高速列车内气流组织的大涡模拟
|
摘要
随着我国铁路全面进入第六次大提速之后,时速可达200km以上的动车组已广泛应用于铁路客运运输上,在此高速空调列车的相关技术也在逐一被国内企业消化吸收,并根据本国的具体国情加以革新和改进。列车运行时速的进一步提高,将使列车的外形设计、牵引传动技术、转向架技术、制动技术以及列车室内环境面临新的挑战。
高速空调列车内送风方式,送风气体的速度、温度等对乘客的舒适度影响明显,如果能准确得到室内气流的三维速度分布和温度分布情况,将无疑对改善车厢内乘客的舒适度和优化高速列车的送风方式提供最重要的依据。本文在详细分析过去湍流模型的弊端之后,以动车组CRH_2为研究对象,建立湍流大涡数学模型。应用FLUENT6.3.26软件中的大涡数值模拟方法对高速列车内的气流组织进行了研究。
本文对动车组CRH_2建立了数学模型,对整体空间进行分区域网格处理,把所计算的区域划分成连续的控制容积,规则几何区域应用结构型网格,复杂几何区域应用非结构型网格,在壁面处采用了边界层处理,热流密度大的区域进行了网格加密;为使湍流得到充分发展,送风入口处和排风出口处都进行了扩大计算域的前处理;通过一阶谐波近似计算了车厢壁面的传热量以及车窗热流量,考虑了乘客散热等边界条件。
用动力Smagorinsky-Lilly模型来封闭控制方程中的亚格子应力,大涡数值模拟壁模型中采用了修正后的平衡层模型,平衡层中的速度分布采用了对数分布。对流项采用了三阶精度的QUICK格式来离散,压力与速度的耦合采用了SIMPLEC压力修正方程,压力插值项选择PRESTO格式,在时间离散方法上采用了Adams-Bashforth格式。最后通过并行运算得到了高速列车内气流组织的数值结果。
本文的计算结果对高速空调列车内送风方式的优化,以及列车车厢内的舒适度改善提供准确、可靠的依据。
With the sixth speed-raising of the railway in our country, the train at speed of 200km/h has been widely used in the railway passenger traffic. Simultaneity, the technologies on high-speed air-conditioning trains have been gulped down by domestic enterprises gradually, they also ameliorated them to fiting the situation of our country. The further improvement of the speed will bring new challenges to train design, traction driving, bogie design, train braking, and the indoor environment improvement of the train.
Air supplying approach, the speed and temperature of the supplying air in the high-speed air-conditioned train affects the evaluation of comfort obviously. If an accurate three-dimensional indoor air velocity distribution and temperature distribution could be got, it is no doubt to set the most impotant base for improving conpartment comfort and optimization of air supplying in high-speed train. After analyzing the drawbacks of the past turbulence model.Train Set With Power Car of CRH_2 was studied and the large eddy numerical mode of turbulence was established. Airflow organization of high-speed train was studied by large eddy simulation method of FLUENT6.3.26.
The mathematical mode of CRH_2 was established. The overall space was deal with by domain discretization. The whole of calculated domains was constituted by the complete continuous control volume. The regulation geometric was application of structured grid and the complexity geometric was application of unstructured grid. Wall-bounded turbulent flows were used by the boundary layer treatments and the regions of slightly larger than the flux density was encrypted by the grids. To enable the full development of turbulence, the exhaust airs at the entrance and exit have been calculated to expand the domain of the pre-treatment. The heat transfer of the wall retaining Structure and heat flux from windows was calculated through the first-order harmonic approximation, at the same time boundary conditions was taking into account, such as passengers' heat.
Subgrid stress of the control equation was closed by dynamic Smago rinsky-Lilly model. The wall boundary conditions for the wall function in the large eddy simulation are treated in the way as the balance layer model and the velocity of the balance layer was adopted by logarithmic distribution. Convective kinematics was discreted by third-order accuracy QUICK scheme and the diffusion kinematics. The coupling problem of pressure and velocity was adopted by the ressure correction equation of the SIMPLEC and the interpolation of the pressure was used PRESTO scheme. The method in time discrete was used Adams-Bashforth scheme.
Finally, parallel computing has been the adoption of the numerical results within airflow organization in the passenger compartments of the air-conditioned high-speed train.
The results provide a basis for optimization for air conditioning and comfortable environment in the high-speed train passenger compartment.
