邯郸市既有居住建筑窗体节能改造研究
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摘要
在可持续发展观念日益增强的今天,既有建筑的节能改造成为一项越来越重要的研究课题。我国目前的既有建筑有很大一部分不符合节能标准,运行能耗巨大。随着我国经济水平不断发展,居民对室内热环境的要求也越来越高,相关节能法规和节能政策也在日趋完善。因此,对既有建筑特别是既有居住建筑的节能改造具有很强的现实意义。
从建筑节能的角度来看,建筑窗体不仅是热量流失最大的构件,由于太阳辐射热通过外窗传入室内,所以使得窗体也同时成为得热构件。因此,根据不同地区的建筑气候条件、功能要求以及其它环境、经济等因素,对既有居住建筑窗体进行合理改造,选择适当的窗材、窗型和相应的节能技术,因地制宜地选择节能改造措施,是实现我国建筑节能目标的有效途径。
本文拟通过对邯郸城区居住建筑节能现状的总结和分析,采用理论研究、计算机模拟计算、现场红外检测等多种研究方法,对既有居住建筑窗体节能改造前后的全年能耗进行计算和比较,得出一系列与运行成本、节能收益等有关的经济指标。并通过此指标对改造可行性进行详细分析和论证,提出一套较完整的适合邯郸地区的居住建筑窗体节能改造方案,力图用最经济的投入方式,获得最大的节能效益和社会环境效益,最终实现邯郸市居住建筑的可持续发展。
Today, the concept of sustainable development has increased the importance of this research topic: transformation on existing residential buildings for energy saving. There are many existing buildings in China, most of which are non-energy conservation and waste huge energy. As more and more comfortable environment is requested by inhabitants and perfect corresponding regulations and policies are carried by our government, the energy-conservation transformation research regarding those buildings has practical significance.
From the point of energy efficiency, window components is the biggest one of causing building heat loss while solar radiation heat goes into the room through a window at the same time. Thus according to different parts of the construction climate, the functional requirements and other environmental and economic factors, making reasonable choices of window materials, window type and the corresponding energy-saving techniques, and adjusting measures to local conditions to transform windows of the existing residential buildings, is the effective way to achieve our goal of building energy conservation.
The paper tries to get a series of economic indicators, using several methods such as theoretical studies, computer simulation, infrared detection and so on, to calculate the annual energy consumption of existing residential buildings transformation, by making a summary and analysis about the current status of residential building energy saving in Handan city. Through a detailed feasibility analysis and discussion, a more complete program regarding to transformation of existing residential buildings for Handan area is proposed with little investment, more benefits and energy-saving can be achieved with respect to economy, society and environment so that the sustainable development of residential buildings in Handan city can be realized.
从建筑节能的角度来看,建筑窗体不仅是热量流失最大的构件,由于太阳辐射热通过外窗传入室内,所以使得窗体也同时成为得热构件。因此,根据不同地区的建筑气候条件、功能要求以及其它环境、经济等因素,对既有居住建筑窗体进行合理改造,选择适当的窗材、窗型和相应的节能技术,因地制宜地选择节能改造措施,是实现我国建筑节能目标的有效途径。
本文拟通过对邯郸城区居住建筑节能现状的总结和分析,采用理论研究、计算机模拟计算、现场红外检测等多种研究方法,对既有居住建筑窗体节能改造前后的全年能耗进行计算和比较,得出一系列与运行成本、节能收益等有关的经济指标。并通过此指标对改造可行性进行详细分析和论证,提出一套较完整的适合邯郸地区的居住建筑窗体节能改造方案,力图用最经济的投入方式,获得最大的节能效益和社会环境效益,最终实现邯郸市居住建筑的可持续发展。
Today, the concept of sustainable development has increased the importance of this research topic: transformation on existing residential buildings for energy saving. There are many existing buildings in China, most of which are non-energy conservation and waste huge energy. As more and more comfortable environment is requested by inhabitants and perfect corresponding regulations and policies are carried by our government, the energy-conservation transformation research regarding those buildings has practical significance.
From the point of energy efficiency, window components is the biggest one of causing building heat loss while solar radiation heat goes into the room through a window at the same time. Thus according to different parts of the construction climate, the functional requirements and other environmental and economic factors, making reasonable choices of window materials, window type and the corresponding energy-saving techniques, and adjusting measures to local conditions to transform windows of the existing residential buildings, is the effective way to achieve our goal of building energy conservation.
