日粮营养调控对奶牛养分消化代谢、泌乳及精液品质的影响
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摘要
本试验的总体设计是从我国的生产实际出发,利用双外流连续培养试验、人工产气试验以及泌乳前期奶牛生产试验和消化代谢试验研究日粮不同的蛋白质和能量比对奶牛瘤胃发酵、生产性能、血液生化指标、氮代谢和氮利用的影响。另外,针对高温季节公牛精液品质下降的问题,研究维生素和锌对公牛精液品质的影响,确定夏季高温季节公牛日粮中的维生素和锌适宜添加量。
试验一本试验利用12发酵罐双外流人工瘤胃装置研究不同RDPB日粮对瘤胃发酵的影响。试验设计了6种不同RDPB日粮,分别为-16.84,-8.87,-0.87,+7.13,+15.13和+23.12g/kgDM,试验周期为8d,前5d为预饲期,后3d为采样期。结果表明:RDPB对发酵液NH_3-N具有显著影响(P<0.0001),但对发酵罐中pH影响比较小(P=0.058),对总VFA(P=0.57)和乙酸的浓度(P=0.70)无显著影响。随着RDPB的逐渐降低,日粮中可利用氮降低,+15.13,+7.13,-0.87,-8.87,-16.84g/kgDM日粮组发酵液中的氨氮的浓度分别比RDBP为+23.12g/kgDM组降低6.22%,30.45%,50.03% ,55.35%和54.22%。总VFA、乙酸和戊酸的浓度在不同时间点各处理组之间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。随着日粮中RDPB的增加,发酵罐中总NH_3-N的浓度线性增加,氮的损失也随之增加。
试验二本试验旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同RDPB日粮对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和CH4产量的影响。试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配制6种不同RDPB日粮,分别为-20,-10,0,10,20和30g/kg DM,每组3个重复,培养期为24h。结果表明:(1)本试验中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量基本上表现为日粮3或日粮4值最低,各组的产气量和CH4的产量随着时间的延长而逐渐增加(2)VFA中,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着RDPB值的增加而增加,可见改变日粮RDPB可以影响瘤胃发酵。而RDPB对总VFA以及原虫数量无显著影响。(3)日粮RDPB值影响不同时间点CH4的浓度和24h CH4产量,其中各个时间点的CH4浓度以日粮3或日粮4较低。由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响瘤胃发酵液pH、NH_3-N及VFA浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和CH4产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g/kgDM。
试验三研究了日粮不同NFC/RDP比例对泌乳前期奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标、氮利用率以及氮排泄量的影响,进而探讨了泌乳前期奶牛适宜的日粮NFC/RDP比例。本试验采用单因子试验设计,选择45头泌乳前期中国荷斯坦牛,随机分为三组,每组15头,饲喂三种不同NFC/RDP比例日粮,分别为3.5(Ⅰ组)、4.0(Ⅱ组)和4.5(Ⅲ组),试验期75d,其中预饲期15d,正式期60d。结果表明:日粮NFC/RDP比例不同影响奶牛生产性能,在三个试验组中Ⅱ组奶牛产奶量、DMI、乳蛋白量和饲料转化率显著高于其他组,分别为29.30kg/(dP=0.0167),21.01kg/(dP=0.0048),913.28g/d(P=0.0824)和1.3(P=0.0003);DM、CP和NDF的表观消化率Ⅱ组最高,分别为68.99%(P=0.0015),73.34%(P=0.0006)和54.65%(P=0.0076);当日粮NFC/RDP比值从3.5增加到4.5时,奶牛的粪氮排泄量与尿氮排泄量均显著降低,虽然Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组氮的摄入量分别比Ⅰ组多22g/d和59g/d,但粪氮、尿氮和乳氮各组之间差异显著,日粮NFC/RDP比值对尿氮损失影响最大,Ⅱ组氮利用率和氮沉积率最高,分别为49.62%和20.16%,粪氮是主要的氮损失途径;当NFC/RDP比值为4.0时,奶牛血清中NO的浓度最高(P=0.0081),抗氧化能力最强(P=0.4449),增加NFC/RDP值IGF-Ⅰ出现先增加后降低的趋势。结合上述所有结果,可得到如下结论:调整日粮NFC/RDP的比例可以一定程度上改善奶牛的生产性能同时还可以降低奶牛的氮排泄量,减少畜牧业造成的环境污染,高产泌乳早期奶牛适宜的日粮NFC/RDP为4.0。