高速空调列车内送风方式,送风气体的速度、温度等对乘客的舒适度影响明显,如果能准确得到室内气流的三维速度分布和温度分布情况,将无疑对改善车厢内乘客的舒适度和优化高速列车的送风方式提供最重要的依据。本文在详细分析过去湍流模型的弊端之后,以动车组CRH_2为研究对象,建立湍流大涡数学模型。应用FLUENT6.3.26软件中的大涡数值模拟方法对高速列车内的气流组织进行了研究。
本文对动车组CRH_2建立了数学模型,对整体空间进行分区域网格处理,把所计算的区域划分成连续的控制容积,规则几何区域应用结构型网格,复杂几何区域应用非结构型网格,在壁面处采用了边界层处理,热流密度大的区域进行了网格加密;为使湍流得到充分发展,送风入口处和排风出口处都进行了扩大计算域的前处理;通过一阶谐波近似计算了车厢壁面的传热量以及车窗热流量,考虑了乘客散热等边界条件。
用动力Smagorinsky-Lilly模型来封闭控制方程中的亚格子应力,大涡数值模拟壁模型中采用了修正后的平衡层模型,平衡层中的速度分布采用了对数分布。对流项采用了三阶精度的QUICK格式来离散,压力与速度的耦合采用了SIMPLEC压力修正方程,压力插值项选择PRESTO格式,在时间离散方法上采用了Adams-Bashforth格式。最后通过并行运算得到了高速列车内气流组织的数值结果。
本文的计算结果对高速空调列车内送风方式的优化,以及列车车厢内的舒适度改善提供准确、可靠的依据。
With the sixth speed-raising of the railway in our country, the train at speed of 200km/h has been widely used in the railway passenger traffic. Simultaneity, the technologies on high-speed air-conditioning trains have been gulped down by domestic enterprises gradually, they also ameliorated them to fiting the situation of our country. The further improvement of the speed will bring new challenges to train design, traction driving, bogie design, train braking, and the indoor environment improvement of the train.
Air supplying approach, the speed and temperature of the supplying air in the high-speed air-conditioned train affects the evaluation of comfort obviously. If an accurate three-dimensional indoor air velocity distribution and temperature distribution could be got, it is no doubt to set the most impotant base for improving conpartment comfort and optimization of air supplying in high-speed train. After analyzing the drawbacks of the past turbulence model.Train Set With Power Car of CRH_2 was studied and the large eddy numerical mode of turbulence was established. Airflow organization of high-speed train was studied by large eddy simulation method of FLUENT6.3.26.
The mathematical mode of CRH_2 was established. The overall space was deal with by domain discretization. The whole of calculated domains was constituted by the complete continuous control volume. The regulation geometric was application of structured grid and the complexity geometric was application of unstructured grid. Wall-bounded turbulent flows were used by the boundary layer treatments and the regions of slightly larger than the flux density was encrypted by the grids. To enable the full development of turbulence, the exhaust airs at the entrance and exit have been calculated to expand the domain of the pre-treatment. The heat transfer of the wall retaining Structure and heat flux from windows was calculated through the first-order harmonic approximation, at the same time boundary conditions was taking into account, such as passengers' heat.
Subgrid stress of the control equation was closed by dynamic Smago rinsky-Lilly model. The wall boundary conditions for the wall function in the large eddy simulation are treated in the way as the balance layer model and the velocity of the balance layer was adopted by logarithmic distribution. Convective kinematics was discreted by third-order accuracy QUICK scheme and the diffusion kinematics. The coupling problem of pressure and velocity was adopted by the ressure correction equation of the SIMPLEC and the interpolation of the pressure was used PRESTO scheme. The method in time discrete was used Adams-Bashforth scheme.
Finally, parallel computing has been the adoption of the numerical results within airflow organization in the passenger compartments of the air-conditioned high-speed train.
The results provide a basis for optimization for air conditioning and comfortable environment in the high-speed train passenger compartment.
