perfectionism. It exists universally in undergraduates and middle school students, especially in students of high quality, so that this phenomenon has been paid close attention by the experts in education and psychology. However, ever since a long time ago, there are several important issues that need to be resolved, for instance, valid exploration and recognition for the concrete mental structure of perfectionism, finding and verifying the differing aspects between adaptive elements and non-adaptive elements of perfectionism, scaling according to localization.
On the basis of analyzing and inducting the related foreign documents, this paper has done a trial research to the implicit concept and mental structure of perfectionism according to the methods of lexics, and classified the collected diagnostic words or sentences, then established the list of items and re-explored the mental structure of perfectionism in accordance with the classifying, finally, it tested the remained items in terms of validity and reliability. Conclusions are drawn as follows:
Firstly, at the angle of the causing of perfectionism, there exists several core features ofperfectionism, such as introspection, high standards, organization, perfect expectation, worryingabout mistakes, paying more attention to important others' demands;
Secondly, in terms of interpersonal relationships, perfectionism has such core features asself-oriented perfectionism, comparing with others, other-oriented perfectionism, sociallyprescribed and other-other- prescribed perfectionism;
Thirdly, perfectionism may be seen as two-dimensional structure, i.e. positive perfectionismwith adaption, negative perfectionism with non-adaption. The former one is formed withintrospection, high standards, organization, perfect expectation, self-oriented perfectionism andcomparing with others. The latter one is made up of worrying about mistakes, demands ofimportant others, other-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed and other-other- prescribedperfectionism;
Finally, the two scales are created with relatively ideal structure validity and content validity,moreover, their reliability reaches the ideal demands of statistics, a coefficient of internalconsistency is between 0.73 and 0.92.
本研究在综合分析与归纳国内外完美主义相关研究文献的基础上,借鉴词汇学的研究方法对完美主义的内隐概念和心理结构进行尝试性探究;对所搜集到的完美主义高频特征词语或句子进行了分类,然后依据分类结果进行了量表项目库的建立和完美主义心理结构的再探索,并对最后保留的量表项目进行了信度与效度的检验,结果得出如下结论:
第一,从完美主义心理产生原因的角度考察,完美主义具有以下核心特征:自省、高标准、条理性、完美期待、担心错误、重要他人要求;
第二,从人际关系的角度考察,完美主义由以下核心特征构成:自我导向的完美主义、与人比较倾向、他人导向的完美主义、社会导向的完美主义、他—他导向的完美主义;
第三,完美主义可分离为适应性的积极完美主义与非适应性的消极完美主义二维结构,其中前者由自省、高标准、条理性、完美期待以及自我导向的完美主义、与人比较倾向构成,后者由担心错误、重要他人要求以及他人导向、社会导向、他—他导向的完美主义构成;
第四,所编制的两个完美主义量表具有较为理想的结构效度和内容效度,其信度也达到了理想的统计学要求,内部一致性α系数在0.73～0.92之间。
Perfectionism is a kind of mental feature that affects personality significantly. In addition, there has always been a close association among psychopathological phenomenon, pathological phenomenon and perfectionism. It exists universally in undergraduates and middle school students, especially in students of high quality, so that this phenomenon has been paid close attention by the experts in education and psychology. However, ever since a long time ago, there are several important issues that need to be resolved, for instance, valid exploration and recognition for the concrete mental structure of perfectionism, finding and verifying the differing aspects between adaptive elements and non-adaptive elements of perfectionism, scaling according to localization.
On the basis of analyzing and inducting the related foreign documents, this paper has done a trial research to the implicit concept and mental structure of perfectionism according to the methods of lexics, and classified the collected diagnostic words or sentences, then established the list of items and re-explored the mental structure of perfectionism in accordance with the classifying, finally, it tested the remained items in terms of validity and reliability. Conclusions are drawn as follows:
Firstly, at the angle of the causing of perfectionism, there exists several core features ofperfectionism, such as introspection, high standards, organization, perfect expectation, worryingabout mistakes, paying more attention to important others' demands;
Secondly, in terms of interpersonal relationships, perfectionism has such core features asself-oriented perfectionism, comparing with others, other-oriented perfectionism, sociallyprescribed and other-other- prescribed perfectionism;
Thirdly, perfectionism may be seen as two-dimensional structure, i.e. positive perfectionismwith adaption, negative perfectionism with non-adaption. The former one is formed withintrospection, high standards, organization, perfect expectation, self-oriented perfectionism andcomparing with others. The latter one is made up of worrying about mistakes, demands ofimportant others, other-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed and other-other- prescribedperfectionism;
Finally, the two scales are created with relatively ideal structure validity and content validity,moreover, their reliability reaches the ideal demands of statistics, a coefficient of internalconsistency is between 0.73 and 0.92.