试验四研究了高温季节日粮中添加维生素(维生素E和β-胡萝卜素)和锌对荷斯坦公牛精液品质、抗氧化指标、细胞因子以及其他血液指标的变化,探讨高温季节公牛维生素和锌的适宜添加量。本试验采用随机区组设计,选取体重相近(1010±80)kg、采精正常、健康无病的纯种荷斯坦成年种公牛60头,随机分为4组,每组15头。四个处理组分别为Ⅰ组:对照组(基础日粮);Ⅱ组:基础日粮+100mg/kgDM Zn;Ⅲ组:基础日粮+维生素(300mg/kgDM维生素E和60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素);Ⅳ组:基础日粮+100mg/kgDM Zn+维生素(300mg/kgDM维生素E和60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素),试验期120d。结果表明:添加维生素和锌可改善公牛的精液品质,显著提高鲜精活力(Ⅳ组0.649 VS对照组0.575)、精子密度(Ⅳ组15.16×108个/mL VS对照组11.81×108个/mL)、冻精活力(Ⅳ组0.34 VS对照组0.283)、精子顶体完整率(Ⅳ组45.2% VS对照组41.8%),显著降低精子畸形率(Ⅳ组13.47% VS对照组16.81%),但对射精量无显著影响(Ⅳ组11.56mL VS对照组10.33mL)。添加维生素可显著提高血清中总SOD(P=0.1489)和Cu-ZnSOD的活性(P=0.0008);添加锌可显著提高血清T-AOC(P<0.0001)和GSH-Px活性(P=0.0041);血清中MDA(P=0.0535)和羟自由基(P=0.0698)可随着维生素和锌的添加显著降低。在四个试验组中,血清中Cu-ZnSOD、T-AOC和GSH-Px的活性Ⅳ组最高,而MDA的浓度以Ⅳ组最低。添加维生素可显著增加精清中总SOD(P=0.0087)和T-AOC(P=0.0001),日粮中添加锌可提高精清中Cu-ZnSOD(P=0.0181)的活力。血清和精清中睾酮和铜蓝蛋白的浓度随着维生素和锌添加而显著增加(P<0.01);日粮中添加锌可显著提高精清中金属硫蛋白的浓度(P<0.05),而对血清中金属硫蛋白无显著影响。日粮中添加维生素和锌显著降低血清中IL-6(P=0.0016)、IL-17(P=0.0003)和TNF-α(P=0.0357)的浓度,降低精清中IL-6的浓度(P=0.0233)。综合考虑,夏季高温季节添加300mg/kgDM维生素E、60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素和100mg/kgDM Zn可以改善精液品质。
According to the current status of animal production at home, the effects of protein and energy ratio on rumen fermentation, performance, blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen efficiency for the early lactating dairy cows were investigated by using dual outflow continuous culture trial, artificial gas production trial, feeding trial and digestion -metabolism trials. In addition, the effects of vitamin and zinc on semen quality and its optimal level in diet were investigated in hot environment as well due to the decline of bull semen quality in hot weather.
Exp.1 Twelve dual-flow continuous-culture fermenters were used to evaluate the effects of rumen-degradable protein balance (RDPB) on rumen fermentation. The entire experimental period was 8 days, including 5 days for adjustment and 3 days for sample collection. Six diets including RDPB levels of -16.84, -8.87, -0.87, +7.13, +15.13 and +23.12 g/kg DM were considered. It indicated that RDPB significantly affected the NH_3-N content in the fermenters (P < 0.0001), whereas there were no significant effect on the pH value (P = 0.058), total VFA concentration (P = 0.57) and the acetate concentration (P = 0.70). The decreasing RDPB concentrations led to the reduction of rumen-available N in diets. Compared with the RDPB level of + 23.12 g/kg DM, the rumen-available N contents under the RDPB levels of +15.13, +7.13, -0.87, -8.87 and -16.84 RDPB g/kg DM deceased by 6.22%, 30.45%, 50.03%, 55.35% and 54.22% respectively. The concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid and valeric acid at different incubating time were significantly different among treatment group (P < 0.05). With the increasing RDPB concentrations in diets, the total ammonia nitrogen (NH_3-N) in fermenters and the N losses linearly increased.