引文
[1]薛淳.中国和谐号CRH动车组.中国科技投资,2008(12):36-38
[2]冈田诚,彭惠民译.日本新干线电动车组用空调系统,国外铁道车辆,2003,40(3):20-23
[3]高桥幸生,彭惠民译.日本山梨磁悬浮试验线车辆用空调系统,国外铁道车辆,2003,40(2):22-25
[4]管永利.日本2100型电动车组.国外铁道车辆,1999,36(1):27-31
[5]东尾英明.高魁源译.700系新干线电动车空调、换气系统的研制,国外道车辆,1999,36(4):22-24
[6]Heinz Kurz.王广文译.德国新一代ICE高速列车—ICE3,国外铁道车辆,1998,35(3):21-24
[7]P.lanks.李亚斌译.德国新一代ICE2高速列车,四机科技,1995,(3):26-42
[8]林田聪.陈海译.法国TGV—Duplex高速双层客车,国外铁道车辆,1998,35(6):18-22
[9]董锡明.高速动车组工作原理与结构特点.北京:中国铁道出版社,2007,245-247
[10]陈益武.室内颗粒状污染物与空气过滤器的选择.洁净与空调术,2006,1:26-30
[11]Han,Taeyoung.Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation for passenger compartment cooling.International Journal of Vehicle Design,1989,10(2):175-186
[12]Gray D D.The validity of the Boussinesq approximation for liquids and gases.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,1976,19:545-551.
[13]Lin,Chao-Hsin.Experimental and computational study of cooling in a simplify ied GM-10 passenger compartment1991.SAE Technical Paper Series,910216.
[14]Lin,C.H.Effects of HVAC design parameters on passenger thermal comfort 1992,SAE Technical Paper Series,920264.
[15]Tohru Komoriya.Analysis of Vehicle Passenger Compartment Ventilation Using Experimental and Numerical Mode.1989,SAE Technical Paper Series,890312.
[16]Yuji Ishihara.Analysis of Interior Airflow in a Full-Scale Passenger-Compar tment Model Using a Laser-Light-Sheet Method.1992,SAE Technical Paper Series,920206.
[17]Hara.Study on the refrigeration cycle of automotive air conditioners Japanese,Trans,of the JAR,1991,18(3):21-23.
[18]Hara.Computer Simulation of Passenger Compartment Airflow.1988,SAE Technical Paper Series,881749.
[19]Yuji Ishihara.Determination of Flow Velocity Distribution in a Vehicle Using A Visualization and ComputationTechnique.1991,SAE Technical Paper Series,910310.
[20]Kooi.Influence of the Position of Supply and Exhaust Openings on Comfort in a Passenger Vehicle.Int.J.of Vehicle Design,1989,12:5-6
[21]Katsuishi Yamamoto.Interior Visualization of a Small Pick-up Track and A/C Feeling Estimate.1990,SAE Technical Paper Series,900082.
[22]Kohler.Numerical Calculation of the distribution of temperature and heat flux in buses under the influence of the vehicle air-conditioning system.SHARE Trans.1990.96(1):432-466
[23]Chang,J.investigation of bus duct system for optimum cooling performance 1993,SAE Technical Paper Series,931956.
[24]Stankator,F.Experimental and numerical analysis of cooling loads in a road bus [R].1993,SAE Technical Paper Series,921474.
[25]吴俊云.空调客车厢体传热分析与空调车室内气流组织问题综合研究[博士学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,1999:1-10,23-65
[26]孟宪海,庄达民,袁修干.射流流场的大涡模拟及计算比较.中国工程热物理学会流体机械学术会议,2002:24-28
[27]庄达民.高速列车舱内气流分布的数值模拟.铁道学报,2000,22(2):26-31
[28]庄达民.高速列车通风设计方法的研究.北京航空航天大学学报.200026(1):52-56
[29]Thompos J F,Warsi ZUA.Mast in CW.Numerical Grid generation,foundation and applications.North Holland,New York,1985:12-54
[30]陈焕新.空调列车室内空气品质与气流组织的研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2000:1-5,16-30
[31]简晓文.一种简便实用的汽车空调车室设计仿真方法.流体机械,200129(5):50-52
[32]靳谊勇.紊流k—ε双方程数学模型应用于铁路客车车内气流组织的模拟 计算.铁道车辆,2001,39(1):14-16
[33]靳谊勇.铁路空调客车车内气流组织的数值模拟.制冷学报,2002,23(2):30-34
[34]王东屏.CFD数值仿真在高速列车设计中的应用.铁道学报,2007,29(5):64-68
[35]王东屏.空调通风系统CFD仿真及在摆式客车二等座车中的应用.大连铁道学院学报,2001,22(4):1-5
[36]张曙.铁路空调客车内流场数值分析[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2003:1-12.26-86
[37]赵忠超,史自强.空调列车室内气流的数值模拟与试验研究.暖通空调,2004,34(10):29-33
[38]孙金凤.铁路客车车厢内气流组织的模拟与分析[硕士学位论文].北京:北京交通大学,2003:1-20
[39]杨培志.YW25G型空调硬卧列车车厢内热舒适性研究.热科学与技术,2007,6(2):167-171
[40]杨培志.YW25G型空调硬卧列车车厢内换气效率研究.铁道学报,2006,28(4):109-113