引文
[1]Frost R.,Marten P.,Lahart C.,et al.The dimensions of perfectionism[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,1990,14:449-468.
[2]张萍.湖南大学生完美主义与学习动机、心理健康的关系研究[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2006.
[3]林崇德.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1999.63-68.
[4]江麟.完美主义的测量及其与工作应激的相关研究[D].上海交通大学硕士论文,2006.
[5]Adler,A.Striving for superiority.In H.L.Ansbacher,& R.Ansbacher(Eds.),The individual psychology of Alfred Adler:A systematic presentation in selections from his writings[M].New York:Harper & Row,1956.101-125.
[6]Adler,A.In H.L.Ansbacher,& R.Ansbacher(Eds.),Alfred Adler:Superiority and social interest-collection of later writings[M].Northwestern University Press,1964.97-102.
[7]Burns D.The perfectionist's script for self-defeat[J].Psychology Today,1980:34-51.
[8]Shafran R,Mansell W.Perfectionism and psychopathology:A review of research and treatment[J].Clinical Psychology Review,2000(21):879-906.
[9]Shafran R,Christopher G.Clinical avioural analysis[J].Behaviour Research and Therapy,2002(40):773-791.
[10]Frost R O,Marten P A,Lahart C,et al.The dimensions of perfectionism[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,1990(14):449-468.
[11]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychopathology[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991(60):456-470.
[12]孙文影.大学生完美主义人格特质及其与情绪健康的关系[D].东北师范大学硕士论文.2007.
[13]Hamachek D E.Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism[J].Psychology:Journal of Human Behavior,1978(15):27-33.
[14]Terry-Short L A,Owens G R,Slade P D,et al.Positive and negative perfectionism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1995(18):663-668.
[15]Bieling P J,Israeli A,Smith J,et al.Making the grade:The behavioural consequences of perfectionism in the classroom[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2003(35):163-178.
[16]Rice K G,Vergara D T,Aldea M A.Cognitive-affective mediators of perfectionism and college student adjustment[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):463-473.
[17]Dunkley D M,Blankstein K R,Zuroff D C,et al.Self-critical and personal standards factors of perfectionism located within the five-factor model of personality[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):409-420.
[18]Dunkley D M,Zuroff D.C,Blankstein K R.Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment[J].Personality and Individual:Differences,2006(40):665-676.
[19]杨宏飞,张小燕,赵燕.大学生一般完美主义量表的编制[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007,21(2):107-110.
[20]杨丽,梁宝勇,张秀阁,等.近乎完美主义量表修订版(APS-R)的中文修订[J].心理与行为研究,2007,5(2):139-144.
[21]方新,钱铭怡,訾非.完美主义心理研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007,21(3):208-144.
[22]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychopathology[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(3):456-470.
[23]Slaney R B.The revised almost perfect scale[J].Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Develoment,2001,34:130-145.
[24]Stumpf H,Parker W D.A hierarchical structural analysis of perfectionism and its relation to other personality characteristics[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2000(28):837-852.
[25]Parker W D,Stumpf H.An examination or the multidimensional perfectionism scale with a sample of academically talented children[J].Journal of Psy.Educational Assessment,1995(13):372-383.
[26]Nigar G,Khawaja K,Armstrong A.Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale:Developing shorter versions using an Australian sample[J].Australian Journal of Psychology,2005,57(2):129-138.
[27]Stober J.The Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale revisited:More perfect with four (instead of six)dimensions[J].Personality and Individual Difference,1998(24):481-491.
[28]方新,钱铭怡,罗珊红,等.大学生完美主义问卷的修订[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(9):613-616.