Exp.2 The influences of RDPB on rumen fermentation, total gas and methane production in vitro were analyzed in Exp.2. Based on the ANKOMRF Gas Production System, a random block design was used, with six RDPB diets of -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg DM with 3 replicates for 24 hours. The results showed that: (1) The fermentation pH, acetic acid/propionic acid, amount of gas production and CH4 production in the two groups of 0 g/kg DM or 10 g/kg DM were lower than the other groups; (2) the acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid as volatile fatty acids and rumen ammonia concentration increased with the equilibrium values of the degradation, indicating a significant effect on the rumen fermentation by the RDPB levels, while no significant effects on protozoa population and the total volatile fatty acids concentration were observed; (3) the methane concentrations at different time and 24-h methane production were influenced by RDPB. Thus, with culture conditions in vitro, the dietary RDPB affected rumen pH, NH_3-N, VFA concentration, gas production and CH4 production. The results indicated that the optimal RDPB concentrations were between 0 and 10 g/kg DM, according to rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro.
Exp.3 The experiment investigated the effects of different dietary NFC/RDP on the digestibility, blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen losses, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Forty-five Chinese Holstein cows at early lactating stage were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15) in a single-factor design. Three experimental diets were used at different levels of NFC/RDP: 3.5 (groupⅠ) , 4.0 (groupⅡ) and 4.5 (groupⅢ). The trial duration was 75 days (including the pre-feeding of 15 days and the formal period of 60 days). The results showed that dietary NFC/RDP ratio affected the performance of dairy cows. The milk yield, dry matter intake, milk protein yield and feed conversion ratio in groupⅡwere highest, which were 29.30 kg/d (P=0.0167), 21.01 kg/d (P=0.0048),913.28 g/d (P=0.0824) and 1.3 (P=0.0003), respectively. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and NDF in groupⅡi ncreased by 68.99% (P=0.0015), 73.34% (P=0.0006) and 54.65% (P=0.0076), respectively, in comparison with other groups. With the reducing dietary NFC/RDP ratio from 3.5 to 4.5, manure nitrogen excretion and urinary nitrogen excretion were significantly decreased as well. Apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility varied among different treatments. Although N intakes in groupⅡand groupⅢwere higher (22 g/d and 59 g/d) than groupⅠ, the apparent fecal, urinary and milk N outputs were significantly affected, with a major effect of NFC/RDP on urinary N output. The Exp.3 also demonstrated that N utilization and retention were highest in groupⅡ(49.62% and 20.16%), and feces excretion was the main source of N loss. The antioxidant capacity of dairy cows was also affected by NFC/RDP, NO concentration in serum (P=0.0081) and antioxidant capacity (P=0.4449) in groupⅡwere highest. When NFC/RDP ratio was 4.0, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 was affected quadratically with the reducing NFC/RDP ratio. Therefore, adjusting dietary NFC/RDP ratio could improve the performance of dairy cow as well as reduce the nitrogen excretion of dairy cow and the environmental pollution caused by animal production.
