红外热像仪的辐射定标和测温误差分析
|
摘要
非接触红外测温技术由于不影响和改变温度场分布、能远距离测量、测温范围宽等优点被广泛应用。但因物体的发射率一般小于1,会反射周围物体辐射、太阳辐射等进入光学系统,导致热像仪的显示温度不同于物体的真实温度,结果往往造成错误判断,给使用者带来麻烦和经济损失。因此考虑各种影响因素,消除测温误差,在应用方面有着重要的价值。本文通过对热像仪进行光谱辐射定标,实现了温度测量。对影响测温精度的因素进行了分析和探讨,提出了对测温结果进行修正的办法。
利用标准面黑体源在实验室条件下对红外热像仪进行校准,建立了图像灰度均值与黑体温度之间的数学模型。分析了目标到红外系统的测试距离对测温精度的影响。利用红外热像仪探测面上照度与像方孔径角的关系,对测试距离的影响进行了理论分析；比较了不同距离处测量温度与真实温度的差别。理论分析了发射率测量误差、环境温度测量误差对测温精度的影响。得到如下结论：物体温度越高,发射率设定不准引起的测温误差越大；物体的温度升高,环境背景的温度测量不准引起的测温误差将变小。因此在测温时,如果物体的温度远高于环境温度时,则发射率的影响不容忽视,当物体温度低于或者和环境温度接近时,环境温度的影响将变大,需要对测温结果进行修正。
进一步研究了红外热像仪内部温度对测温精度的影响,结果表明：探测器的工作温度不同,探测器响应状态也不同,导致测温结果不同。测温时保持探测器内部温度和校准时相同,能有效避免因两者差异导致的系统误差。
为实现三波段成像,利用一个能响应三波段的探测器共用一个光学系统,实现了照相机在紫外、可见、近红外波段的成像。测定了三个不同波段滤光片的透射率,利用积分球均匀光源实现了三波段照相机的光谱辐射定标,对应不同曝光时间(0.125-8 ms有7档可调),建立了探测器输出图像灰度均值和输入辐亮度的关系,为相机适应不同波段清晰成像提供了适当曝光参数选择。
Non-contact infrared temperature measurement has been widely used in industry and national defense due to its many merits such as not changing the measured temperature field, the wide temperature measurement range, and the ability to measure both distant and small objects and so on. Since the emissivity of the object is normally less than 1, those radiations reflected from background objects and radiated directly from solar can enter into the optical system inevitably, which will then cause the error on the temperature measurement and thus might bring huge economic losses to the end users. In this paper, factors that affect the precision of the temperature measurement are systematically analyzed and solutions to eliminate the errors are put forword.
The thermal infrared imager was calibrated by using a standard black body light source with a plate shape in laboratory, and the relation between the average grey level of the black body's image and its temperature was derived. The influence of the object-system distance on the accuracy of temperature measurement by using IR System was analyzed. With the relation between the illuminance on the focal plane array of the IR system and the numerical aperture of the image space, the theoretical analysis of the influence of object-system distance on the accuracy of temperature measurement was carried out. The temperature difference between
the measured temperature and the real temperature versus the object-system distance was characterized. A solution was proposed to reduce the measurement error and increase the temperature measurement accuracy. The influences of emissivity measurement error and background temperature error on temperature measuremet are analyzed. The results show that the higher the object's temperature, the larger the temperature measurement error. In particular, when the object's temperature is close to the background's temperature, the influence of background's temperature on temperature measurement is obviously signicant and can not be ignored. Therefore, if the object'stemperature is higher, the emissvity's effect on the temperature measurement must be considered. On the other hand, if the object's temperature is lower, the background temperature's effect on the temperature measurement must be evaluated and corrected.
In order to reduce the error further, the influence of the imager itself and the temperature rise of focal plane array(FPA)on the accuracy of temperature measurement was discussed and characterized as well. The experimental results show that the measured temperature is dependent on the FPA'temperature. when the FPA' temperature is stable, the measured temperature is smaller than the real one, the relative error is within the range of 8-10%. Therefore, a proper compensation of this parts error can effectively reduce the temperature measurement error.
With a three-waveband CCD sharing one optical system, a camera which can image in ultraviolet, visible and near infrared wavebands is realized. The filter transmissivity in three wavebands of ultraviolet (350-380nm), visible (380-760 nm) and near infrared (760-1000nm) has been obtained. Using integrating sphere as a uniform light source, calibration of the three-waveband camera was done. The relation between the grey level of the image and the radiance of the integrating sphere for different exposure time ranging from 0.125 ms to 8ms in three wavebands is characterized. It is shown that the grey level has a linear function with the radiance for different exposure time in all three wave bands.