[29]Cox B J,Enns M W,Clara I P.The multidimensional structure of perfectionism scale:A validation and prediction of self-esteem and psychological distress[J].Journal of Clinical Psychology,1999,55(9):1051-1061.
[30]Sammy K Cheng,George H,Chong C W.Chinese Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale:A validation and prediction of self-esteem and psychological distress[J].Journal of Clinical Psychology,1999,55(9):1051-1061.
[31]Slaney R B,Johnson D G.The almost perfect scale[D].Unpublished Manuscript,Pennsylvania State University,1992.
[32] Slaney R B, Mobley M, Ashby T J, et al. Almost perfect scaIe-revised[D]. Unpublished Manuscript, Pennsylvania State University, 1996.
[33] Slaney R B, Rice K G, Mobley M, et al.The revised almost perfect scale[J]. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2001(34): 130-145.
[34] Chang E C, Watkins A F, Banks H K. How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress mediation model in black and white female college students[J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004, 51(1): 93-102.
[35] Rice K G, Dellwo J P. Perfectionism and self-development: Implications for self-esteem, depression, and college adjustment[J]. Journal of Counseling and Development, 2002(80): 188-196.
[36] Rice K G, Lopez F G, Deborah Vergara. Parental social influences on perfectionism and adult attachment orientations[J]. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2005, 24(4): 580-605.
[37] Martin James L. Relationships between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, stress, and psychological adjustment[D]. Georgia State University, 2006.
[38] Grzegorek J L, Slaney R B, Franze S, et al. Self-criticism, dependency, self-esteem, and GPA satisfaction among clusters of perfectionists and non-perfectionists[J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004(51): 192-200.
[39] Burns L R, Fedewa B A. Cognitive styles: Links with perfectionistic thinking[J], Personality and Individual Differences, 2005(38): 103-113.
[40] Hewitt P L, Flett G L. Perfectionism is multidimensional: A reply to Shafran, Cooper and Fairburn[J]. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003(41): 1221-1235.
[41] Hollender M H. Perfectionism comprehensive psychiatry[J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1965,6:94-103.
[42] Horney K. Neurosis and human growth: The struggle toward self-realization[M]. New York: W. W. Norton, 1950.109-115.
[43] Benson E. The many faces of perfectionism[J]. Monitor on Psychology, 2003, 34(10): 86-91.
[44] Flett G L, Hewitt P L. Perfectionism and maladaptive perfectionism adjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues[C]. In Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Treatment, Washington D C: American Psychological Association, 2002: 255-284.
[45] Frost R O, Heimberg R G, Holt C S, et al. Acomparison of two measures of perfectionism[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 1993(14): 119-126.
[46]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Ediger E.Perfectionism and depression:Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1996(105):102-107.
[47]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Weber C.Dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,1994(18):439-460.
[48]Hewitt P L,Newton J,Flett G L,et al.Perfectionism and suicide ideation in adolescent psychiatric patients[J].Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,1997(25):95-101.
[49]Hamilton T K,Schweitzer R D.The cost of being perfect:perfectionism and suicide ideation in university students[J].Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,2000(34):829-835.
[50]Cockell S J,Hewitt P L.Trait and self presentational dimensions of perfectionism among women with anorexia nervosa[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,2002(26):745-758.
[51]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Ediger E.Perfectionistic traits and perfectionistic self-presentation in eating disorder attitudes,characteristics,and symptoms[J].International Journal of Eating Disorders,1995(18):317-326.
[52]Osamu Kobori,Yoshihiko Tanno.Self-oriented perfectionism and its relationship to positive and negative affect:The mediation of positive and negative perfectionism cognitions[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,2005,29(5):555-567.
[53]Klibert J,Jennifer Langhinrichsen-rohling,Motoko Saito.Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of self-otiented versus socially prescribed perfectionism[J].Journal of College Student Development,2005,46(2):141-156.
[54]Campbell J D,Paula A D.Perfectionistic self-beliefs:Their relation to personality and goal pursuit[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:181-198.
[55]Enns M W,Cox B J.Adaptve and maladaptire perfectionism in medical students:A longicudinal investigation[J].Medical Education,2001(35):1034-1042.