The paper tries to get a series of economic indicators, using several methods such as theoretical studies, computer simulation, infrared detection and so on, to calculate the annual energy consumption of existing residential buildings transformation, by making a summary and analysis about the current status of residential building energy saving in Handan city. Through a detailed feasibility analysis and discussion, a more complete program regarding to transformation of existing residential buildings for Handan area is proposed with little investment, more benefits and energy-saving can be achieved with respect to economy, society and environment so that the sustainable development of residential buildings in Handan city can be realized.
引文
[1] 建设部建筑节能中心,促进我国建筑节能工作的建议[R]. 2006
[2] 王立雄. 建筑节能[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[3] 孙凤明. 发展绿色节能住区的尝试[J]. 工业建筑,2004,(2)
[4] Sam C.M.Hui. Low energy building design in high density urban cities. Renewable Energy[J] . 2001,(24):627～640
[5] Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2001[R]. 2001
[6] 临川. 小城镇住宅建筑节能设计与施工[M]. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2004
[7] 涂逢祥. 建筑节能 36[C]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002(1)
[8] 建设部. 民用建筑节能管理规定[S]. 2000
[9] JGJ26-95,民用建筑节能设计标准[S](采暖居住建筑部分)
[10] GB50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S]
[11] JGJ132-2001,采暖居住建筑节能检验标准[S]
[12] JGJ134-2001,夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准[S]
[13] JGJ12-2000,既有居住建筑节能改造技术规程[S]
[14] 建设部. 居住建筑节能设计标准(征求意见稿)[S]. 2006
[15] 国家发改委. 能源发展“十一五”规划[R]. 2007,4
[16] 中国建筑学会. 建筑学报[C], 2006,6—7
[17] 涂逢祥,王美君. 法国建筑节能概况[J]. 建筑技术,2004,21(10)
[18] 顾同曾. 欧洲三国建筑节能近况[J]. 建筑创作,2002,(6):64~69
[19] 顾同曾. 德国的建筑节能技术[J]. 建筑创作,2001,(2):62~67
[20] 《中国门窗大全》编委会. 中国门窗大全[Z]. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2000
[21] 张雯. 居住建筑外窗的节能设计研究[D],浙江:浙江大学,2003
[22] 王锦. 建筑方案创作阶段的节能构思[D],陕西:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[23] T.A.马克斯,E.N.莫里斯. 建筑物·气候·能量,陈士麟译[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[24] 王建华. 建筑外窗节能的问题与技术措施[J]. 工业建筑,2006,36(1):8~9
[25] 郭文娟. 寒冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造研究[D],天津:天津大学,2004
[26] 马立群,郎小霞. 建筑节能与窗玻璃的选择[J]. 建筑节能,2005,(2):34~35
[27] 班广生. 建筑节能窗的功能化发展趋势[J]. 新型建筑材料,2004,(5):57~61
[28] 中国建筑标准设计研究所. 全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施[Z]. 2003
[29] 绿色建筑协会(美). 绿色建筑技术手册——设计·建造·运行[C]. 1999
[30] Thomas Herzog. Architecture + Technology[J]. 2001
[31] GB/T7107-2002,建筑外窗气密性分级及其检测方法[S]
[32] 杨文斌. 邯郸传统民居地方特色和乡土适宜建造技术研究[J]. 河北建筑科技学院学报,2006,23(3)
[33] GB50178-93,建筑气候区划标准[S]
[34] 方修睦. 建筑环境检测技术[M],中国建筑工业出版,2002
[35] 李秋启,田申,曹忠平. 塑料门窗选型及安装质量要求[N]. 光明月刊,1999-5
[36] 何加礼. 节能门窗的设计及其适用性研究. [D],长沙理工大学,2005
[37] GB/T 7108-2002 建筑外窗水密性分级及其检测方法[S]
[38] GB/T 8484-2002 建筑外窗保温性能分级及其检测办法[S]
[39] GB/T 7106-2002 建筑外窗抗风压性能分级及其检测方法[S]
[40] 刘加平. 建筑物理[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[41] Donald G. Colliver,Richard S. Gates,Thomas F. Barks. Development of the Design Climatic Data for the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals[J]. ASHRAE Trans,2000, 106(3): 3~13
[42] 孙萍. 节能住宅建筑能耗模拟研究. [D],北京:北京工业大学,2005
[43] 董子忠等. 窗户传热系数的简化计算方法[J]. 建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2002,9
[44] 狄育慧,黄翔,吴生,PVC 塑窗采暖节能效益的经济评价[J]. 房材与应用,2002,30(3):20~22
[45] 清华大学建筑技术科学系 DeST 开发小组. DeST-h 手册[Z]. 2004
[46] 陈锋等. 建筑环境设计模拟工具包 DeST[J]. 暖通空调,1999,4
[47] GBJ19-87,采暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S]