利用标准面黑体源在实验室条件下对红外热像仪进行校准,建立了图像灰度均值与黑体温度之间的数学模型。分析了目标到红外系统的测试距离对测温精度的影响。利用红外热像仪探测面上照度与像方孔径角的关系,对测试距离的影响进行了理论分析；比较了不同距离处测量温度与真实温度的差别。理论分析了发射率测量误差、环境温度测量误差对测温精度的影响。得到如下结论：物体温度越高,发射率设定不准引起的测温误差越大；物体的温度升高,环境背景的温度测量不准引起的测温误差将变小。因此在测温时,如果物体的温度远高于环境温度时,则发射率的影响不容忽视,当物体温度低于或者和环境温度接近时,环境温度的影响将变大,需要对测温结果进行修正。
进一步研究了红外热像仪内部温度对测温精度的影响,结果表明：探测器的工作温度不同,探测器响应状态也不同,导致测温结果不同。测温时保持探测器内部温度和校准时相同,能有效避免因两者差异导致的系统误差。
为实现三波段成像,利用一个能响应三波段的探测器共用一个光学系统,实现了照相机在紫外、可见、近红外波段的成像。测定了三个不同波段滤光片的透射率,利用积分球均匀光源实现了三波段照相机的光谱辐射定标,对应不同曝光时间(0.125-8 ms有7档可调),建立了探测器输出图像灰度均值和输入辐亮度的关系,为相机适应不同波段清晰成像提供了适当曝光参数选择。
Non-contact infrared temperature measurement has been widely used in industry and national defense due to its many merits such as not changing the measured temperature field, the wide temperature measurement range, and the ability to measure both distant and small objects and so on. Since the emissivity of the object is normally less than 1, those radiations reflected from background objects and radiated directly from solar can enter into the optical system inevitably, which will then cause the error on the temperature measurement and thus might bring huge economic losses to the end users. In this paper, factors that affect the precision of the temperature measurement are systematically analyzed and solutions to eliminate the errors are put forword.
The thermal infrared imager was calibrated by using a standard black body light source with a plate shape in laboratory, and the relation between the average grey level of the black body's image and its temperature was derived. The influence of the object-system distance on the accuracy of temperature measurement by using IR System was analyzed. With the relation between the illuminance on the focal plane array of the IR system and the numerical aperture of the image space, the theoretical analysis of the influence of object-system distance on the accuracy of temperature measurement was carried out. The temperature difference between
the measured temperature and the real temperature versus the object-system distance was characterized. A solution was proposed to reduce the measurement error and increase the temperature measurement accuracy. The influences of emissivity measurement error and background temperature error on temperature measuremet are analyzed. The results show that the higher the object's temperature, the larger the temperature measurement error. In particular, when the object's temperature is close to the background's temperature, the influence of background's temperature on temperature measurement is obviously signicant and can not be ignored. Therefore, if the object'stemperature is higher, the emissvity's effect on the temperature measurement must be considered. On the other hand, if the object's temperature is lower, the background temperature's effect on the temperature measurement must be evaluated and corrected.
In order to reduce the error further, the influence of the imager itself and the temperature rise of focal plane array(FPA)on the accuracy of temperature measurement was discussed and characterized as well. The experimental results show that the measured temperature is dependent on the FPA'temperature. when the FPA' temperature is stable, the measured temperature is smaller than the real one, the relative error is within the range of 8-10%. Therefore, a proper compensation of this parts error can effectively reduce the temperature measurement error.
With a three-waveband CCD sharing one optical system, a camera which can image in ultraviolet, visible and near infrared wavebands is realized. The filter transmissivity in three wavebands of ultraviolet (350-380nm), visible (380-760 nm) and near infrared (760-1000nm) has been obtained. Using integrating sphere as a uniform light source, calibration of the three-waveband camera was done. The relation between the grey level of the image and the radiance of the integrating sphere for different exposure time ranging from 0.125 ms to 8ms in three wavebands is characterized. It is shown that the grey level has a linear function with the radiance for different exposure time in all three wave bands.
引文
(1)王文革,辐射测温技术综述,宇航计测技术,2005,25卷,4期：20-32
(2)郑兆平,曾汉生,丁翠娇等,红外技术,2003,25卷,1期：96-98
(3)刘扬,谭吉春、钟钦,红外与毫米波学报,1998，17卷,6期：429-434
(4)李秀丽,惠君明,解立峰,含能材料,2008,16卷,3期：344-348
(5)孙晓刚，戴景民,褚载祥.多光谱测温法建模方法的研究[J].计量技术,2000,11：3-5
(6)孙晓刚, 杨春玲, 褚载祥, 刘复斌多光谱测温法的实验研究—发射率模型的自动判别[J]. 仪器仪表学报,2001,22(4)：358-360
(7)程晓舫,符泰然,王安全.基于辐射的温度测量方程的构造研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2002,22(2)：180-182
(8)符泰然,程晓舫,陆少松等,三波长温度测量方法[J].计量学报,2004,25(2)：123-126
(9)张敬贤、李玉丹、金伟,微光与红外成像技术,北京理工大学出版社,1995,226-250.