[56]Bieling P J,Israeli A,Martin M.Is perfectionism good,bad,or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2004(36):1373-1385.
[57]Chang E C,Rand K L.Perfectionism as a predictor of subsequent adjustment:Evidence for a specific diathesis-stress mechanism among college studentst[J].Journal of Counseling Psychology,2000,47:129-137.
[58]王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧.完美主义研究综述[J].心理学探新,2005,25(93):69-73.
[59]O' Connor R C,O' Connor D B.Predicting hopelessness and psychological distress:The role of perfectionism and coping[J].Journal of Counseling Psychology,2003,50(3):362-372.
[60]Hill R W,Mclntire K,Bacharach V R.Perfectionism and the big five factors[J].Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,1997,12:257-270.
[61]Parker W D.An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children[J].American Educational Research Journal,1997(34):545-562.
[62]来水木,杨宏飞.心理障碍与完美主义关系的研究进展[J].应用心理学,2007,13(2):187-192.
[63]Halmi K A,Tozzi F,Thornton L M,et al.The relationship among perfectionism,obsessive -compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with eating disorders[J].International Journal of Eating Disorder,2005,38(4):371-374.
[64]Chik H M,Whittal M L,O'NeillM L.Perfectionism and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder cognitive[J].The Rapy and Research,2007,3:1573-1575.
[65]Anderluh M B,Tchanturia K,Rabe-Hesketh S,et al.Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders:defining a broader eating disorder phenotype[J].American Journal of Psychiatry,2003,160(2):242-247.
[66]Flett G L,Hewitt P L,Derosa T.Dimensions of perfectionism,psychosocial adjustment and social skills[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1996,20:143-150.
[67]Saboonchi F,Lundh L,Ost L.Perfectionism and self-consciousness in social phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia[J].Behavior Research and Therapy,1999,37:799-808.
[68]Hart B A,Gilner F H,Handal P J,et al.The relationship between perfectionism and self efficacy[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1998,24:109-113.
[69]聂玉玲,王建涛,李建伟.高校教师完美主义与自我效能关系的研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007,15(8):765-766.
[70]Blatt S J.The destructiveness of perfectionism:Implications for the treatment of depression[J].Am.Psy.,1995,50:1003-1020.
[71]Rice,Kenneth G,Ashby,et al.Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression:A structural equations analysis[J].Joumal of Counseling Psychology,1998,45(3):304-314.
[72]Duda J L,Hall H.Achievement goal theory in sport:Resents extensions and future directions[M].New York:Wiley,2001.109-112.
[73]连文杰,毛志雄,闫挺.运动领域完美主义的研究及进展[J].体育科学,2007,27(2):54-57.
[74]Hall H K,Kerr A W,Mattew S J.Pre-competitive anxiety in sport:The contribution of achievement goals and perfectionism[J].J Sport Exe.Psy.,1998(20):194-217.
[75]Dunn G H,Dunn J C,Syrotuik D G.Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport[J].J Sport Exe.Psy.,2002,(24):376-395.
[76]谢玉兰.编制大学生自我完美主义问卷[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(28):102-105.
[77]Zi F.The pattems of perfectionism in Chinese graduate students and their relationship with educational environment,personality,encouragement,and creativity[J].Doctoral Dissertation,University of Georgia,2003.
[78]李建伟,宋广文,李飞.中国青少年完美主义量表的编制[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(4):346-348.
[79]王甦,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.189-191.
[80]Allport G W,Odbert H S.Trait names:A psycho-lexical study[J].Psychological Monographs,1936:41.
[81]杨国枢,彭迈克.中国人描述性格所采用的基本向度——一项心理学研究中国化的实例[M].台北:桂冠图书公司,1984.102-105.
[82]王登峰.人格特质的“大五”因素分类[J].心理学动态,1994,2(1):34-136.
[83]王登峰,方林,左衍涛.中国人人格的词汇研究[J].心理学报,1995,27(4):400-405.
[84]王登峰,崔红.解读中国人的人格[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.16-19,367-368.
[85]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1991,100:98-101.
[86]Johnson D P,Slaney R B.Perfectionism:Scale development and a study of perfectionistic clients in counseling[J].Coll.Stud.Dev.,1996,37(1):29-41.