Exp.4 The effects of dietary vitamins (vitamin E and beta-carotene) and zinc on semen quality, antioxidant indicators, cytokines and other blood parameters in hot weather were analyzed in Exp.4. Sixty healthy and purebred Holstein bulls (BW=1010±80kg) were randomly classified into 4 groups (n = 15): groupⅠ, control group (basal diet); group II, basal diet +100 mg/kgDM Zn; group III, basal diet + antioxidant (300 mg/kgDM vitamin E and 60 mg/kgDM beta-carotene) and group IV, basal diet +100 mg/kgDM Zn + vitamins (300 mg/kgDM vitamin E and 60 mg/kgDM beta-carotene). The trial duration was 120 days. The results showed that vitamins and zinc could significantly increase the semen quality, vitality of fresh semen (groupⅣ0.649 VS groupⅠ0.575), sperm density (groupⅣ15.16×108/ml VS groupⅠ11.81×108/ml), vitality of frozen semen (groupⅣ0.34 VS groupⅠ0.283) and acrosome integrity rate (groupⅣ45.2% VS groupⅠ41.8%) but decreased the sperm deformity rate significantly (groupⅣ1 3.47% VS groupⅠ16.81%). However, there was no significant effect on ejaculate volume (groupⅣ11.56ml VS groupⅠ10.33ml). In addition, the total SOD activity of serum (P=0.1489) could be enhanced by the vitamins. Also, the serum Cu-ZnSOD activity may be significantly increased by the supplemental vitamins or vitamins+zinc (P=0.0008); the individual or combination of supplemental vitamins and zinc significantly positively affected the serum T-AOC (P<0.0001) activity; supplemental zinc or combination of vitamins and zinc increased serum GSH-PX activity significantly (P=0.0041); the serum MDA (P=0.0535) concentration and hydroxyl radicals (P=0.0698) were markedly reduced as the result of adding vitamins and zinc. Supplemental vitamins significantly increased the total SOD (P=0.0087) and T-AOC (P=0.0001)activities in seminal plasma; the Cu-ZnSOD activity (P=0.0181) in seminal plasma was increased by the addition of zinc. The concentration of testosterone and ceruloplasmin protein in serum and seminal plasma increased strongly due to the supplement of vitamins and zinc (P<0.01); The concentration of seminal metal sulfur protein (P<0.05) rose significantly with the supplemental zinc, while there was no obvious changes in serum metal sulfur protein. Serum IL-6 (P=0.0016), IL-17 (P=0.0003) and TNF-α(P=0.0357) concentrations as well as the seminal IL-6 (P=0.0233) concentrations decreased significantly, which were caused by the supplemental viteamins and zinc. In conclusion, a diet with 300 mg/kgDM of vitamin E, 60 mg/kgDM of beta-carotenoids and 100 mg/kgDM Zn could improve the semen quality in hot weather.
试验一本试验利用12发酵罐双外流人工瘤胃装置研究不同RDPB日粮对瘤胃发酵的影响。试验设计了6种不同RDPB日粮,分别为-16.84,-8.87,-0.87,+7.13,+15.13和+23.12g/kgDM,试验周期为8d,前5d为预饲期,后3d为采样期。结果表明:RDPB对发酵液NH_3-N具有显著影响(P<0.0001),但对发酵罐中pH影响比较小(P=0.058),对总VFA(P=0.57)和乙酸的浓度(P=0.70)无显著影响。随着RDPB的逐渐降低,日粮中可利用氮降低,+15.13,+7.13,-0.87,-8.87,-16.84g/kgDM日粮组发酵液中的氨氮的浓度分别比RDBP为+23.12g/kgDM组降低6.22%,30.45%,50.03% ,55.35%和54.22%。总VFA、乙酸和戊酸的浓度在不同时间点各处理组之间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。随着日粮中RDPB的增加,发酵罐中总NH_3-N的浓度线性增加,氮的损失也随之增加。