(10)艾琍,国外红外探测器的发展极其在制导武器中的应用,红外技术,1996,18卷,3期：5-11
(11)何丽,走向新世纪的红外热成像技术,激光与光电子学进展,2002,39卷,2期：48-51
(12)林钧挺,红外探测器发展今昔谈,激光与红外,1995,1期,5-7
(13)邢素霞,张俊举,常本康等,非制冷红外热成像技术的发展与现状,红外与激光工程,2004,33卷,5期：441-444
(14)D. H. Nettleton, T. R.Prior, T. H. Ward. Improved spectral responsivity scales at the NPL,400 nm to 20μn[J]. Metrologia,1993.30(4):425-432
(15)B. Carol Johnson, S. W. Brown, H. W. Yoon. Radiometric calibration history of visible and near-infrared portable radiometers. Metrologia, 2000,37(5):395-405.
(16)C. A Schrama, P. Bloembergen, E. W. M. van der Ham. Monochromator-based cryogenic radiometry between 1μ m and 20μm[J]. Metrologia, 2000,37(5):567-570
(17)Alan L. Migdall, George P. Eppeldauer. Spectroradiometric detector measurements:part Ⅲ-infrared detectors[M]. USA:NIST Special Publication,1998
(18)R. Friedrich, J. Fischer, M. Stock. Accurate calibration of filter radiometers against a cryogenic radiometer using a trap detector[J]. Metrologia,1995,32(6):509-513
(19)L. P. Boivin, K. Gibb, Monochromator-based cryogenic radiometry at the NRC[J]. Metrologia,1995,32(6):565-570
(20)吴国栋,张晓辉,韩昌元等,空间CCD相机辐射标定方法的应用研究[J].测试技术学报,2004,18(4)：325-329
(21)Tang Y G, L i F T. Invest igat ion on the characterist ics of sy-nchrotron radiat ion emitted by the Hefei 800M eV sy-nchrotron radiation facility[J]. Nuclear Instrument and Methods in physics Research,1994,337 (A):598-602.
(22)周胜利.积分球在实验室内用于空间遥感器的辐射定标[J].航天返回与遥感,1998,(1)：29-34.
(23)杨立,红外热像仪测温计算与误差分析[J].红外技术,1997,21(4)：20-24
(24)Wu Yaping, Zhang Tianxu, Study of uncooled infrared focal plane detector for temperature measurement [J]. Proceedings of SPIE,2000, Vol.4077:260-263
(25)Inagaki T, Okamoto Y. NDT&E international,1996,29(6):363-369
(26)Tjorbjohn Hamrclius. Accurate temperature measurement in thermoguaphy: an overview of relevant features, parameters and definitions [J]. Proc.SPIE,1991,1467:448-457
(27)崔敦杰.成象光谱仪的定标[J].遥感技术与应用,1996,11(3)：56-64.
(28)刘亚侠,TD1 CCD相机实验室辐射定标的研究[J].光电工程,2007,34(5)：71-74
(29)李栩辉,丁贤澄,赵同森,红外辐射计的辐射定标[J].电光与控制,1993,4：31-37
(30)Krzyszt of Chrzanowski, Joachim Fischer, Robert Matyszkiel. Testing and evaluation of thermal can]eras for absolute temperature measurement[J]. Optical Engineering,2000,39(9):2535-2544.
(31)Krzyszt of Chrzanowski. Experimental verification of a theory of the influence of measurement conditions on temperature measurement accuracy with IR systems[J]. Appliedoptics,1996,35(19):3540-3547
(32)You-Wen Zhang, Cai-Gen Zhang, and Victor Klemas. Quantitative measurements of ambient radiation, emissivity, and truth temperature of a grey body:methods and experimental results[J]. Applied optics, 1986,25(201:3683-3689.
(33)张才根,张幼文.环境辐射对目标热辐射特性测试的影响[J].物理学报,1981,30(7)：953-961.
(34)范春利,杨立,华顺芳.热探测器温度对非制冷红外热像仪测温的影响[J].红外技术,2002,24(5)：22-25.
(35)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等.探测器本身的辐射对实时测温系统测温精度的影响及其抑制.量子电子学报,2003,20(6)：753-758
(36)刘慧开,杨立.太阳辐射对红外热像仪测温误差的影响[J].红外技术,2002,24(1)： 34-37
(37)候成刚,张广明,赵明涛等.用红外热成像技术精确测定物体发射率[J].红外与毫米波学报,1997,16(3)：193-198
(38)许猛,李恩普,张晓娟.红外测温中环境辐射影响的分析[J].理论与实践,2007,27(3)：4-6
(39)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等.反射辐射和探测器本身的辐射对实时测温系统测温精度的影响及其抑制[J].中国激光,2004,31(1)：105-110
(40)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等,影响实用化实时测温系统测温精度的几个因素[J].红外与毫米波学报,2004,23(5)：396-400
(41)孙志远,乔彦峰,朱玮.红外探测器的漂移特性对测温精度的影响[J].激光与红外,2008,38(3)：238-241
(42)盛海云,王官俊.探测器特征响应波段与探测温度的关系[J].激光与红外,1998,28(1)：61-63
(43)张健,杨立,刘慧开.环境高温物体对红外热像仪测温误差的影响[J].红外技术,2005,(5)：419-422
(44)Tjorbjohn Hamrelius. Accurate temperature measurement in thermoguaphy: an overview of relevant features, parameters and definitions [J]. Proc. SPIE,1991,1467:448-457
(45)李云红,孙晓刚,原桂彬.红外热像仪精确测温技术[J].光学精密工程,2007,15(9)：1336-1341
(46)R. Jozwicki. Instrumental Optics[M], Chap.2. PWN, Warsaw(1970).