[48] 蔡君馥. 住宅节能设计[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991
[49] 黄晨. 建筑环境学[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[50] Isaac Turiel. Present status of residential appliance energy efficiency standards international review[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997,(26)
[51] Paul Waide, Benoit Lebot, Mark Hinnells. Appliance energy standards in Europe[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997(26):45~67
[52] Atch Sreshthaputra. Building design and operation far improving thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in a hot-humid climate[D]. Texas:A&M University. 2003
[53] Gul Koclar Oral,Zerrin Yilmaz. The limit U values for building envelope related to buildingform in temperate and cold climate zones[J]. Building and Environment2002,(37):1173~1180
[54] Leo Hendriks,Kees V. Lincken. Building envelopes are part of a whole reconsidering traditional approaches[J]. Building and Environment,2003,(38):309~318
[55] M.Lj.Bojic,D.L.Loveday. The influence on building thermal behavior of the insulation masonry distribution in a three-layered construction[J]. Energy and Building. 1997,(26):153~157
[56] Phinlip jodidio,Green architecture[M]. 2000.
[57] James Wine. Green Architecture Taschen[M]. 2000
[58] ]S. Golany. Design For Arid Regions-Gideon Publisher[M],Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1997
[59] ]Robert Mark. Architectural Technology-up to the ScientificRevolution[M]. Cambridge. Mass:MIT Press. C,1993
[60] M.D.Egan. Architectural Lighting[M]. McGraw-Hill.C,2001
[61] G.Z. Brown,Mark DeKay. Sun,Wind & Light[M]. New York: Wiley.C,2001
[62] S.Tanley,R.Bull. The Potential Impact for Renewable Energy Technology to Reduce Carbon Emission[J]. American Solar energy Society,1999,1(13):143
[63] A.A.M.Sayigh,J.C.Mcveigh. Solar air-conditioning and refrigeration[M]. LJK:Pergamon Press Ltd,1999
[64] Kimura,Ken-Ichi. Solar architecture for the happiness of mankind[J]. Solar,1999:169-179
[65] Alan K.Meier. Observed energy savings from appliance efficiency standards[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1997(26):111~117
[2] 王立雄. 建筑节能[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[3] 孙凤明. 发展绿色节能住区的尝试[J]. 工业建筑,2004,(2)
[4] Sam C.M.Hui. Low energy building design in high density urban cities. Renewable Energy[J] . 2001,(24):627～640
[5] Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2001[R]. 2001
[6] 临川. 小城镇住宅建筑节能设计与施工[M]. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2004
[7] 涂逢祥. 建筑节能 36[C]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002(1)
[8] 建设部. 民用建筑节能管理规定[S]. 2000
[9] JGJ26-95,民用建筑节能设计标准[S](采暖居住建筑部分)
[10] GB50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S]
[11] JGJ132-2001,采暖居住建筑节能检验标准[S]
[12] JGJ134-2001,夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准[S]
[13] JGJ12-2000,既有居住建筑节能改造技术规程[S]
[14] 建设部. 居住建筑节能设计标准(征求意见稿)[S]. 2006
[15] 国家发改委. 能源发展“十一五”规划[R]. 2007,4
[16] 中国建筑学会. 建筑学报[C], 2006,6—7
[17] 涂逢祥,王美君. 法国建筑节能概况[J]. 建筑技术,2004,21(10)
[18] 顾同曾. 欧洲三国建筑节能近况[J]. 建筑创作,2002,(6):64~69
[19] 顾同曾. 德国的建筑节能技术[J]. 建筑创作,2001,(2):62~67
[20] 《中国门窗大全》编委会. 中国门窗大全[Z]. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2000
[21] 张雯. 居住建筑外窗的节能设计研究[D],浙江:浙江大学,2003
[22] 王锦. 建筑方案创作阶段的节能构思[D],陕西:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[23] T.A.马克斯,E.N.莫里斯. 建筑物·气候·能量,陈士麟译[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[24] 王建华. 建筑外窗节能的问题与技术措施[J]. 工业建筑,2006,36(1):8~9