[87]訾非.完美主义心理研究的历史和现状[J].心理科学,2004,27(4):943-945.
[88]杨宏飞,孙黎黎.高中生的完美主义与心理健康[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2005,18(2):126-127.
[89]王敬群,梁宝勇.完美主义发展模型综述[J].心理与行为研究,2005,3(4):314-318.
[90]Gotay C C,Blaine D,Haynes.Assessment of quality of life in a multicultural cancer patient population psychological assessment[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,2002,14(4):439-450.
[91]Manne S,Schnoll R.Measuring cancer patients psychological distress and well-being:A factor analytic assessment of the mental health inventory[J].Psychological Assessment,2001,13(1):99-109.
[92]温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则[J].心理学报,2004,36(2):186-194.
[93]孙春晖,郑日昌.学习适应量表的验证性因素分析[J].心理学探新,2001,21(2):59-64.
[94]张卫东.应对量表(COPE)测评维度结构研究[J].心理学报,2001,33(1):55-62.
[95]许明智.心理健康量表的编制和信效度研究[D].中南大学博士论文,2003.
[96]汪向东,王希林,马弘编著.心理卫生评定手册(增)[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1999:31-35.
[97]黄朝云,章军建,任善玲.大学生自我评价与父母养育方式的关系研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2005,14(2):122.
[98]张妍,陈福国.自我效能感及其与心理健康的研究进展[J].中国行为医学科学,2007,16(4):377-378.
[99]高北陵,任春生,李学武.自恋性人格障碍的诊断与鉴别(附2例报告)[J].中国行为医学科学,2005,14(8):764-765.
[100]Murray W Enns,Brian J Cox.The nature and assessment of perfe.ctionism[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:33-62.
[101]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:132-135.
[102]李建伟,宋广文,王淑娟,等.中国大学生多维完美主义量表的初步编制(三)[J].中国行为医学科学,2007,16(4):1135-1136.
[103]李建伟,李飞.中国大学生完美主义量表的初步编制(二)[C].中国心理卫生协会第五届学术研讨会论文集,北京:中国心理卫生协会,2007,8:384-386.
[104]李建伟,胡凌燕.中国大学生多维完美主义量表的初步编制(一)[C].第十一届全国心理学大会论文集,北京:中国心理学会,2007,11:465-466.
[105]訾非.消极完美主义问卷的编制[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007,15(4):340-344.
[2]张萍.湖南大学生完美主义与学习动机、心理健康的关系研究[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2006.
[3]林崇德.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1999.63-68.
[4]江麟.完美主义的测量及其与工作应激的相关研究[D].上海交通大学硕士论文,2006.
[5]Adler,A.Striving for superiority.In H.L.Ansbacher,& R.Ansbacher(Eds.),The individual psychology of Alfred Adler:A systematic presentation in selections from his writings[M].New York:Harper & Row,1956.101-125.
[6]Adler,A.In H.L.Ansbacher,& R.Ansbacher(Eds.),Alfred Adler:Superiority and social interest-collection of later writings[M].Northwestern University Press,1964.97-102.
[7]Burns D.The perfectionist's script for self-defeat[J].Psychology Today,1980:34-51.
[8]Shafran R,Mansell W.Perfectionism and psychopathology:A review of research and treatment[J].Clinical Psychology Review,2000(21):879-906.
[9]Shafran R,Christopher G.Clinical avioural analysis[J].Behaviour Research and Therapy,2002(40):773-791.
[10]Frost R O,Marten P A,Lahart C,et al.The dimensions of perfectionism[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,1990(14):449-468.
[11]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychopathology[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991(60):456-470.
[12]孙文影.大学生完美主义人格特质及其与情绪健康的关系[D].东北师范大学硕士论文.2007.
[13]Hamachek D E.Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism[J].Psychology:Journal of Human Behavior,1978(15):27-33.
[14]Terry-Short L A,Owens G R,Slade P D,et al.Positive and negative perfectionism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1995(18):663-668.
[15]Bieling P J,Israeli A,Smith J,et al.Making the grade:The behavioural consequences of perfectionism in the classroom[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2003(35):163-178.
[16]Rice K G,Vergara D T,Aldea M A.Cognitive-affective mediators of perfectionism and college student adjustment[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):463-473.