[41]卢纪富.空调列车室内流场的数值模拟.郑州大学学报,2004,25(1):105-108
[42]卢纪富.列车空调中的空气品质问题及其评价与改善措施.制冷与空调(北京),2004,4(1):15-20
[43]张登春.空调列车室内流场的数值模拟.湘潭矿业学院学报,2002,11(7):69-72
[44]张登春.铁路空调车内气流组织的CFD模拟与实验研究流.流体机械,2004,32(5):56-59
[45]张登春.空调车内三维紊流流动与传热的模拟研究.铁道学报,2002,24(6):39-43
[46]Orszag S A.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence.Phy.Review Lett.1972,28:76-79
[47]陶文铨.传热与流动问题的多尺度数值模拟:方法与应用.北京:科学出版社,2008:28-54,242-245
[48]高学平.高等流体力学.天津:天津大学出版社,2004:110-112
[49]匡骁.湍流模型在列车空调气流组织中的应用.制冷与空调(四川),2008,(23)4:124-126
[50]张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓.湍流理论与模拟.北京:清华大学出版社,2005:1-256
[51]Kline S J,et al.Proceedings of AFOSR-HTTM-Stanford Conference on Complex Turbulent Flows.Stanford Univ Dept of Mechanical Press.1982:11-98
[52]Yakhot V,Orszag S A.Renormalization group analysis of turbulence:basic theory.J Scient Comput,1986,1:3-11
[53]Launder B E,Spalding D B.The numerical computation of turbulent flows.Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng,1974,3:269-289
[54]Spalding D B.Computations of three-dimensional gas turbine combustion chamber.ASME J Eng Power,1979,101:327-336
[55]Launder B E.On the calculation of turbulent heat transport downstream from an abrupt pipe expansion.Numer Heat Transfer,1980,3:189-207
[56]Speziale C G.Analytical methods for the development of Reynolds-stress closures in turbulence.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1991,23:107-109
[57]冉启文,谭立英.小波分析与分数傅立叶变换及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2002:1-210
[58]戴正元.大涡模拟滤波网格尺度研究及其应用[博士学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,2007:5-34
[59]冷建华.傅里叶变换.北京:清华大学出版社,2005:1-87
[60]张兆顺.湍流大涡数值模拟的理论和应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2007:1-248
[61]盛骤.概率论与数理统计(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,1989:1-104
[62]张兆顺.流体力学.北京:清华大学出版社,2006:1-65
[63]Gotoh T,et al.Velocity field statistics in homogeneous steady turbulence obtained using a high-resolution direct numerical simulation.Physics of Fluids,2002,14(3):1065-1081
[64]Klebanoff P S.Characteristics of turbulence in boundary layer with zero pressure gradient.NACA,1995,1247-1257
[65]Karman T H.1938.On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence.Proc..Royal Society Lond.A 164:192-215
[66]Deardoff J W.The use of subgrid transport equation in a three dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence.ASME J.Fluid Engineering,1973,95:429.
[67]佘振苏.湍流及生物遗传信息系统中的层次结构.2006.04.
[68]Smagorinsky J.General circulation experiments with primitive equation.Monthly Weather Review,1963,91-99
[69]Germano M,et al.Turbulence:the filtering approach.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1992,238:325.
[70]Lilly D K.A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure method..Physics of Fluids,A,1992,4:633.
[71]Meveneau C,et al.A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scal model of turbulence .JFM,1996,319:385.
[72]Deardoff J W.A numerical study of three-dimensioanl turbulent channel floeat large Reynolds numbers.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1970,41:465-553
[73]Scotti A,et al.Generalized Smagorinsky model for anisotropicgrids..Physics of Fluids A,1993,5(9):2306-2308
[74]Moin P,et al.Direct numerical simulation:A tool in turbulence research.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1998,30:539.
[75]Clark R A,et al.Evaluation of subgrid-scale models using an accurately simulated turbulent glow.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1979,91:1-16
[76]Jimenez J.Large-eddy simulation:where are we and what can we expect.AIAA,2000,38:605.