试验二本试验旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同RDPB日粮对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和CH4产量的影响。试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配制6种不同RDPB日粮,分别为-20,-10,0,10,20和30g/kg DM,每组3个重复,培养期为24h。结果表明:(1)本试验中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量基本上表现为日粮3或日粮4值最低,各组的产气量和CH4的产量随着时间的延长而逐渐增加(2)VFA中,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着RDPB值的增加而增加,可见改变日粮RDPB可以影响瘤胃发酵。而RDPB对总VFA以及原虫数量无显著影响。(3)日粮RDPB值影响不同时间点CH4的浓度和24h CH4产量,其中各个时间点的CH4浓度以日粮3或日粮4较低。由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响瘤胃发酵液pH、NH_3-N及VFA浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和CH4产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g/kgDM。
试验三研究了日粮不同NFC/RDP比例对泌乳前期奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标、氮利用率以及氮排泄量的影响,进而探讨了泌乳前期奶牛适宜的日粮NFC/RDP比例。本试验采用单因子试验设计,选择45头泌乳前期中国荷斯坦牛,随机分为三组,每组15头,饲喂三种不同NFC/RDP比例日粮,分别为3.5(Ⅰ组)、4.0(Ⅱ组)和4.5(Ⅲ组),试验期75d,其中预饲期15d,正式期60d。结果表明:日粮NFC/RDP比例不同影响奶牛生产性能,在三个试验组中Ⅱ组奶牛产奶量、DMI、乳蛋白量和饲料转化率显著高于其他组,分别为29.30kg/(dP=0.0167),21.01kg/(dP=0.0048),913.28g/d(P=0.0824)和1.3(P=0.0003);DM、CP和NDF的表观消化率Ⅱ组最高,分别为68.99%(P=0.0015),73.34%(P=0.0006)和54.65%(P=0.0076);当日粮NFC/RDP比值从3.5增加到4.5时,奶牛的粪氮排泄量与尿氮排泄量均显著降低,虽然Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组氮的摄入量分别比Ⅰ组多22g/d和59g/d,但粪氮、尿氮和乳氮各组之间差异显著,日粮NFC/RDP比值对尿氮损失影响最大,Ⅱ组氮利用率和氮沉积率最高,分别为49.62%和20.16%,粪氮是主要的氮损失途径;当NFC/RDP比值为4.0时,奶牛血清中NO的浓度最高(P=0.0081),抗氧化能力最强(P=0.4449),增加NFC/RDP值IGF-Ⅰ出现先增加后降低的趋势。结合上述所有结果,可得到如下结论:调整日粮NFC/RDP的比例可以一定程度上改善奶牛的生产性能同时还可以降低奶牛的氮排泄量,减少畜牧业造成的环境污染,高产泌乳早期奶牛适宜的日粮NFC/RDP为4.0。
试验四研究了高温季节日粮中添加维生素(维生素E和β-胡萝卜素)和锌对荷斯坦公牛精液品质、抗氧化指标、细胞因子以及其他血液指标的变化,探讨高温季节公牛维生素和锌的适宜添加量。本试验采用随机区组设计,选取体重相近(1010±80)kg、采精正常、健康无病的纯种荷斯坦成年种公牛60头,随机分为4组,每组15头。四个处理组分别为Ⅰ组:对照组(基础日粮);Ⅱ组:基础日粮+100mg/kgDM Zn;Ⅲ组:基础日粮+维生素(300mg/kgDM维生素E和60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素);Ⅳ组:基础日粮+100mg/kgDM Zn+维生素(300mg/kgDM维生素E和60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素),试验期120d。结果表明:添加维生素和锌可改善公牛的精液品质,显著提高鲜精活力(Ⅳ组0.649 VS对照组0.575)、精子密度(Ⅳ组15.16×108个/mL VS对照组11.81×108个/mL)、冻精活力(Ⅳ组0.34 VS对照组0.283)、精子顶体完整率(Ⅳ组45.2% VS对照组41.8%),显著降低精子畸形率(Ⅳ组13.47% VS对照组16.81%),但对射精量无显著影响(Ⅳ组11.56mL VS对照组10.33mL)。添加维生素可显著提高血清中总SOD(P=0.1489)和Cu-ZnSOD的活性(P=0.0008);添加锌可显著提高血清T-AOC(P<0.0001)和GSH-Px活性(P=0.0041);血清中MDA(P=0.0535)和羟自由基(P=0.0698)可随着维生素和锌的添加显著降低。在四个试验组中,血清中Cu-ZnSOD、T-AOC和GSH-Px的活性Ⅳ组最高,而MDA的浓度以Ⅳ组最低。添加维生素可显著增加精清中总SOD(P=0.0087)和T-AOC(P=0.0001),日粮中添加锌可提高精清中Cu-ZnSOD(P=0.0181)的活力。血清和精清中睾酮和铜蓝蛋白的浓度随着维生素和锌添加而显著增加(P<0.01);日粮中添加锌可显著提高精清中金属硫蛋白的浓度(P<0.05),而对血清中金属硫蛋白无显著影响。日粮中添加维生素和锌显著降低血清中IL-6(P=0.0016)、IL-17(P=0.0003)和TNF-α(P=0.0357)的浓度,降低精清中IL-6的浓度(P=0.0233)。综合考虑,夏季高温季节添加300mg/kgDM维生素E、60mg/kgDMβ-胡萝卜素和100mg/kgDM Zn可以改善精液品质。
According to the current status of animal production at home, the effects of protein and energy ratio on rumen fermentation, performance, blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen efficiency for the early lactating dairy cows were investigated by using dual outflow continuous culture trial, artificial gas production trial, feeding trial and digestion -metabolism trials. In addition, the effects of vitamin and zinc on semen quality and its optimal level in diet were investigated in hot environment as well due to the decline of bull semen quality in hot weather.