(47)Wu Yaping, Zhang Tianxu. Study of un-cooled infrared focal plane detector for temperature measurement [A]. Proceedings Of SPIE[C].2000, 4077:260-263
(48)K. Chrzanowski. Influence of object-system distance on accuracy of remote temperature.measurement with IR systems[J]. Infrared Phys. Technol,1995,36(3):703-713.
(49)William L. Wolfe,Differences in Radiance:relative effects of temperature changes and emissivity changes[J], applied optics,1975, 14(8),1937-1939
(50)K, Chrzanowski, Influence of measurement conditions and system parameters on accuracy of remote temperature measurement with dualspectralIR systems[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology 1996,37, 295-306
(51)晏敏,彭楚武,颜永红等,红外测温原理及误差分析[J],湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31(5),110-112
(52)张幼文,张才根,用红外测温仪测定常温物体的比辐射率和辐射温度[J],1980,29(7),829-835
(53)张幼文,对各种红外系统的灵敏度方程的修正[J].物理学报,1980,29(7),813-828
(54)吴国忠, 张海玲, 齐晗兵等,采用参考发射率法提高红外点温仪测温精度研究[J],计量学报,2007,28(3A)：165-168
(55)原遵东,段宇宁,王铁军等,发射率设定值不为1的辐射温度计的校准[J],计量技术,2007(5)：43-46
(56)张才根,刘健,单圆筒法测量发射率的研究[J],红外与毫米波学报,1995,14(2)： 101-104
(57)俞伦鹏,刘红彦,等温黑体发射率[J],计量学报,2007,28(3A)：232-235
(58)邢春芳,李瑞芬,辐射测温中发射率的补偿方法探讨[J],计量技术 1999(7)：19-21
(59)祝善友,朱迅,尹球等,温度与发射率分离模型的改进及其敏感性分析[J]红外与毫米波学报,2006,25(1)：71-76
(60)施德恒,陈玉科,同时精确测量高温物体温度及发射率的系统[J],光学技术,1999,3：87-90
(61)叶家福,郭少令,用椭球测量物体的辐射发射率[J],激光与红外,2000,30(6)：370-372
(62)Terumi Inagaki, Toshimitsu Ishii, Proposal of quantitative temperaturemeasurement using two-color techniquecombined with several infrared radiometers having different detection wavelength bands [J]. Opt. Eng.2001,40(3) 372-380
(63)K, Chrzanowski, Problem of determination of effective emissicity of some materials in MIR range, Infrared Physics & Technology,1995,36, 679-684
(64)Adam Mazikowski, Krzysztof Chrzanowski, Non-contact multiband method for emissivity measurement [J], Infrared Physics & Technology,2003,44, 91-99
(65)施德恒,孙金锋,朱遵略等,一种被动式单波长实时测温系统的优化设计[J].光子学报,2008,37(1)：61-66
(66)Yang C L, Dai J M, Hu Y. Optimum identifications of spectral emissivity and temperature for multi-wavelength pyromet ry[J]. Chin Phys L et(?),2003,20 (10):1685-1688.
(67)(?)ahn J W, Rhec C. Reference wavelength method for a two-color pyrometer [J]. Appl Opt,1987,26 (24):5276-5279.
(68)Hunter G B, Allemand C D, Eager T W. Multiwavelength pyrometer [J] Opt Eng,1985,24 (6):1081-1085.
(69)何志彪,易新建.非制冷微测辐射热计红外侧温系统及实现[J].华中理工大学学报,1997,27(8)：101-102
(70)程开富.非致冷微测辐射热计红外焦平面阵列发展现状.激光与红外,1996,26(8)268-270
(71)杨祯,杨立,张晓怀.探测器温度对非致冷型微测辐射热计热像仪测温的影响与修正[J].红外,29(10)：13-18(72) 张俊举,孙恋君,常本康等,多工作温度非制冷热成像系统的研制[J].兵工学报.2008.29(8)：920-924
(73)Kruse P W, Skadrud David D. Uricooled infrared imaging arrays and system[J]. Semiconductor and Semimetal,1997,47(1):1-240.
(74)李照洲,郑小兵,吴浩宇等,高精度光谱辐射标准探测器的温度特性研究[J].光学学报,2004,24(3)：401-407
(75)孙恋君, 张俊举, 王世允等,非制冷微测辐射热计探测器工作温度特性研究[J].红外与毫米波学报,2007,26(3)：232-236
(76)常本康,蔡毅.红外成像阵列与系统[M]北京科学出版社,2006
(77)张建奇,方小平,红外物理,西安电子科技大学出版社,2004年6月第一版
(78)吴北婴,大气辐射传输实用算法,气象出版社,1998年9月,第一版：26-31
(79)吴晗平.红外辐射大气透过率的工程理论计算方法研究[J].光学精密工程,1998,6(4)：35-43.