[77]Pope S.Ten questions concerning the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows.[J].New Journal of Physics,2004,6:1-24
[78]许韵武,邓小军.CRH2型200km/h动车组.机车电传动,2007(3):39-46
[79]罗春晓.聚焦大提速-CRH2.铁道知识,2007(2):12-13
[80]杨世铭.传热学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,1998:1-50
[81]张皓皓.铁路客车沿线气象参数模型及其应用研究[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2007:23-39,42-54
[82]徐湘波,胡益雄.建筑物及汽车空调负荷.北京:国防科技大学出版社,1997:58-96
[83]Le H.Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over back facing step.TF-58 Thermo science division Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford university,1994.
[84]Spalart P R.Spectral methods for the Navier-stocks equations with one infinite and two periodic directions.Journal of Computational Physics,96:297
[85]Lund T S.Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially-developing boun dary layer simulation.Journal of Computational Physics,1998,140:233-258
[86]FLUENT 6.3 User's Guide.2006:12-55-12-56.874-878
[87]“建筑物理”教材选编小组选编.建筑物理.北京:中国工业出版社,1961:23-93
[88]滕兆武,王刚.车辆制冷与空气调节.北京:中国铁道出版社,1996:41-105
[89]赵荣义.空调调节(第三版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981:20-51
[90]张晴原.中国建筑用标准气象数据库.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:205-213
[91]黄嘉估.气象统计分析与预报方法.北京:气象出版社,2000:25-50
[92]黄素逸.采暖空调制冷手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1996:40-95
[93]胡咏梅.关于中国人体表面积公式的研究.生理学报,1999,51(1):45-48
[94]GAMBIT6.3 User's Guide.2006:316-429
[95]Spalart P R,et al.Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings,and on ahybrid RANS.Greyden Press:Columbus,Advance in DNS/LES.1997,137
[96]Schumann U.Subgrid-scale model for finite difference simulation of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli.Journal of Computational Physics,1975(18):376-404
[97]Grotzbach.Direct numerical and large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flows.Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics West Orange,1987:1337-1391
[98]Piomelli U,et al.2003.The inner-outer interface in large-eddy simulations with wall layer models.International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,24:538-550
[99]Marusic I,et al.Experimental study of wall boundary conditions for large eddy Simulation.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2001,(446):309
[100]Werner H.1991.Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over and around a cub in a plate channel.The Eighth International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1941-1946
[101]Balaras E,et al.Two-layer approximate boundary conditions for large eddy simulation.AIAA Journal,1996,34(6):1111-1119
[102]Cabot W.Approximate wall boundary conditions in the large eddy simulation of high Reynolds number.Flow,Turbulent and Combustion,1999,63:269-291
[103]贾力.高等传热学.北京:高等驾驭出版社.北京:2002:132-148
[104]陶文铨.数值传热学(Ⅱ).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001:39-42,82-92
[105]汤广发.室内气流数值计算及模型试验.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1989:1-150
[106]Rhie C M.A numerical study of the turbulent flow past isolated airfoil with trailing edge separation.AIAA Journal,1983,21(11):1525-1552
[107]Date A W.Complete pressure correction algorithm for solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a nonstaggered grid.Numerical Heat Transfer,Part B:Fundamentals,1996,29(4):441-458
[108]Van Doormaal J P.Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flow.Numerical Heat Transfer,1984,7:147-163
[109]Patankar S V.A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows.Int J Heat Mass Tranfer,1972,15:1787-1806
[110]Patankar S V.Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow.New York:Mc-Graw-Hill,1980:133-147
[111]Patrick J.Roache.计算流体动力学.钟锡昌,刘学宗,译.北京:科学出版社,1983:47-57
[112]邹立勇.自由面槽道湍流的直接数值模拟和大涡模拟研究[硕士学位论文].合肥:中国科技大学,2004:5-8
[113]Kuang X,Qi Z H,Du H L.LES of airflow organization in express air-conditio ned train passenger compartment.Proceedings of International Conference on Cryogenics & Refrigeration,Shang Hai:2008,441-444
[114]邢欣.高速列车空调通风系统实验研究与仿真优化[硕士学位论文].青岛:青岛理工大学,2003:50-60
[115]王刚.新型高速列车气流组织与热舒适性研究[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2003:80-88
[116]国际铁路联盟规程.UIC553-2004客车通风、采暖和空调90-1-1第五版.北京:铁道技术监督,2004:13-23
[2]冈田诚,彭惠民译.日本新干线电动车组用空调系统,国外铁道车辆,2003,40(3):20-23
[3]高桥幸生,彭惠民译.日本山梨磁悬浮试验线车辆用空调系统,国外铁道车辆,2003,40(2):22-25
[4]管永利.日本2100型电动车组.国外铁道车辆,1999,36(1):27-31
[5]东尾英明.高魁源译.700系新干线电动车空调、换气系统的研制,国外道车辆,1999,36(4):22-24
[6]Heinz Kurz.王广文译.德国新一代ICE高速列车—ICE3,国外铁道车辆,1998,35(3):21-24
[7]P.lanks.李亚斌译.德国新一代ICE2高速列车,四机科技,1995,(3):26-42
[8]林田聪.陈海译.法国TGV—Duplex高速双层客车,国外铁道车辆,1998,35(6):18-22
[9]董锡明.高速动车组工作原理与结构特点.北京:中国铁道出版社,2007,245-247
[10]陈益武.室内颗粒状污染物与空气过滤器的选择.洁净与空调术,2006,1:26-30
[11]Han,Taeyoung.Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation for passenger compartment cooling.International Journal of Vehicle Design,1989,10(2):175-186
[12]Gray D D.The validity of the Boussinesq approximation for liquids and gases.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,1976,19:545-551.