Exp.1 Twelve dual-flow continuous-culture fermenters were used to evaluate the effects of rumen-degradable protein balance (RDPB) on rumen fermentation. The entire experimental period was 8 days, including 5 days for adjustment and 3 days for sample collection. Six diets including RDPB levels of -16.84, -8.87, -0.87, +7.13, +15.13 and +23.12 g/kg DM were considered. It indicated that RDPB significantly affected the NH_3-N content in the fermenters (P < 0.0001), whereas there were no significant effect on the pH value (P = 0.058), total VFA concentration (P = 0.57) and the acetate concentration (P = 0.70). The decreasing RDPB concentrations led to the reduction of rumen-available N in diets. Compared with the RDPB level of + 23.12 g/kg DM, the rumen-available N contents under the RDPB levels of +15.13, +7.13, -0.87, -8.87 and -16.84 RDPB g/kg DM deceased by 6.22%, 30.45%, 50.03%, 55.35% and 54.22% respectively. The concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid and valeric acid at different incubating time were significantly different among treatment group (P < 0.05). With the increasing RDPB concentrations in diets, the total ammonia nitrogen (NH_3-N) in fermenters and the N losses linearly increased.
Exp.2 The influences of RDPB on rumen fermentation, total gas and methane production in vitro were analyzed in Exp.2. Based on the ANKOMRF Gas Production System, a random block design was used, with six RDPB diets of -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg DM with 3 replicates for 24 hours. The results showed that: (1) The fermentation pH, acetic acid/propionic acid, amount of gas production and CH4 production in the two groups of 0 g/kg DM or 10 g/kg DM were lower than the other groups; (2) the acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid as volatile fatty acids and rumen ammonia concentration increased with the equilibrium values of the degradation, indicating a significant effect on the rumen fermentation by the RDPB levels, while no significant effects on protozoa population and the total volatile fatty acids concentration were observed; (3) the methane concentrations at different time and 24-h methane production were influenced by RDPB. Thus, with culture conditions in vitro, the dietary RDPB affected rumen pH, NH_3-N, VFA concentration, gas production and CH4 production. The results indicated that the optimal RDPB concentrations were between 0 and 10 g/kg DM, according to rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro.