(80)吴晓迪,黄超超, 同武勤,红外成像实时仿真中大气透射率的计算与分析[J].红外,2006,27(10)：24-28
(81)刘景生.红外物理[M].北京兵器工业出版社,1992,181-215.
(82)张鸣平.夜视系统[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1993,72-98
(83)戴苏明,朱桂荣,红外测温误差的来源与分析[J].苏州丝绸工学院学报,2000,20(1)：25-29
(84)王立斌,谢涛嵘,张杰等, 被测对象温度呈现空间分布时的红外测温偏差研究[J].仪器仪表学,2006,27(10)：1288-1293
(85)K. Chrzanowski, Comparison of shortwave and longwave measuring thermal-imaging systems[J]. Applied optics,1995(6):2888-2897
(86)曹欣荣,戴景民,环境温度对红外辐射式体温计读数的影响[J].计量学报,2002,23(1)：33-35
(87)施德恒,赵晔,邹志斌等,环境温度及干扰光对主动辐射测温系统测温精度影响的讨论[J].2002,23(3)：44-47
(88)施德恒,刘玉芳,余本海,环境辐射对实时测温仪测温精度的影响及抑制[J].激光杂志,2008,29(4)：62-64
(89)李振新,施德恒,李世普,基于液晶调制器调制的实时测温系统[J].光学技术,2006,32(3)：340-345
(90)T. Iuchi, S. Wada. Simultaneous measurement of emissivity and temperature for Glossy Metals near Room Temperature, In Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (M) New York:American Institute of Physics,2003,7:699-704.
(91)Par Nilsson Claes Nelsson,Hyperspectral analysis of IR data from a background scene, Targets and Backgrounds Ⅸ:Characterization and Representation, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.2003,5075,122-131
(92)PieterA. Jacobs(荷兰)著,吴文健等译,地面目标和背景的热红外特性,国防工业出版社,2004年1月版
(93)Schulz G, Schwider J. Interferometric testing. of smooth surfaces, Progress in Optics ⅩⅢ[M]. E. wolf, ed. Ch4 North-Holland, Amsterdam,1976.96-127
(94)顾名澧.多光谱扫描仪的早上辐射定标系统[J].航天返同与遥感,1998,19(3)：21-25
(95)Marc D. Mermelstein, Keith A. Snail, Richard G. Priest. Spectral and radiometric calibration of midwave and longwave infrared cameras, Opt. Eng. [J] 2000,39(2):347-352
(96)Douglas S Fraedrich, Methods in calibration and error analysis for infrared imaging radiometers, Opt. Eng. [J],1991,30(11):1764-1770
(97)Xia Wang, ZhiYun Gao, JianYong Zhang etal. Research on calibration method of three band infrared integrated radiometer. Proceedings of SPIE,2002,Vol.4927:133-138
(98)徐冠雷，王孝通,徐晓刚等,基于限邻域经验模式分解的多波段图像融合[J],红外与毫米波学报,2006,25(3),225-228
(99)王岭雪,金伟其,石俊生等,基于拮抗视觉特性的多波段彩色夜视融合方法研究[J],红外与毫米波学报,2006,(25)6,455-459
[100) 张强,郭宝龙,基于成像系统物理特性的多光谱图像与全色波段图像融合[J],光学学报,2007,27(2),243-248
(101)路远,凌永顺,时家明,用双波段红外成像系统对空中点目标测距[J],光学精密工程,2004,12(2),161-164
(102)董科研,潘玉龙,王学等,谐衍射红外双波段双焦光学系统设计[J],光学精密工程,2008,16(5),764-770
(103)陈洪波,王强,张孝飞等,基于小波系数邻域特征的图像融合[J],光学精密工程,2003,11(5),516-522
(104)孙辉,基于小波变换的图像数据融合方法[J],光学精密工程,2000,8(6),551-556
(105)楚恒,朱维乐,基于DCT变换的图像融合方法研究[J],光学精密工程,2006(2),266-273
(106)王欣,于晓,隋永新等,基于多小波的图像处理在电晕检测中的应用[J],光学精密工程，2006(4),194-199
(2)郑兆平,曾汉生,丁翠娇等,红外技术,2003,25卷,1期：96-98
(3)刘扬,谭吉春、钟钦,红外与毫米波学报,1998，17卷,6期：429-434
(4)李秀丽,惠君明,解立峰,含能材料,2008,16卷,3期：344-348
(5)孙晓刚，戴景民,褚载祥.多光谱测温法建模方法的研究[J].计量技术,2000,11：3-5
(6)孙晓刚, 杨春玲, 褚载祥, 刘复斌多光谱测温法的实验研究—发射率模型的自动判别[J]. 仪器仪表学报,2001,22(4)：358-360
(7)程晓舫,符泰然,王安全.基于辐射的温度测量方程的构造研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2002,22(2)：180-182
(8)符泰然,程晓舫,陆少松等,三波长温度测量方法[J].计量学报,2004,25(2)：123-126
(9)张敬贤、李玉丹、金伟,微光与红外成像技术,北京理工大学出版社,1995,226-250.