[17]Dunkley D M,Blankstein K R,Zuroff D C,et al.Self-critical and personal standards factors of perfectionism located within the five-factor model of personality[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):409-420.
[18]Dunkley D M,Zuroff D.C,Blankstein K R.Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment[J].Personality and Individual:Differences,2006(40):665-676.
[19]杨宏飞,张小燕,赵燕.大学生一般完美主义量表的编制[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007,21(2):107-110.
[20]杨丽,梁宝勇,张秀阁,等.近乎完美主义量表修订版(APS-R)的中文修订[J].心理与行为研究,2007,5(2):139-144.
[21]方新,钱铭怡,訾非.完美主义心理研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007,21(3):208-144.
[22]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychopathology[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(3):456-470.
[23]Slaney R B.The revised almost perfect scale[J].Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Develoment,2001,34:130-145.
[24]Stumpf H,Parker W D.A hierarchical structural analysis of perfectionism and its relation to other personality characteristics[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2000(28):837-852.
[25]Parker W D,Stumpf H.An examination or the multidimensional perfectionism scale with a sample of academically talented children[J].Journal of Psy.Educational Assessment,1995(13):372-383.
[26]Nigar G,Khawaja K,Armstrong A.Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale:Developing shorter versions using an Australian sample[J].Australian Journal of Psychology,2005,57(2):129-138.
[27]Stober J.The Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale revisited:More perfect with four (instead of six)dimensions[J].Personality and Individual Difference,1998(24):481-491.
[28]方新,钱铭怡,罗珊红,等.大学生完美主义问卷的修订[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(9):613-616.
[29]Cox B J,Enns M W,Clara I P.The multidimensional structure of perfectionism scale:A validation and prediction of self-esteem and psychological distress[J].Journal of Clinical Psychology,1999,55(9):1051-1061.
[30]Sammy K Cheng,George H,Chong C W.Chinese Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale:A validation and prediction of self-esteem and psychological distress[J].Journal of Clinical Psychology,1999,55(9):1051-1061.
[31]Slaney R B,Johnson D G.The almost perfect scale[D].Unpublished Manuscript,Pennsylvania State University,1992.
[32] Slaney R B, Mobley M, Ashby T J, et al. Almost perfect scaIe-revised[D]. Unpublished Manuscript, Pennsylvania State University, 1996.
[33] Slaney R B, Rice K G, Mobley M, et al.The revised almost perfect scale[J]. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2001(34): 130-145.
[34] Chang E C, Watkins A F, Banks H K. How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress mediation model in black and white female college students[J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004, 51(1): 93-102.
[35] Rice K G, Dellwo J P. Perfectionism and self-development: Implications for self-esteem, depression, and college adjustment[J]. Journal of Counseling and Development, 2002(80): 188-196.
[36] Rice K G, Lopez F G, Deborah Vergara. Parental social influences on perfectionism and adult attachment orientations[J]. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2005, 24(4): 580-605.
[37] Martin James L. Relationships between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, stress, and psychological adjustment[D]. Georgia State University, 2006.
[38] Grzegorek J L, Slaney R B, Franze S, et al. Self-criticism, dependency, self-esteem, and GPA satisfaction among clusters of perfectionists and non-perfectionists[J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004(51): 192-200.
[39] Burns L R, Fedewa B A. Cognitive styles: Links with perfectionistic thinking[J], Personality and Individual Differences, 2005(38): 103-113.
[40] Hewitt P L, Flett G L. Perfectionism is multidimensional: A reply to Shafran, Cooper and Fairburn[J]. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003(41): 1221-1235.
[41] Hollender M H. Perfectionism comprehensive psychiatry[J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1965,6:94-103.
[42] Horney K. Neurosis and human growth: The struggle toward self-realization[M]. New York: W. W. Norton, 1950.109-115.
[43] Benson E. The many faces of perfectionism[J]. Monitor on Psychology, 2003, 34(10): 86-91.
[44] Flett G L, Hewitt P L. Perfectionism and maladaptive perfectionism adjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues[C]. In Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Treatment, Washington D C: American Psychological Association, 2002: 255-284.