[13]Lin,Chao-Hsin.Experimental and computational study of cooling in a simplify ied GM-10 passenger compartment1991.SAE Technical Paper Series,910216.
[14]Lin,C.H.Effects of HVAC design parameters on passenger thermal comfort 1992,SAE Technical Paper Series,920264.
[15]Tohru Komoriya.Analysis of Vehicle Passenger Compartment Ventilation Using Experimental and Numerical Mode.1989,SAE Technical Paper Series,890312.
[16]Yuji Ishihara.Analysis of Interior Airflow in a Full-Scale Passenger-Compar tment Model Using a Laser-Light-Sheet Method.1992,SAE Technical Paper Series,920206.
[17]Hara.Study on the refrigeration cycle of automotive air conditioners Japanese,Trans,of the JAR,1991,18(3):21-23.
[18]Hara.Computer Simulation of Passenger Compartment Airflow.1988,SAE Technical Paper Series,881749.
[19]Yuji Ishihara.Determination of Flow Velocity Distribution in a Vehicle Using A Visualization and ComputationTechnique.1991,SAE Technical Paper Series,910310.
[20]Kooi.Influence of the Position of Supply and Exhaust Openings on Comfort in a Passenger Vehicle.Int.J.of Vehicle Design,1989,12:5-6
[21]Katsuishi Yamamoto.Interior Visualization of a Small Pick-up Track and A/C Feeling Estimate.1990,SAE Technical Paper Series,900082.
[22]Kohler.Numerical Calculation of the distribution of temperature and heat flux in buses under the influence of the vehicle air-conditioning system.SHARE Trans.1990.96(1):432-466
[23]Chang,J.investigation of bus duct system for optimum cooling performance 1993,SAE Technical Paper Series,931956.
[24]Stankator,F.Experimental and numerical analysis of cooling loads in a road bus [R].1993,SAE Technical Paper Series,921474.
[25]吴俊云.空调客车厢体传热分析与空调车室内气流组织问题综合研究[博士学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,1999:1-10,23-65
[26]孟宪海,庄达民,袁修干.射流流场的大涡模拟及计算比较.中国工程热物理学会流体机械学术会议,2002:24-28
[27]庄达民.高速列车舱内气流分布的数值模拟.铁道学报,2000,22(2):26-31
[28]庄达民.高速列车通风设计方法的研究.北京航空航天大学学报.200026(1):52-56
[29]Thompos J F,Warsi ZUA.Mast in CW.Numerical Grid generation,foundation and applications.North Holland,New York,1985:12-54
[30]陈焕新.空调列车室内空气品质与气流组织的研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2000:1-5,16-30
[31]简晓文.一种简便实用的汽车空调车室设计仿真方法.流体机械,200129(5):50-52
[32]靳谊勇.紊流k—ε双方程数学模型应用于铁路客车车内气流组织的模拟 计算.铁道车辆,2001,39(1):14-16
[33]靳谊勇.铁路空调客车车内气流组织的数值模拟.制冷学报,2002,23(2):30-34
[34]王东屏.CFD数值仿真在高速列车设计中的应用.铁道学报,2007,29(5):64-68
[35]王东屏.空调通风系统CFD仿真及在摆式客车二等座车中的应用.大连铁道学院学报,2001,22(4):1-5
[36]张曙.铁路空调客车内流场数值分析[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2003:1-12.26-86
[37]赵忠超,史自强.空调列车室内气流的数值模拟与试验研究.暖通空调,2004,34(10):29-33
[38]孙金凤.铁路客车车厢内气流组织的模拟与分析[硕士学位论文].北京:北京交通大学,2003:1-20
[39]杨培志.YW25G型空调硬卧列车车厢内热舒适性研究.热科学与技术,2007,6(2):167-171
[40]杨培志.YW25G型空调硬卧列车车厢内换气效率研究.铁道学报,2006,28(4):109-113
[41]卢纪富.空调列车室内流场的数值模拟.郑州大学学报,2004,25(1):105-108
[42]卢纪富.列车空调中的空气品质问题及其评价与改善措施.制冷与空调(北京),2004,4(1):15-20
[43]张登春.空调列车室内流场的数值模拟.湘潭矿业学院学报,2002,11(7):69-72
[44]张登春.铁路空调车内气流组织的CFD模拟与实验研究流.流体机械,2004,32(5):56-59
[45]张登春.空调车内三维紊流流动与传热的模拟研究.铁道学报,2002,24(6):39-43
[46]Orszag S A.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence.Phy.Review Lett.1972,28:76-79
[47]陶文铨.传热与流动问题的多尺度数值模拟:方法与应用.北京:科学出版社,2008:28-54,242-245