(10)艾琍,国外红外探测器的发展极其在制导武器中的应用,红外技术,1996,18卷,3期：5-11
(11)何丽,走向新世纪的红外热成像技术,激光与光电子学进展,2002,39卷,2期：48-51
(12)林钧挺,红外探测器发展今昔谈,激光与红外,1995,1期,5-7
(13)邢素霞,张俊举,常本康等,非制冷红外热成像技术的发展与现状,红外与激光工程,2004,33卷,5期：441-444
(14)D. H. Nettleton, T. R.Prior, T. H. Ward. Improved spectral responsivity scales at the NPL,400 nm to 20μn[J]. Metrologia,1993.30(4):425-432
(15)B. Carol Johnson, S. W. Brown, H. W. Yoon. Radiometric calibration history of visible and near-infrared portable radiometers. Metrologia, 2000,37(5):395-405.
(16)C. A Schrama, P. Bloembergen, E. W. M. van der Ham. Monochromator-based cryogenic radiometry between 1μ m and 20μm[J]. Metrologia, 2000,37(5):567-570
(17)Alan L. Migdall, George P. Eppeldauer. Spectroradiometric detector measurements:part Ⅲ-infrared detectors[M]. USA:NIST Special Publication,1998
(18)R. Friedrich, J. Fischer, M. Stock. Accurate calibration of filter radiometers against a cryogenic radiometer using a trap detector[J]. Metrologia,1995,32(6):509-513
(19)L. P. Boivin, K. Gibb, Monochromator-based cryogenic radiometry at the NRC[J]. Metrologia,1995,32(6):565-570
(20)吴国栋,张晓辉,韩昌元等,空间CCD相机辐射标定方法的应用研究[J].测试技术学报,2004,18(4)：325-329
(21)Tang Y G, L i F T. Invest igat ion on the characterist ics of sy-nchrotron radiat ion emitted by the Hefei 800M eV sy-nchrotron radiation facility[J]. Nuclear Instrument and Methods in physics Research,1994,337 (A):598-602.
(22)周胜利.积分球在实验室内用于空间遥感器的辐射定标[J].航天返回与遥感,1998,(1)：29-34.
(23)杨立,红外热像仪测温计算与误差分析[J].红外技术,1997,21(4)：20-24
(24)Wu Yaping, Zhang Tianxu, Study of uncooled infrared focal plane detector for temperature measurement [J]. Proceedings of SPIE,2000, Vol.4077:260-263
(25)Inagaki T, Okamoto Y. NDT&E international,1996,29(6):363-369
(26)Tjorbjohn Hamrclius. Accurate temperature measurement in thermoguaphy: an overview of relevant features, parameters and definitions [J]. Proc.SPIE,1991,1467:448-457
(27)崔敦杰.成象光谱仪的定标[J].遥感技术与应用,1996,11(3)：56-64.
(28)刘亚侠,TD1 CCD相机实验室辐射定标的研究[J].光电工程,2007,34(5)：71-74
(29)李栩辉,丁贤澄,赵同森,红外辐射计的辐射定标[J].电光与控制,1993,4：31-37
(30)Krzyszt of Chrzanowski, Joachim Fischer, Robert Matyszkiel. Testing and evaluation of thermal can]eras for absolute temperature measurement[J]. Optical Engineering,2000,39(9):2535-2544.
(31)Krzyszt of Chrzanowski. Experimental verification of a theory of the influence of measurement conditions on temperature measurement accuracy with IR systems[J]. Appliedoptics,1996,35(19):3540-3547
(32)You-Wen Zhang, Cai-Gen Zhang, and Victor Klemas. Quantitative measurements of ambient radiation, emissivity, and truth temperature of a grey body:methods and experimental results[J]. Applied optics, 1986,25(201:3683-3689.
(33)张才根,张幼文.环境辐射对目标热辐射特性测试的影响[J].物理学报,1981,30(7)：953-961.
(34)范春利,杨立,华顺芳.热探测器温度对非制冷红外热像仪测温的影响[J].红外技术,2002,24(5)：22-25.