[45] Frost R O, Heimberg R G, Holt C S, et al. Acomparison of two measures of perfectionism[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 1993(14): 119-126.
[46]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Ediger E.Perfectionism and depression:Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1996(105):102-107.
[47]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Weber C.Dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,1994(18):439-460.
[48]Hewitt P L,Newton J,Flett G L,et al.Perfectionism and suicide ideation in adolescent psychiatric patients[J].Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,1997(25):95-101.
[49]Hamilton T K,Schweitzer R D.The cost of being perfect:perfectionism and suicide ideation in university students[J].Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,2000(34):829-835.
[50]Cockell S J,Hewitt P L.Trait and self presentational dimensions of perfectionism among women with anorexia nervosa[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,2002(26):745-758.
[51]Hewitt P L,Flett G L,Ediger E.Perfectionistic traits and perfectionistic self-presentation in eating disorder attitudes,characteristics,and symptoms[J].International Journal of Eating Disorders,1995(18):317-326.
[52]Osamu Kobori,Yoshihiko Tanno.Self-oriented perfectionism and its relationship to positive and negative affect:The mediation of positive and negative perfectionism cognitions[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,2005,29(5):555-567.
[53]Klibert J,Jennifer Langhinrichsen-rohling,Motoko Saito.Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of self-otiented versus socially prescribed perfectionism[J].Journal of College Student Development,2005,46(2):141-156.
[54]Campbell J D,Paula A D.Perfectionistic self-beliefs:Their relation to personality and goal pursuit[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:181-198.
[55]Enns M W,Cox B J.Adaptve and maladaptire perfectionism in medical students:A longicudinal investigation[J].Medical Education,2001(35):1034-1042.
[56]Bieling P J,Israeli A,Martin M.Is perfectionism good,bad,or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2004(36):1373-1385.
[57]Chang E C,Rand K L.Perfectionism as a predictor of subsequent adjustment:Evidence for a specific diathesis-stress mechanism among college studentst[J].Journal of Counseling Psychology,2000,47:129-137.
[58]王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧.完美主义研究综述[J].心理学探新,2005,25(93):69-73.
[59]O' Connor R C,O' Connor D B.Predicting hopelessness and psychological distress:The role of perfectionism and coping[J].Journal of Counseling Psychology,2003,50(3):362-372.
[60]Hill R W,Mclntire K,Bacharach V R.Perfectionism and the big five factors[J].Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,1997,12:257-270.
[61]Parker W D.An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children[J].American Educational Research Journal,1997(34):545-562.
[62]来水木,杨宏飞.心理障碍与完美主义关系的研究进展[J].应用心理学,2007,13(2):187-192.
[63]Halmi K A,Tozzi F,Thornton L M,et al.The relationship among perfectionism,obsessive -compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with eating disorders[J].International Journal of Eating Disorder,2005,38(4):371-374.
[64]Chik H M,Whittal M L,O'NeillM L.Perfectionism and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder cognitive[J].The Rapy and Research,2007,3:1573-1575.
[65]Anderluh M B,Tchanturia K,Rabe-Hesketh S,et al.Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders:defining a broader eating disorder phenotype[J].American Journal of Psychiatry,2003,160(2):242-247.
[66]Flett G L,Hewitt P L,Derosa T.Dimensions of perfectionism,psychosocial adjustment and social skills[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1996,20:143-150.
[67]Saboonchi F,Lundh L,Ost L.Perfectionism and self-consciousness in social phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia[J].Behavior Research and Therapy,1999,37:799-808.
[68]Hart B A,Gilner F H,Handal P J,et al.The relationship between perfectionism and self efficacy[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1998,24:109-113.
[69]聂玉玲,王建涛,李建伟.高校教师完美主义与自我效能关系的研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007,15(8):765-766.
[70]Blatt S J.The destructiveness of perfectionism:Implications for the treatment of depression[J].Am.Psy.,1995,50:1003-1020.
[71]Rice,Kenneth G,Ashby,et al.Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression:A structural equations analysis[J].Joumal of Counseling Psychology,1998,45(3):304-314.
[72]Duda J L,Hall H.Achievement goal theory in sport:Resents extensions and future directions[M].New York:Wiley,2001.109-112.