[48]高学平.高等流体力学.天津:天津大学出版社,2004:110-112
[49]匡骁.湍流模型在列车空调气流组织中的应用.制冷与空调(四川),2008,(23)4:124-126
[50]张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓.湍流理论与模拟.北京:清华大学出版社,2005:1-256
[51]Kline S J,et al.Proceedings of AFOSR-HTTM-Stanford Conference on Complex Turbulent Flows.Stanford Univ Dept of Mechanical Press.1982:11-98
[52]Yakhot V,Orszag S A.Renormalization group analysis of turbulence:basic theory.J Scient Comput,1986,1:3-11
[53]Launder B E,Spalding D B.The numerical computation of turbulent flows.Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng,1974,3:269-289
[54]Spalding D B.Computations of three-dimensional gas turbine combustion chamber.ASME J Eng Power,1979,101:327-336
[55]Launder B E.On the calculation of turbulent heat transport downstream from an abrupt pipe expansion.Numer Heat Transfer,1980,3:189-207
[56]Speziale C G.Analytical methods for the development of Reynolds-stress closures in turbulence.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1991,23:107-109
[57]冉启文,谭立英.小波分析与分数傅立叶变换及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2002:1-210
[58]戴正元.大涡模拟滤波网格尺度研究及其应用[博士学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,2007:5-34
[59]冷建华.傅里叶变换.北京:清华大学出版社,2005:1-87
[60]张兆顺.湍流大涡数值模拟的理论和应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2007:1-248
[61]盛骤.概率论与数理统计(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,1989:1-104
[62]张兆顺.流体力学.北京:清华大学出版社,2006:1-65
[63]Gotoh T,et al.Velocity field statistics in homogeneous steady turbulence obtained using a high-resolution direct numerical simulation.Physics of Fluids,2002,14(3):1065-1081
[64]Klebanoff P S.Characteristics of turbulence in boundary layer with zero pressure gradient.NACA,1995,1247-1257
[65]Karman T H.1938.On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence.Proc..Royal Society Lond.A 164:192-215
[66]Deardoff J W.The use of subgrid transport equation in a three dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence.ASME J.Fluid Engineering,1973,95:429.
[67]佘振苏.湍流及生物遗传信息系统中的层次结构.2006.04.
[68]Smagorinsky J.General circulation experiments with primitive equation.Monthly Weather Review,1963,91-99
[69]Germano M,et al.Turbulence:the filtering approach.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1992,238:325.
[70]Lilly D K.A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure method..Physics of Fluids,A,1992,4:633.
[71]Meveneau C,et al.A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scal model of turbulence .JFM,1996,319:385.
[72]Deardoff J W.A numerical study of three-dimensioanl turbulent channel floeat large Reynolds numbers.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1970,41:465-553
[73]Scotti A,et al.Generalized Smagorinsky model for anisotropicgrids..Physics of Fluids A,1993,5(9):2306-2308
[74]Moin P,et al.Direct numerical simulation:A tool in turbulence research.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1998,30:539.
[75]Clark R A,et al.Evaluation of subgrid-scale models using an accurately simulated turbulent glow.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1979,91:1-16
[76]Jimenez J.Large-eddy simulation:where are we and what can we expect.AIAA,2000,38:605.