Exp.3 The experiment investigated the effects of different dietary NFC/RDP on the digestibility, blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen losses, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Forty-five Chinese Holstein cows at early lactating stage were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15) in a single-factor design. Three experimental diets were used at different levels of NFC/RDP: 3.5 (groupⅠ) , 4.0 (groupⅡ) and 4.5 (groupⅢ). The trial duration was 75 days (including the pre-feeding of 15 days and the formal period of 60 days). The results showed that dietary NFC/RDP ratio affected the performance of dairy cows. The milk yield, dry matter intake, milk protein yield and feed conversion ratio in groupⅡwere highest, which were 29.30 kg/d (P=0.0167), 21.01 kg/d (P=0.0048),913.28 g/d (P=0.0824) and 1.3 (P=0.0003), respectively. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and NDF in groupⅡi ncreased by 68.99% (P=0.0015), 73.34% (P=0.0006) and 54.65% (P=0.0076), respectively, in comparison with other groups. With the reducing dietary NFC/RDP ratio from 3.5 to 4.5, manure nitrogen excretion and urinary nitrogen excretion were significantly decreased as well. Apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility varied among different treatments. Although N intakes in groupⅡand groupⅢwere higher (22 g/d and 59 g/d) than groupⅠ, the apparent fecal, urinary and milk N outputs were significantly affected, with a major effect of NFC/RDP on urinary N output. The Exp.3 also demonstrated that N utilization and retention were highest in groupⅡ(49.62% and 20.16%), and feces excretion was the main source of N loss. The antioxidant capacity of dairy cows was also affected by NFC/RDP, NO concentration in serum (P=0.0081) and antioxidant capacity (P=0.4449) in groupⅡwere highest. When NFC/RDP ratio was 4.0, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 was affected quadratically with the reducing NFC/RDP ratio. Therefore, adjusting dietary NFC/RDP ratio could improve the performance of dairy cow as well as reduce the nitrogen excretion of dairy cow and the environmental pollution caused by animal production.
Exp.4 The effects of dietary vitamins (vitamin E and beta-carotene) and zinc on semen quality, antioxidant indicators, cytokines and other blood parameters in hot weather were analyzed in Exp.4. Sixty healthy and purebred Holstein bulls (BW=1010±80kg) were randomly classified into 4 groups (n = 15): groupⅠ, control group (basal diet); group II, basal diet +100 mg/kgDM Zn; group III, basal diet + antioxidant (300 mg/kgDM vitamin E and 60 mg/kgDM beta-carotene) and group IV, basal diet +100 mg/kgDM Zn + vitamins (300 mg/kgDM vitamin E and 60 mg/kgDM beta-carotene). The trial duration was 120 days. The results showed that vitamins and zinc could significantly increase the semen quality, vitality of fresh semen (groupⅣ0.649 VS groupⅠ0.575), sperm density (groupⅣ15.16×108/ml VS groupⅠ11.81×108/ml), vitality of frozen semen (groupⅣ0.34 VS groupⅠ0.283) and acrosome integrity rate (groupⅣ45.2% VS groupⅠ41.8%) but decreased the sperm deformity rate significantly (groupⅣ1 3.47% VS groupⅠ16.81%). However, there was no significant effect on ejaculate volume (groupⅣ11.56ml VS groupⅠ10.33ml). In addition, the total SOD activity of serum (P=0.1489) could be enhanced by the vitamins. Also, the serum Cu-ZnSOD activity may be significantly increased by the supplemental vitamins or vitamins+zinc (P=0.0008); the individual or combination of supplemental vitamins and zinc significantly positively affected the serum T-AOC (P<0.0001) activity; supplemental zinc or combination of vitamins and zinc increased serum GSH-PX activity significantly (P=0.0041); the serum MDA (P=0.0535) concentration and hydroxyl radicals (P=0.0698) were markedly reduced as the result of adding vitamins and zinc. Supplemental vitamins significantly increased the total SOD (P=0.0087) and T-AOC (P=0.0001)activities in seminal plasma; the Cu-ZnSOD activity (P=0.0181) in seminal plasma was increased by the addition of zinc. The concentration of testosterone and ceruloplasmin protein in serum and seminal plasma increased strongly due to the supplement of vitamins and zinc (P<0.01); The concentration of seminal metal sulfur protein (P<0.05) rose significantly with the supplemental zinc, while there was no obvious changes in serum metal sulfur protein. Serum IL-6 (P=0.0016), IL-17 (P=0.0003) and TNF-α(P=0.0357) concentrations as well as the seminal IL-6 (P=0.0233) concentrations decreased significantly, which were caused by the supplemental viteamins and zinc. In conclusion, a diet with 300 mg/kgDM of vitamin E, 60 mg/kgDM of beta-carotenoids and 100 mg/kgDM Zn could improve the semen quality in hot weather.
引文
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