[73]连文杰,毛志雄,闫挺.运动领域完美主义的研究及进展[J].体育科学,2007,27(2):54-57.
[74]Hall H K,Kerr A W,Mattew S J.Pre-competitive anxiety in sport:The contribution of achievement goals and perfectionism[J].J Sport Exe.Psy.,1998(20):194-217.
[75]Dunn G H,Dunn J C,Syrotuik D G.Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport[J].J Sport Exe.Psy.,2002,(24):376-395.
[76]谢玉兰.编制大学生自我完美主义问卷[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(28):102-105.
[77]Zi F.The pattems of perfectionism in Chinese graduate students and their relationship with educational environment,personality,encouragement,and creativity[J].Doctoral Dissertation,University of Georgia,2003.
[78]李建伟,宋广文,李飞.中国青少年完美主义量表的编制[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(4):346-348.
[79]王甦,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.189-191.
[80]Allport G W,Odbert H S.Trait names:A psycho-lexical study[J].Psychological Monographs,1936:41.
[81]杨国枢,彭迈克.中国人描述性格所采用的基本向度——一项心理学研究中国化的实例[M].台北:桂冠图书公司,1984.102-105.
[82]王登峰.人格特质的“大五”因素分类[J].心理学动态,1994,2(1):34-136.
[83]王登峰,方林,左衍涛.中国人人格的词汇研究[J].心理学报,1995,27(4):400-405.
[84]王登峰,崔红.解读中国人的人格[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.16-19,367-368.
[85]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1991,100:98-101.
[86]Johnson D P,Slaney R B.Perfectionism:Scale development and a study of perfectionistic clients in counseling[J].Coll.Stud.Dev.,1996,37(1):29-41.
[87]訾非.完美主义心理研究的历史和现状[J].心理科学,2004,27(4):943-945.
[88]杨宏飞,孙黎黎.高中生的完美主义与心理健康[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2005,18(2):126-127.
[89]王敬群,梁宝勇.完美主义发展模型综述[J].心理与行为研究,2005,3(4):314-318.
[90]Gotay C C,Blaine D,Haynes.Assessment of quality of life in a multicultural cancer patient population psychological assessment[J].Journal of Abnormal Psychology,2002,14(4):439-450.
[91]Manne S,Schnoll R.Measuring cancer patients psychological distress and well-being:A factor analytic assessment of the mental health inventory[J].Psychological Assessment,2001,13(1):99-109.
[92]温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则[J].心理学报,2004,36(2):186-194.
[93]孙春晖,郑日昌.学习适应量表的验证性因素分析[J].心理学探新,2001,21(2):59-64.
[94]张卫东.应对量表(COPE)测评维度结构研究[J].心理学报,2001,33(1):55-62.
[95]许明智.心理健康量表的编制和信效度研究[D].中南大学博士论文,2003.
[96]汪向东,王希林,马弘编著.心理卫生评定手册(增)[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1999:31-35.
[97]黄朝云,章军建,任善玲.大学生自我评价与父母养育方式的关系研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2005,14(2):122.
[98]张妍,陈福国.自我效能感及其与心理健康的研究进展[J].中国行为医学科学,2007,16(4):377-378.
[99]高北陵,任春生,李学武.自恋性人格障碍的诊断与鉴别(附2例报告)[J].中国行为医学科学,2005,14(8):764-765.
[100]Murray W Enns,Brian J Cox.The nature and assessment of perfe.ctionism[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:33-62.
[101]Hewitt P L,Flett G L.Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology[C].In Perfectionism:Theory,Research and Treatment,Washington D C:American Psychological Association,2002:132-135.
[102]李建伟,宋广文,王淑娟,等.中国大学生多维完美主义量表的初步编制(三)[J].中国行为医学科学,2007,16(4):1135-1136.
[103]李建伟,李飞.中国大学生完美主义量表的初步编制(二)[C].中国心理卫生协会第五届学术研讨会论文集,北京:中国心理卫生协会,2007,8:384-386.
[104]李建伟,胡凌燕.中国大学生多维完美主义量表的初步编制(一)[C].第十一届全国心理学大会论文集,北京:中国心理学会,2007,11:465-466.
[105]訾非.消极完美主义问卷的编制[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2007,15(4):340-344.