[77]Pope S.Ten questions concerning the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows.[J].New Journal of Physics,2004,6:1-24
[78]许韵武,邓小军.CRH2型200km/h动车组.机车电传动,2007(3):39-46
[79]罗春晓.聚焦大提速-CRH2.铁道知识,2007(2):12-13
[80]杨世铭.传热学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,1998:1-50
[81]张皓皓.铁路客车沿线气象参数模型及其应用研究[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2007:23-39,42-54
[82]徐湘波,胡益雄.建筑物及汽车空调负荷.北京:国防科技大学出版社,1997:58-96
[83]Le H.Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over back facing step.TF-58 Thermo science division Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford university,1994.
[84]Spalart P R.Spectral methods for the Navier-stocks equations with one infinite and two periodic directions.Journal of Computational Physics,96:297
[85]Lund T S.Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially-developing boun dary layer simulation.Journal of Computational Physics,1998,140:233-258
[86]FLUENT 6.3 User's Guide.2006:12-55-12-56.874-878
[87]“建筑物理”教材选编小组选编.建筑物理.北京:中国工业出版社,1961:23-93
[88]滕兆武,王刚.车辆制冷与空气调节.北京:中国铁道出版社,1996:41-105
[89]赵荣义.空调调节(第三版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981:20-51
[90]张晴原.中国建筑用标准气象数据库.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:205-213
[91]黄嘉估.气象统计分析与预报方法.北京:气象出版社,2000:25-50
[92]黄素逸.采暖空调制冷手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1996:40-95
[93]胡咏梅.关于中国人体表面积公式的研究.生理学报,1999,51(1):45-48
[94]GAMBIT6.3 User's Guide.2006:316-429
[95]Spalart P R,et al.Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings,and on ahybrid RANS.Greyden Press:Columbus,Advance in DNS/LES.1997,137
[96]Schumann U.Subgrid-scale model for finite difference simulation of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli.Journal of Computational Physics,1975(18):376-404
[97]Grotzbach.Direct numerical and large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flows.Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics West Orange,1987:1337-1391
[98]Piomelli U,et al.2003.The inner-outer interface in large-eddy simulations with wall layer models.International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,24:538-550
[99]Marusic I,et al.Experimental study of wall boundary conditions for large eddy Simulation.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2001,(446):309
[100]Werner H.1991.Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over and around a cub in a plate channel.The Eighth International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1941-1946
[101]Balaras E,et al.Two-layer approximate boundary conditions for large eddy simulation.AIAA Journal,1996,34(6):1111-1119
[102]Cabot W.Approximate wall boundary conditions in the large eddy simulation of high Reynolds number.Flow,Turbulent and Combustion,1999,63:269-291
[103]贾力.高等传热学.北京:高等驾驭出版社.北京:2002:132-148
[104]陶文铨.数值传热学(Ⅱ).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001:39-42,82-92
[105]汤广发.室内气流数值计算及模型试验.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1989:1-150
[106]Rhie C M.A numerical study of the turbulent flow past isolated airfoil with trailing edge separation.AIAA Journal,1983,21(11):1525-1552
[107]Date A W.Complete pressure correction algorithm for solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a nonstaggered grid.Numerical Heat Transfer,Part B:Fundamentals,1996,29(4):441-458
[108]Van Doormaal J P.Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flow.Numerical Heat Transfer,1984,7:147-163
[109]Patankar S V.A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows.Int J Heat Mass Tranfer,1972,15:1787-1806
[110]Patankar S V.Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow.New York:Mc-Graw-Hill,1980:133-147
[111]Patrick J.Roache.计算流体动力学.钟锡昌,刘学宗,译.北京:科学出版社,1983:47-57
[112]邹立勇.自由面槽道湍流的直接数值模拟和大涡模拟研究[硕士学位论文].合肥:中国科技大学,2004:5-8
[113]Kuang X,Qi Z H,Du H L.LES of airflow organization in express air-conditio ned train passenger compartment.Proceedings of International Conference on Cryogenics & Refrigeration,Shang Hai:2008,441-444
[114]邢欣.高速列车空调通风系统实验研究与仿真优化[硕士学位论文].青岛:青岛理工大学,2003:50-60
[115]王刚.新型高速列车气流组织与热舒适性研究[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2003:80-88
[116]国际铁路联盟规程.UIC553-2004客车通风、采暖和空调90-1-1第五版.北京:铁道技术监督,2004:13-23