(35)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等.探测器本身的辐射对实时测温系统测温精度的影响及其抑制.量子电子学报,2003,20(6)：753-758
(36)刘慧开,杨立.太阳辐射对红外热像仪测温误差的影响[J].红外技术,2002,24(1)： 34-37
(37)候成刚,张广明,赵明涛等.用红外热成像技术精确测定物体发射率[J].红外与毫米波学报,1997,16(3)：193-198
(38)许猛,李恩普,张晓娟.红外测温中环境辐射影响的分析[J].理论与实践,2007,27(3)：4-6
(39)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等.反射辐射和探测器本身的辐射对实时测温系统测温精度的影响及其抑制[J].中国激光,2004,31(1)：105-110
(40)施德恒,刘玉芳,孙金锋等,影响实用化实时测温系统测温精度的几个因素[J].红外与毫米波学报,2004,23(5)：396-400
(41)孙志远,乔彦峰,朱玮.红外探测器的漂移特性对测温精度的影响[J].激光与红外,2008,38(3)：238-241
(42)盛海云,王官俊.探测器特征响应波段与探测温度的关系[J].激光与红外,1998,28(1)：61-63
(43)张健,杨立,刘慧开.环境高温物体对红外热像仪测温误差的影响[J].红外技术,2005,(5)：419-422
(44)Tjorbjohn Hamrelius. Accurate temperature measurement in thermoguaphy: an overview of relevant features, parameters and definitions [J]. Proc. SPIE,1991,1467:448-457
(45)李云红,孙晓刚,原桂彬.红外热像仪精确测温技术[J].光学精密工程,2007,15(9)：1336-1341
(46)R. Jozwicki. Instrumental Optics[M], Chap.2. PWN, Warsaw(1970).
(47)Wu Yaping, Zhang Tianxu. Study of un-cooled infrared focal plane detector for temperature measurement [A]. Proceedings Of SPIE[C].2000, 4077:260-263
(48)K. Chrzanowski. Influence of object-system distance on accuracy of remote temperature.measurement with IR systems[J]. Infrared Phys. Technol,1995,36(3):703-713.
(49)William L. Wolfe,Differences in Radiance:relative effects of temperature changes and emissivity changes[J], applied optics,1975, 14(8),1937-1939
(50)K, Chrzanowski, Influence of measurement conditions and system parameters on accuracy of remote temperature measurement with dualspectralIR systems[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology 1996,37, 295-306
(51)晏敏,彭楚武,颜永红等,红外测温原理及误差分析[J],湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31(5),110-112
(52)张幼文,张才根,用红外测温仪测定常温物体的比辐射率和辐射温度[J],1980,29(7),829-835
(53)张幼文,对各种红外系统的灵敏度方程的修正[J].物理学报,1980,29(7),813-828
(54)吴国忠, 张海玲, 齐晗兵等,采用参考发射率法提高红外点温仪测温精度研究[J],计量学报,2007,28(3A)：165-168
(55)原遵东,段宇宁,王铁军等,发射率设定值不为1的辐射温度计的校准[J],计量技术,2007(5)：43-46
(56)张才根,刘健,单圆筒法测量发射率的研究[J],红外与毫米波学报,1995,14(2)： 101-104
(57)俞伦鹏,刘红彦,等温黑体发射率[J],计量学报,2007,28(3A)：232-235
(58)邢春芳,李瑞芬,辐射测温中发射率的补偿方法探讨[J],计量技术 1999(7)：19-21
(59)祝善友,朱迅,尹球等,温度与发射率分离模型的改进及其敏感性分析[J]红外与毫米波学报,2006,25(1)：71-76
(60)施德恒,陈玉科,同时精确测量高温物体温度及发射率的系统[J],光学技术,1999,3：87-90
(61)叶家福,郭少令,用椭球测量物体的辐射发射率[J],激光与红外,2000,30(6)：370-372
(62)Terumi Inagaki, Toshimitsu Ishii, Proposal of quantitative temperaturemeasurement using two-color techniquecombined with several infrared radiometers having different detection wavelength bands [J]. Opt. Eng.2001,40(3) 372-380
(63)K, Chrzanowski, Problem of determination of effective emissicity of some materials in MIR range, Infrared Physics & Technology,1995,36, 679-684
(64)Adam Mazikowski, Krzysztof Chrzanowski, Non-contact multiband method for emissivity measurement [J], Infrared Physics & Technology,2003,44, 91-99
(65)施德恒,孙金锋,朱遵略等,一种被动式单波长实时测温系统的优化设计[J].光子学报,2008,37(1)：61-66
(66)Yang C L, Dai J M, Hu Y. Optimum identifications of spectral emissivity and temperature for multi-wavelength pyromet ry[J]. Chin Phys L et(?),2003,20 (10):1685-1688.
(67)(?)ahn J W, Rhec C. Reference wavelength method for a two-color pyrometer [J]. Appl Opt,1987,26 (24):5276-5279.
(68)Hunter G B, Allemand C D, Eager T W. Multiwavelength pyrometer [J] Opt Eng,1985,24 (6):1081-1085.
(69)何志彪,易新建.非制冷微测辐射热计红外侧温系统及实现[J].华中理工大学学报,1997,27(8)：101-102
(70)程开富.非致冷微测辐射热计红外焦平面阵列发展现状.激光与红外,1996,26(8)268-270
(71)杨祯,杨立,张晓怀.探测器温度对非致冷型微测辐射热计热像仪测温的影响与修正[J].红外,29(10)：13-18(72) 张俊举,孙恋君,常本康等,多工作温度非制冷热成像系统的研制[J].兵工学报.2008.29(8)：920-924
(73)Kruse P W, Skadrud David D. Uricooled infrared imaging arrays and system[J]. Semiconductor and Semimetal,1997,47(1):1-240.