[25] 郭文娟. 寒冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造研究[D],天津:天津大学,2004
[26] 马立群,郎小霞. 建筑节能与窗玻璃的选择[J]. 建筑节能,2005,(2):34~35
[27] 班广生. 建筑节能窗的功能化发展趋势[J]. 新型建筑材料,2004,(5):57~61
[28] 中国建筑标准设计研究所. 全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施[Z]. 2003
[29] 绿色建筑协会(美). 绿色建筑技术手册——设计·建造·运行[C]. 1999
[30] Thomas Herzog. Architecture + Technology[J]. 2001
[31] GB/T7107-2002,建筑外窗气密性分级及其检测方法[S]
[32] 杨文斌. 邯郸传统民居地方特色和乡土适宜建造技术研究[J]. 河北建筑科技学院学报,2006,23(3)
[33] GB50178-93,建筑气候区划标准[S]
[34] 方修睦. 建筑环境检测技术[M],中国建筑工业出版,2002
[35] 李秋启,田申,曹忠平. 塑料门窗选型及安装质量要求[N]. 光明月刊,1999-5
[36] 何加礼. 节能门窗的设计及其适用性研究. [D],长沙理工大学,2005
[37] GB/T 7108-2002 建筑外窗水密性分级及其检测方法[S]
[38] GB/T 8484-2002 建筑外窗保温性能分级及其检测办法[S]
[39] GB/T 7106-2002 建筑外窗抗风压性能分级及其检测方法[S]
[40] 刘加平. 建筑物理[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[41] Donald G. Colliver,Richard S. Gates,Thomas F. Barks. Development of the Design Climatic Data for the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals[J]. ASHRAE Trans,2000, 106(3): 3~13
[42] 孙萍. 节能住宅建筑能耗模拟研究. [D],北京:北京工业大学,2005
[43] 董子忠等. 窗户传热系数的简化计算方法[J]. 建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2002,9
[44] 狄育慧,黄翔,吴生,PVC 塑窗采暖节能效益的经济评价[J]. 房材与应用,2002,30(3):20~22
[45] 清华大学建筑技术科学系 DeST 开发小组. DeST-h 手册[Z]. 2004
[46] 陈锋等. 建筑环境设计模拟工具包 DeST[J]. 暖通空调,1999,4
[47] GBJ19-87,采暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S]
[48] 蔡君馥. 住宅节能设计[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991
[49] 黄晨. 建筑环境学[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[50] Isaac Turiel. Present status of residential appliance energy efficiency standards international review[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997,(26)
[51] Paul Waide, Benoit Lebot, Mark Hinnells. Appliance energy standards in Europe[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997(26):45~67
[52] Atch Sreshthaputra. Building design and operation far improving thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in a hot-humid climate[D]. Texas:A&M University. 2003
[53] Gul Koclar Oral,Zerrin Yilmaz. The limit U values for building envelope related to buildingform in temperate and cold climate zones[J]. Building and Environment2002,(37):1173~1180
[54] Leo Hendriks,Kees V. Lincken. Building envelopes are part of a whole reconsidering traditional approaches[J]. Building and Environment,2003,(38):309~318
[55] M.Lj.Bojic,D.L.Loveday. The influence on building thermal behavior of the insulation masonry distribution in a three-layered construction[J]. Energy and Building. 1997,(26):153~157
[56] Phinlip jodidio,Green architecture[M]. 2000.
[57] James Wine. Green Architecture Taschen[M]. 2000
[58] ]S. Golany. Design For Arid Regions-Gideon Publisher[M],Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1997
[59] ]Robert Mark. Architectural Technology-up to the ScientificRevolution[M]. Cambridge. Mass:MIT Press. C,1993
[60] M.D.Egan. Architectural Lighting[M]. McGraw-Hill.C,2001
[61] G.Z. Brown,Mark DeKay. Sun,Wind & Light[M]. New York: Wiley.C,2001
[62] S.Tanley,R.Bull. The Potential Impact for Renewable Energy Technology to Reduce Carbon Emission[J]. American Solar energy Society,1999,1(13):143
[63] A.A.M.Sayigh,J.C.Mcveigh. Solar air-conditioning and refrigeration[M]. LJK:Pergamon Press Ltd,1999
[64] Kimura,Ken-Ichi. Solar architecture for the happiness of mankind[J]. Solar,1999:169-179
[65] Alan K.Meier. Observed energy savings from appliance efficiency standards[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1997(26):111~117