(74)李照洲,郑小兵,吴浩宇等,高精度光谱辐射标准探测器的温度特性研究[J].光学学报,2004,24(3)：401-407
(75)孙恋君, 张俊举, 王世允等,非制冷微测辐射热计探测器工作温度特性研究[J].红外与毫米波学报,2007,26(3)：232-236
(76)常本康,蔡毅.红外成像阵列与系统[M]北京科学出版社,2006
(77)张建奇,方小平,红外物理,西安电子科技大学出版社,2004年6月第一版
(78)吴北婴,大气辐射传输实用算法,气象出版社,1998年9月,第一版：26-31
(79)吴晗平.红外辐射大气透过率的工程理论计算方法研究[J].光学精密工程,1998,6(4)：35-43.
(80)吴晓迪,黄超超, 同武勤,红外成像实时仿真中大气透射率的计算与分析[J].红外,2006,27(10)：24-28
(81)刘景生.红外物理[M].北京兵器工业出版社,1992,181-215.
(82)张鸣平.夜视系统[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1993,72-98
(83)戴苏明,朱桂荣,红外测温误差的来源与分析[J].苏州丝绸工学院学报,2000,20(1)：25-29
(84)王立斌,谢涛嵘,张杰等, 被测对象温度呈现空间分布时的红外测温偏差研究[J].仪器仪表学,2006,27(10)：1288-1293
(85)K. Chrzanowski, Comparison of shortwave and longwave measuring thermal-imaging systems[J]. Applied optics,1995(6):2888-2897
(86)曹欣荣,戴景民,环境温度对红外辐射式体温计读数的影响[J].计量学报,2002,23(1)：33-35
(87)施德恒,赵晔,邹志斌等,环境温度及干扰光对主动辐射测温系统测温精度影响的讨论[J].2002,23(3)：44-47
(88)施德恒,刘玉芳,余本海,环境辐射对实时测温仪测温精度的影响及抑制[J].激光杂志,2008,29(4)：62-64
(89)李振新,施德恒,李世普,基于液晶调制器调制的实时测温系统[J].光学技术,2006,32(3)：340-345
(90)T. Iuchi, S. Wada. Simultaneous measurement of emissivity and temperature for Glossy Metals near Room Temperature, In Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (M) New York:American Institute of Physics,2003,7:699-704.
(91)Par Nilsson Claes Nelsson,Hyperspectral analysis of IR data from a background scene, Targets and Backgrounds Ⅸ:Characterization and Representation, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.2003,5075,122-131
(92)PieterA. Jacobs(荷兰)著,吴文健等译,地面目标和背景的热红外特性,国防工业出版社,2004年1月版
(93)Schulz G, Schwider J. Interferometric testing. of smooth surfaces, Progress in Optics ⅩⅢ[M]. E. wolf, ed. Ch4 North-Holland, Amsterdam,1976.96-127
(94)顾名澧.多光谱扫描仪的早上辐射定标系统[J].航天返同与遥感,1998,19(3)：21-25
(95)Marc D. Mermelstein, Keith A. Snail, Richard G. Priest. Spectral and radiometric calibration of midwave and longwave infrared cameras, Opt. Eng. [J] 2000,39(2):347-352
(96)Douglas S Fraedrich, Methods in calibration and error analysis for infrared imaging radiometers, Opt. Eng. [J],1991,30(11):1764-1770
(97)Xia Wang, ZhiYun Gao, JianYong Zhang etal. Research on calibration method of three band infrared integrated radiometer. Proceedings of SPIE,2002,Vol.4927:133-138
(98)徐冠雷，王孝通,徐晓刚等,基于限邻域经验模式分解的多波段图像融合[J],红外与毫米波学报,2006,25(3),225-228
(99)王岭雪,金伟其,石俊生等,基于拮抗视觉特性的多波段彩色夜视融合方法研究[J],红外与毫米波学报,2006,(25)6,455-459
[100) 张强,郭宝龙,基于成像系统物理特性的多光谱图像与全色波段图像融合[J],光学学报,2007,27(2),243-248
(101)路远,凌永顺,时家明,用双波段红外成像系统对空中点目标测距[J],光学精密工程,2004,12(2),161-164
(102)董科研,潘玉龙,王学等,谐衍射红外双波段双焦光学系统设计[J],光学精密工程,2008,16(5),764-770
(103)陈洪波,王强,张孝飞等,基于小波系数邻域特征的图像融合[J],光学精密工程,2003,11(5),516-522
(104)孙辉,基于小波变换的图像数据融合方法[J],光学精密工程,2000,8(6),551-556
(105)楚恒,朱维乐,基于DCT变换的图像融合方法研究[J],光学精密工程,2006(2),266-273
(106)王欣,于晓,隋永新等,基于多小波的图像处理在电晕检测中的应用[J],光学精密工程，2006(4),194-199